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Item Estudo por ressonância magnética nuclear da estrutura e interação de novos protótipos de biofármacos antimicrobianos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-04-18) Alves, Eliane Santana Fernandes; Oliveira, Aline Lima de; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4772309D7; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4721165A6; Almeida, Fábio; Resende, Jarbas Magalhães; Flavia, Kátia; Lião, Luciano Morais; Kato, LucíliaAntimicrobial peptides are gaining high importance in the pharmaceutical sector given its high affinity and selectivity to interact with targets, and its low toxicity profile. The increase in the number of peptides screened in clinical trials is a significant triumph for structural biology, considering the search for peptides that meet the required criteria in terms of cost, stability, long half-life and bioavailability. This research is best performed with a good understanding of the mechanisms of action, dynamics and biomolecules kinetics. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) plays an important role in this context, since it provides informations about the interactions in target binding solution of biologically active molecules. Thus, this study aims to observe the intramolecular interactions of peptides clavanin A, Cm-p1 and [Phe3]Cm-p1. The clavanin peptide is found in tunicate blood cells Styela clava, and presents a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and against several kinds of fungi. The Cm-p1 peptide can be extracted from the crude extract of the marine snail Cenchritis muricatus, and shows activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi. The peptide [Phe3]Cm-p1 corresponds to Cm-p1 peptide modified with a change in residue position 3. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used in the observation of secondary structure of peptide, and the informations provided by NMR were used in the studies of molecular modeling. The clavanin peptide in the presence of TFE (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol), presented a amphipathic alpha-helices from Phe-2 to Val-22 residues. The Cm-p1 peptide was structured in α-helix, short amphipathic, in the presence of micelles of SDS-d25 between Arg-2 and Ile-6 residues. The peptide [Phe3]Cm-p1 in the presence of micelles SDS-d25 (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is structured between Arg-2 and Gln-9, showing that the addition of a hydrophobic residue in position 3 provided a greater interaction peptide-micelle, as noted by the smaller diffusion of the peptide [Phe3]Cm-p1 relative to Cm-p1 peptide. All the obtained structures showed good quality and geometry, as revealed by the validation study. NMR spectroscopy provided information about the intramolecular interactions of peptides clavanin A, Cm-p1 and [Phe3]Cm-p1. It was possible to assign the residues which were important in the interactions between the peptides and the environment. This knowledge is essential in the development of new drugs.Item Síntese, caracterização e estudo das propriedades magnéticas e ópticas de óxidos nanoparticulados: CoFe2-xYxO4 produzido por reação de combustão e ZnO produzido por meio do método poliol(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-07-18) Alves, Thiago Eduardo Pereira; Franco Júnior, Adolfo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0187547195548392; Franco Júnior, Adolfo; Pessoa, Márcio Solino; Araújo, Olacir Alves; Lima, Emília Celma de Oliveira; Sartoratto, Patrícia Pommé Confessorin this study we investigated the structural, optical band-gap, and magnetic properties of CoFe2-xYxO4 ) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using a combustion reaction method without the need for subsequent heat treatment or the calcing process. The particle size measured from X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images confirms the nanostructural character in the range of 16–36 nm. The optical band-gap (Eg) values increase with the Y3+ ion concentration being 3.30 and 3.58 eV for x = 0,00 and x = 0,04, respectively. The presence of yttrium in the cobalt ferrite (Y-doped cobalt ferrite) structure affects the magnetic properties. For instance, the saturation magnetization, MS and remanent magnetization, Mr, decrease from 69 emu.g-1 to 33 and 28 to 12 emu.g-1 for x = 0,00 and x = 0.04, respectively. On the other hand the coercivity, Hc, increases from 1100 to 1900 Oe for x = 0,00 and x = 0,04 at room temperature. Also we found that MS, Mr, and Hc decreased with increasing temperature up to 773 K. The cubic magnetocrystalline constant, K1, determined by using the ‘‘law of approach’’ (LA) to saturation decreases with Y3+ ion concentration and temperature. K1 values for x = 0,00 (x = 0,04) were 3,3 x 106 erg.cm-3 (2,0 x 106 erg.cm-3) e 0,4 x 106 erg.cm-3 (0,3 x 106 erg.cm-3) at 300 K and 773 K, respectively. The results were discussed in terms of inter-particle interactions induced by thermal fluctuations, and Co2+ ion distribution over tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the spinel structure due to Y3+ ion substitution. Also, in the present work, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared by the polyol method which consist of zinc acetate acetate and sodium acetate in propylene glycol solution with control over the hydrolysis reaction time and subjecting to the variation of reaction parameters, as ratio of hydrolysis (th) and ratio of acetate (ta). It was observed that the reaction time of the hydrolysis and the addition of ions had a strong effect on the morphology and size of the ZnO particles. For example, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the ZnO samples were synthesized for short time of RH (10 min) and long time (300 min) in small rods and in elongated rod forms, respectively. On the other hand, using only zinc acetate reagent, as the ZnO samples crystallized into a coarse spherical shape. These differences can be attributed to the polarization of the acetate and the propylene glycol, i.e., the greater amount of deficits present in the preferred growth solution of the ZnO crystals. In addition, the HR time does not change changes in the optical band gap. For example, values controlled by the Kubelka-Munk model decreased from 3.31 eV to 3.28 eV for the short HR time and the long HR time, respectively. This can be explained in terms of defects and is due to the change in particle sizes. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRDs) revealed that all the units crystallized the typical wurtzite structure of ZnO. However, the relative intensity of the diffraction peak (002) of the ZnO samples was synthesized with zinc acetate and was higher than the sensations from zinc acetate as sodium acetate. That is, an indication of direction should be directed toward the preferential growth of the crystals. Therefore, the morphology of the ZnO samples can be adapted using the polyol method, just as the physical properties are important for some technological applications.Item Ensino de química afrocentrado: a contribuição africana para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do país(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-20) Alvino, Antônio César Batista; Benite, Anna Maria Canavarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8433607360245647; Benite, Anna Maria Canavarro; Souza, Aparecido Ribeiro de; Aguiar, Vinícius Gomes de; Silva, Juvan Pereira da; Bonifácio, Viviane GomesThis investigation dealt with the implementation of Law n. 10.639/03 in teaching chemistry, high school, which originated this thesis that aimed to answer the question: is it possible to teach chemical contents from the historicity, cultural and epistemic context of an African matrix? For such, a subject entitled Experimental Chemistry was created. What works the chemical contents from the thematic axes: Sugarcane cycle in Brazil; Gold cycle (mining) in Brazil; Origin and production of soap: African technology in Brazilian education – making ash soap and African matrix science: racism in science education, which explored the chemical contents in line with historicity, cultural heritage, technological and epistemic of African peoples and peoples of African descent voluntarily or involuntarily dispersed throughout the world, the study had elements of a participant research, it was, therefore, an educational activity that aimed at the physical and mental emancipation of black youth. We emphasize that this text will present an afrocentered and afrocentric methodological approach. For this reason I print an analysis based on an African center in the analysis of the results. The total corpus of analysis consists of the planning of Pedagogical Interventions (PI) and transcription of classes from audio and video recordings of arguments produced by students produced in classes, 60 students aged between 14 and 22 were actors in this investigation. The data obtained were grouped into 11 extracts that dealt with racial prejudice, racism in science education, anti-discrimination policies, racial discrimination in the media and employment, African matrix technologies, quilombos, chemical reactions, redox reactions, osmosis, polarity and solubility of materials, in the analyzes we printed an African methodological conception of the data and a problematic education perspective of Freire (1979, 1995, 2005) and Francismo Jr (2010), in which we take into account that education in communication (SODRÉ, 2012). The results indicate that there is a possibility to teach chemical contents in a pluralist perspective, which values the view of colonized peoples, hidden in chemical education by epistemic racism.Item Aplicações de espectrometria de massas ambiente em metabolômica clínica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-12-07) Andrade, Thais Pontes Pereira Mendes de; Vaz, Boniek Gontijo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7814534710550639; Vaz, Boniek Gontijo; Chaves, Andrea Rodrigues; Duarte, Gabriela Rodrigues Mendes; Gil, Eric de Souza; Pinto, Mauro Cunha XavierMost clinical biofluids studies are based on plasma/serum and urine, which are more free and representative models of general metabolism. Each of these fluids has a unique matrix, comprising different levels of proteins and metabolites. Therefore, it is important to optimize sample preparation and analytical methods to achieve comprehensive coverage of the analytes present in these samples. In this context, Ambient Mass Spectrometry (AMS) arises, which is a family of desorption and ionization techniques that have revolutionized the way of obtaining ions in mass spectrometry. These techniques share the ability to generate ions in the gas phase directly from untreated samples, reducing or virtually eliminating analyte extraction and prior separation. Substrate Electrospray Ionization are ionization techniques in AMS, which comprise, for example, Paper spray ionization (PSI) and Probe electrospray ionization (PESI). In this study, two analytical approaches are proposed in clinical metabolomics using PSI and, also, the development of a new Substrate Electrospray Ionization. The first approach is the use of a paper coated by a molecularly printed polymer (MIP) as a substrate for PSI in metabolite analysis: dopamine, sarcosine and butyric acid in artificial urine. This new substrate was highly selective for the desired targets, in addition to minimizing the effects of common ion suppression on PSI. In addition, calibration curves with R2> 0.99 and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) in the ppb range were obtained. In addition, success was obtained when using this technique for the analysis of dopamine in a real sample. In the second approach, PSI was combined with a chemometric approach called Interval-successive projections algorithm linear discriminant analysis (iSPA-LDA) to detect lipid biomarkers of cervical cancer using unprepared blood plasma lipids. A total of 86 blood plasma samples from different women were collected, including 37 cancer controls and 49 healthy controls, where 8 lipids were found as possible biomarkers with an overall precision of 77%. The results show the potential of PSI associated with multivariate analysis as a complementary tool for the screening or diagnosis of cervical. It is the application of PSI in plasma samples in a non-targeted lipidic approach, with the objective of discovering biomarkers of cervical cancer. The final approach was to use graphite as a substrate for ESI. The effect of voltage, probe angle and sample volume were evaluated. The ionization capacity of several analytes, including a protein, has also been evaluated, and creatinine quantification tests have been performed on real urine samples. The ESI graphite technique was optimized and obtained excellent ionization of the analytes, not presenting ionic suppression. It was possible to determine the amount of creatinine present in the samples tested and all were within the established limits. In addition, the technique was employed in mouse brain analysis and through these analyzes combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) it was possible to differentiate different regions of the brain and separate the samples in male and female. With this, the graphite ESI technique proved very efficient to be used in metabolomic approaches.Item Síntese, avaliação do potencial antitumoral in vitro e docking molecular de novas imino - chalconas candidatas a inibidoras de CDK2(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-02-11) Anjos, Murilo Machado dos; Alonso, Christian Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7285754665946583; Oliveira, Guilherme Roberto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8239498431579015; Oliveira, Guilherme Roberto de; Chagas, Rafael Pavão das; Gomes, Marcelo do Nascimento; Costa, Maísa Borges; Pérez, Caridad NodaThe search for new active compounds is a line of research widely studied in the area of organic chemistry. Within this niche, computational tools, such as molecular docking, gain great importance for shortening and being able to assertively predict the discoveries of new drugs, as well as the repositioning of these. Among the classes of natural products that receive enormous attention in this field, the chalcones and their derivatives stand out, as they have diverse applicability and have an attractive structural scafford for structural modifications. The objective of this work was the synthesis of derivatives of chalcones, evaluation of the profile of tumor inhibition against the cell lines SNB-19 (Glioblastoma), PC-3 (Prostate), HCT-116 (Colon) and HL-60 (leukemia) and the search for biological targets for the synthesized products, with the purpose of applying the molecular docking process. Seven compounds were synthesized with yields ranging from 25% to 43%, where 5 of these were not published (M1, M4, M5, M6 and M7). The synthesized imino chalcones were tested in vitro against the four cancer cell lines showing an inhibition profile above 75% for all lines, especially the HL-60 line where all compounds showed an inhibition profile above 99%. Compound M4 had the lowest IC50 value, 5.5 µM, for the HL-60 strain. The identification of molecular targets was performed using the PharmMapper platform, where two possible targets were identified, these being the proteins DAPK3 and CDK2. The docking process was validated using the redcoking of the co-crystallization ligands, with the parameters previously defined, where the validity of the process was demonstrated, noting a mean square deviation (RMSD) value close to the crystallographic data, both smaller than 2 Å, where the value found for CDK2 was 0.099 Å. The docking results indicate that the imino-chalcones had a higher affinity for the CDK2 protein, where the compound M4 had the best affinity value (-10.0 Kcal/mol), interacting with some key residues of the CDK2 enzyme by hydrogen bonding with Leu83 and π-anion with Asp145. The ADME profile shows that imino-chalcones have good gastrointestinal absorption, with the exception of compounds M1 and M3. The compounds inhibit CYP3A4, with the exception of M1, in addition to being substrated from p-glycoprotein (Pg-p), minus M2, indicating that an optimization of the structures is necessary to improve their ADME properties.Item Formação do professor e docência em Química em rede social: estudos sobre inclusão escolar e o pensar comunicativo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-12-05) BENITE, Claudio Roberto Machado; BENITE, Anna Maria Canavarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8433607360245647This study investigated the use of collaborative social network as a training environment for critical reflection. The research intends to contribute to the understanding of the use of research networks as spaces to provide critical reflection, the understanding of the use of research networks as spaces to develop interventions in educational action and the study of training teachers of science/chemistry focusing school inclusion. The theoretical foundation of the study is centered on the Theory of Communicative Action by Habermas, suitable for analyzing the movement of action and on Vigotski the reference needed to reflect the production of speech. Participated in this study the components of the Rede Goiana Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Educação Especial/Inclusiva RPEI , five trainer teachers, eight graduate students, thirteen undergraduate students and twelve teachers of basic education, besides students of the licentiate course in chemistry from four higher education institutions, all from Goiás State. Reflecting about the relationship between research and teaching activities, this research was configured as an action-research, divided into three spiral cycles: the first featured by discussions on face-to-face environment in RPEI, involving theoretical and practical conceptions about the training of teachers for inclusion; the second, by the identification of conceptions of trainer teachers of chemistry from a higher education institution about school inclusion and teaching activities in this perspective; finally the third spiral cycle represented the plan of action through discussion forums in virtual environment, contribution to the formation of chemistry teachers on inclusion. Analyzing the dialogical activities on Moodle platform, our results pointed out that the activities like this allow us understanding how the language that express the verbal thought is employed by those involved in a dialogue. Also it has permitted to identify the processes that the participants use to appropriate social languages relative to pedagogical actions to chemistry teaching, in an inclusion perspective when mediated by experienced teachers, aiming the mutual understanding among those involved.Item Oral squamous cell carcinoma lipid differentiation in gingiva tissue by mass spectrometry(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-09-23) Bernardo, Ricardo Alves; Chaves, Andréa Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6064014965252121; Chaves, Andréa Rodrigues; Janfelt, Christian; Porcari, Andréia de Melo; Lima, Eliana Martins; Coltro, Wendell Karlos TomazelliOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cavity cancer, responsible for 90% of all cancers in the head-neck region, except for non-melanoma skin cancer. A fast, accurate, and cheap diagnosis is required to detect the presence of OSCC in the preliminary stages providing better chances of success in cancer treatment. In general, the diagnosis is performed using proteomics and histological data. However, lipids play a key role in cellular metabolism. Therefore, understanding the lipid differentiation between healthy and cancer tissues could be important to predict biomarkers candidates and improve the diagnosis system. Furthermore, a new methodology for simultaneous RNA and lipid extraction using TRIzol® solution was developed, and the lipid profile in both sample groups was studied. The samples stored in TRIzol® solution were homogenized and submitted to liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) using chloroform as an extractive solvent. Therefore, the organic phase was collected and submitted to the Bligh &Dyer extraction. The simultaneous RNA and lipid extraction was validated according to the parameters described by the Brazilian Nation Health Surveillance Agency. An analytical curve of tissue in methanol and another one of tissue in TRIzol® solution were performed for method evaluation. The sample solutions were spiked with different concentrations of PC 17:0/17:0 standard solution, and caffeine-(trimethyl-13C) was used as the internal standard and directly infused into the mass spectrometer on positive ion mode. Intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, absolute recovery, and matrix effect were evaluated in three concentration levels in replicate (n=5). Limits of detection and quantification were estimated in the order of ng mL-1 with good linearity (r² >0.99), precision and accuracy (<15%), and absolute recovery values ranging from 90 to 110%. The mass spectra were submitted to the Global Natural Product Social Network (GNPS) platform for peak annotation. The partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed in all samples clustering the healthy samples and separating them from the cancer ones. The PLS-DA revealed that 15 lipids were responsible for describing the healthy group in the positive ion mode, while 8 lipids described the cancer one. In the negative ion mode, 10 lipids described the healthy group, while 10 lipids described the cancer one. Furthermore, cryosections of gingiva tissue (healthy and cancer ones) with 10 µm thickness were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to investigate which lipids pointed by the PLS-DA delimit the cancer region. The MALDI-MSI analyses showed that the lipids responsible for OSCC group classification are more abundant in the cancer tissue compared to the healthy one. The extraction methodology reported here, and the MALDI-MSI as confirmation technique are adequate for classification of OSCC samples regarding lipid content.Item Desenvolvimento do Software PlanEx de planejamento de experimentos online e sua aplicação didática na pós-Graduação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-02) BÔSSO, Antônio Rafael de Souza Alves; SOARES, Marlón Herbert Flora Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9698540158266610; OLIVEIRA, Anselmo Elcana de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0369339073291948This work describes the design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) via factorial designs programmed in PlanEx, a new web/online software implemented using the Java language. The goal was to develop and validate PlanEx as a simple, efficient, and an interactive tool for undergraduate teaching and research. PlanEx was also designed as a free software, and the Java language was chosen since it is a community-developed open source software. PlanEx provides both full factorial design of experiments (2k) and fractional (2k-1), with up to six variables, and with, or without, replicates. PlanEx was also developed to perform variable screening through replicates, and normal probability plots and also to evaluate the model bias by the residual graphs. PlanEx is based on RSM with up to four variables at three levels, and central points with, or without, replicates. Through RSM the user can check linear or quadratic models to predict experimental responses through 3D surface plots, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). PlanEx was also evaluated in the second term of 2009, 2010, and 2011 in graduate courses of planning and design of experiments. The results have shown that PlanEx is fast, and interactive, and it is a simple design of experiment tool for both teaching and research.Item Estratégias integradas em Química Medicinal para a identificação de novos compostos bioativos contra Leishmania infantum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-09-18) Braga, Rodolpho de Campos; Andrade, Carolina Horta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião , Luciano Morais; Andrade , Carolina Horta; Andrade , Nelilma Correira; Silva , Vinícius Barreto da; Guimarães , Freddy FernandesIn view of the alarming scenario of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil and in the world, especially due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance and due to the few drugs available, it is essential to search for new therapeutic alternatives for this parasitosis. The complete sequencing of the genome of the main species of Leishmania opened great possibilities in understanding these diseases and initiated the post-genomic era of drug discovery against kinetoplastids. In this context, the enzyme 14 a-sterol demethylase (CYP51) of Leishmania is especially involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol membrane and vital to the parasite. Furthermore, it was recently shown that inhibition of CYP51 of L. donovani is essential for the growth of the parasite, and therefore, is a validated target for the development of new leishmanicidal drugs. The aim of this work was the development and implementation of integrated strategies in medicinal chemistry to identify new bioactive compounds against L. infantum using CYP51 enzyme as molecular target. For this, we compiled, integrated and prepared the largest publicly available data sets related to CYP51 and phenotypic assays for Leishmania infantum amastigotes. Virtual screening models (VS) were constructed and extensively validated and applied to filter over 1 million of commercial compounds. The best models for VS were ROCS (LBDD) and pharmacophore (SBDD), with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.86-0.90. The consensus between the two models had greater performance, with AUC of 0.93 and high recognition ability active ligands in the top 1% hits. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models robust and predictive were generated and validated for L. infantum (amastigote forms). The models were able to discriminate inactive active compounds with correct classification rate (CCR) values of 0.77 to 0.95 when evaluated for the external validation set. After the virtual screening, QSAR models were used to assist in the final selection of the compounds to be experimentally evaluated. This strategy allowed the identification of 12 compounds that were selected and acquired for in vitro assays against Leishmania (L.) infantum (MHOM / BR / 1972 / LD) in promastigote and amastigote forms, and determination of selectivity/cytotoxicity in NCTC in mammalian cells. Of the twelve compounds tested, six of them showed 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values raging from 3.48 to 58.94 μM and were more potent than the standard drug meglumine antimoniate, which is the drug of choice for the treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis. Three most promising compounds (LabMol-007, LabMol-009 and LabMol-012), had activity in leishmanicidal as amastigote and selectivity index promising (IC50 < 5.21 μM and selectivity index > 6.8) and were selected as new hits. We analyzed the parasite metabolic changes in the presence of known CYP51 inhibitors and new inhibitors using HR-MAS NMR 1H . We observed major changes in the energetic metabolism, amino acids catabolism, sterol biosynthesis, purine biosynthesis and thiol-redox system of the parasite. The three hit compounds identified in this work will continue in the drug development process, being necessary to carry out in vivo studies, elucidation of the mechanism of action, hit optimization, as well as the study of pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity.Item Estudo de degradação forçada e de compatibilidade do ciprofibrato com excipientes farmacêuticos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-08-31) Brito, Camila Cíntia Sousa Melo; Leles, Maria Inês Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1614912440064013; Leles, Maria Inês Gonçalves; Siqueira, Adriano Buzutti de; Chaves, Andrea Rodrigues; Ionashiro, Elias Yuki; Ribeiro, Elton BritoCiprofibrate-CPF is a hypolipidemic that promotes the reduction of serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides by stimulating activated nuclear receptors for peroxisome proliferation-alpha-PPAR-α. In this work, the stability of CPF was studied using forced degradation and compatibility studies. The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-API (SQC) was characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis/Derivative Thermogravimetric AnalysisTGA/DTGA, Differrential Scanning Calorimetry-DSC, Differrential Scanning Calorimetry coupled to the Photovisual system-DSC-Photovisual, Absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region with Fourier Transform-FTIR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-RMN, Powder X-ray Diffractometry-DRXP, High Resolution Mass Spectrometry-EMAR and High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry-CLAE/DAD/EMAR. The forced degradation study was carried out for CPF (SQC) under the following conditions: acid hydrolysis, basic hydrolysis, oxidative and thermal at 70 °C 240 hours using EMAR and CLAE/DAD/EMAR. The compatibility study between the CPF and the excipients was carried out by preparing binary mixtures in the proportions 50:50 and 92:08 (m/m), where the isolated components (CPF (SQT) and excipients), Simulated Excipients Sample-ASE (excipients) and the binary mixtures (CPF-excipient or CPF-excipients) were analyzed by TGA/DTGA, DSC, DSC-Photovisual, FTIR, and DRXP. The EMAR and CLAE/DAD/EMAR results suggested the degradation of CPF when subjected to basic hydrolysis, with some degradation products previously reported in the literature being observed and a new product identified. In the other exposure conditions, the CPF remained stable. The DSC technique suggested signs of interaction between the CPF and the excipients (Sodium Starch Glycolate-AGS, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-LSS, Silicon Dioxide-DOS and Hydrogenated Vegetable OilOVH) when prepared in a proportion 50:50 (m/m) and between CPF and the excipient (OVH) in a proportion (92:08 m /m). However, the FTIR and DRXP techniques did not confirm the sings of interaction observed in the DSC, except when DOS was used at 50%. The compatibility study indicated the use of the CPF-ASE binary mixture in the proportion 50:50 (m/m) as a candidate for pre-formulation.Item Nanoesferas magnéticas: estudo do sistema maghemita/sílica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-20) Caiado, Kely Lopes; Sartoratto, Patrícia Pommé Confessori; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9777959525393785; Sartoratto, Patrícia Pommé Confessori; Skeff Neto, Kalil; Mazali, Italo Odone; Coltro, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli; Lima, Emília Celma de OliveiraIn this work, we synthesized core/shell magnetic composite type consisting of maghemite nanoparticles covered with a coating layer of amino-functionalized silica. The experimental procedure was based on four steps: i) synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and subsequent oxidation to maghemite, ii) preparation of aqueous colloidal dispersions (ferrofluids), from maghemite nanoparticles with modal diameter of 8.4 nm or 7.2 nm functionalized with citrate ion, iii) preparation of silica magnetic nanospheres (NMS) by the modified Stöber method using different amounts of ferrofluids and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and iv) functionalization of silica nanospheres with amino groups using aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS). Sample characteristics of NMS were determined from the iron content measurements, from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and from vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and they were evaluated on the basis of the synthetic parameters employed, these being the content of magnetic material (nFe/nTEOS = 0.05, nFe/nTEOS = 0.01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0.002) and the type of used ferrofluid; a freshly prepared ferrofluid or an aged ferrofluid. The study of ferrofluids by static magnetic birefringence (SMB) showed that both had aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, although higher for the aged ferrofluid. Samples of NMS were heterogeneous, showing fractions with different amounts of magnetic material embedded. Samples obtained from the aged ferrofluid, especially those prepared from smaller ferrofluid volumes (nFe/nTEOS = 0.01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0.002), showed the presence of magnetic silica particles and "empty" silica particles, that is, free from magnetic nanoparticles. This fact was attributed to xxvii the greater degree of maghemite nanoparticles aggregation in aged ferrofluid and therefore to fewer available magnetic cores in the reaction environment for the deposition of silica by heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. The NMS particles sizes ranged from 140 to 700 nm, and most particles were larger than the expected average size (150 nm), according to the molar ratio of reagents used in the Stöber synthesis. The presence of silica particles with spherical morphology was also observed, as well as coalesced silica particles. These morphological characteristics were attributed to the size and to the arrangement of magnetic nanoparticles in the cores (compact or dispersed), which were present in the reaction mixtures. After coating with silica, nanoparticles of maghemite remained superparamagnetic at room temperature, although there was a reduction in the value of saturation magnetization. The saturation magnetization value of maghemite within the ferrofluids was 62.1 or 68.7 emug-1, whereas saturation magnetization values of maghemite within the NMS ranged between 9.5 and 37 emug-1. Nanostructured magnetic materials obtained in this work, especially the NMS prepared from the higher ratio Fe/TEOS, have greater potential of use as magnetic beads due to higher values of saturation magnetization and the possibility of being quickly attracted by the magnetic field of a permanent magnet.Item Planejamento, síntese e avaliação farmacológica de novos candidatos a protótipos de fármacos antitumoral análogos ao composto LQFM 030(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-10) Carvalho, Flávio Silva de; Menegatti, Ricardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8354030864254626; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião, Luciano Morais; Pinto, Ângelo Cunha; Villar, José Daniel Figueroa; Lacerda, Elisângela de Paula; Queiroz Junior, Luiz Henrique KengNeoplasmas have been a major cause of death worldwide, with that the search for new candidates for prototypes of more effective anti-tumor drugs, safe and with fewer side effects when compared to those already available already in therapy, it is essential and fundamental importance. With this research goal, we developed the design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation in order to obtain new candidate of heterocyclic antitumor drugs prototypes (46a-46Q, 48a-48s, 51a-51m, 50m-50a, 53b, 54b, 56b and 58b) and vectorized micronutrient (60) and nanostructures (63) drawn from LQFM 030 (37) prototypes, in that it (37) was obtained by simplifying molecular strategy nutlin from compound (34) . The route chosen to obtain the heterocyclic compounds (46Q-46a, 48a-48s, 51a-51m, 50m, 50a, 53b, 54b, 56b and 58b) resulted in yields ranging from 32-77%, where all synthesized compounds were elucidated through the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance dimensional and two-dimensional (NMR) and Infrared (IR). Two methodologies have been developed (A and B) for the synthesis of intermediate pyrazole compounds and formylated acid, wherein the first method was conventional and the second was by heating with microwaves, which have obtained gain in time and / or increasing the yield of these synthetic steps when comparing with the conventional method (A). The synthesized compounds were tested for cytotoxicity assays by MTT method on the cell line K562 leukemic ie, and B16F10 melanoma ie, where the cytotoxic profile was evaluated using the IC50 = 70 uM for K562 cells and IC 50 = 64, 7 uM to line B16F10, both using an exposure time of 48 hours. K562 cells for six compounds LQFM ie 88, 108, 165, 166, 168 and 169 showed higher cytotoxic profile when compared to the prototype LQFM030 compound (37). Regarding the B16F10 line, six other compounds LQFM ie 126, 127, 165, 166 and 169 showed a better cytotoxic profile when compared to the prototype compound LQFM030. Given the results, we can conclude that the planning strategy employed to obtain the study compounds was validated, and against the cytotoxic research profile of 46a-46Q, 48a-48s, 51a- 51m, 50m-50a, 53b, 54b , 56b and 58b, and have a perspective vectorization and nanostructuring of the best compounds evaluated for each type of cell line K562 and B16F10 ie, aiming at optimizing the antitumor activityItem Avaliação de catalisadores à base de platina-paládio suportados em carbono para a oxidação de etanol em eletrólitos ácido e básico(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-08-09) Carvalho, Leandro Lima; Colmati Júnior, Flávio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0231242349462585; Colmati Júnior, Flávio; Tanaka, Auro Atsushi; Alonso, Chistían Gonçalves; Sgobbi, Lívia Flório; Rabelo, DenilsonThe management of the world energy matrix needs to be rethought, and in this context, the energy sector is, over all, the focus of this discussion, and the present, depends more and more on new strategies for energy production. In this way, the advances in the development of technologies about alternative sources of energy generation called Fuel Cells, mainly the electrochemical devices which working with ethanol as fuel (DEFCs). This work, the carbon supported Pt/C; Pd/C; Pt75Pd25/C; Pt75(PdOx)25/C; Pt50Pd50/C e Pt50(PdOx)50/C electrocatalysts with 20wt% of metal on carbon were prepared by fast reduction with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) followed by thermal treatment. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), cyclic voltammetry (VC) and Chronoamperometry. The EDS spectra showed e, experimental compositions of electrocatalysts are close to nominal, which suggest, high efficiency of the redactor agent BH4(aq) - /OH- (aq) for reducing the ions Pt+4 (H2PtCl6.6H2O) and Pd+2 (PdCl2.6H2O). The XRD analysis indicate the nanoparticle arrangement of the Platinum-Paladium with different content results in crystalline structure on carbon support, and the peaks assigned to Pt75(PdOx)25/C and Pt50(PdOx)50/C were observed indicating oxide formation from metal precursors Pt75Pd25/C e Pt50Pd50/C by thermal treatment method. The micrographs HRTEM showed homogenies particle size distribution on high area Vulcan XC-72 Carbon support. The particle size were determined as the maximum of Gaussian distribution of Pt/C; Pd/C e PtxPdy/C which showed electrochemical activity toward ethanol oxidation reaction in both, acid and alkaline, electrolyte. The exception is Pd in acid media. Moreover, the materials Pt75Pd25/C; Pt75(PdOx)25/C; Pt50Pd50/C e Pt50(PdOx)50/C with high Pd content, showed more better performance for ethanol oxidation reaction in alkaline media, with high anodic current density registered in the cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments, in comparison with Pd/C e Pt/C catalysts.Item Espectrometria de massas por paper spray Ionization: técnica analítica versátil para os desafios da química forense(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-10-05) Carvalho, Thays Colletes de; Vaz, Boniek Gontijo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7814534710550639; Vaz, Boniek Gontijo; Romão, Wanderson; Simas, Rosineide Costa; Chaves, Andrea Rodrigues; Terezan, Ana PaulaIonization is a crucial step in mass spectrometry (MS) and governs the versatility of this important analytical technique. Ionization is responsible for transferring atoms and molecules, in their respective ionized forms, into the high vacuum environment of mass spectrometers, where they are discriminated as a function of their m/z ratio. Among the several techniques of ionization of MS, the technique of ionization by Paper spray (PS) is one of the simplest, versatile and can be implemented easily in MS system. In this work, several PS-MS applications in the forensic area were developed, demonstrating their ability to screen new synthetic drugs as a complementary tool to the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and as a tool to monitor Date-rape Drugs in blood. In the first application, PS-MS was shown to be an effective and rapid method for the identification of synthetic drugs lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), 25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe) in bottles, both by the isotopic profile of the substances and by the fragmentation presented in tandem mass spectrometry. In the second application, the TLC was coupled to the PS-MS in order to achieve greater reliability in the CCD results. In this way, a CCD method for the analysis of cocaine and adulterants (caffeine, benzocaine, lidocaine and phenacetin) was optimized by evaluating its sensitivity and selectivity. In order to improve the Detection and Quantification Limits for cocaine and adulterants, the spots were analyzed by PS-MS, obtaining improvements in the. Finally, in order to solve the low PS-MS selectivity, a new substrate was developed, especially when the analytical target is in complex mixtures, such as blood. It is a membrane coated with a molecularly printed polymer (MIP) with dual function: simultaneous extraction and ionization of targets in the same device. The developed membrane was applied in the determination of benzodiazepines in blood samples from alleged date rape- drugs victims. Blood is a complex sample containing several compounds that can suppress the analyte signal. With this modification, any suppression is avoided, obtaining excellent results, both qualitative and quantitative. In conclusion, PS-MS is a fast and low-cost technique that can replace or complement conventional analyzes in a laboratory of expertise, increasing the productivity of Brazilian justice.Item A trajetória discursiva das diretrizes internacionais e brasileiras para a Educação Ambiental: emergência, influências e princípios estilísticos do discurso dos organismos multilaterais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-12-14) Cassiano, Karla Ferreira Dias; Echeverría, Agustina Rosa; lattes.cnpq.br/5515276044247189; Mesquita, Nyuara Araújo da Silva; lattes.cnpq.br/6971106875143413; Mesquita, Nyuara Araújo da Silva; Queirós, Wellington Pereira; Layrargues, Philippe Pomier; Nazareno, Elias; Soares, Márlon Herbert Flora BarbosaConsidering the space that the Environmental Education has been given in the national and international policy strategies, this investigation was developed with the objective of analyzing the national and international guidelines for the Environmental Education, highlighting the dependency relation and/or resistance from the convergence and divergence mapping between them. The document-based research sought to identify elements that could characterize the knowledge, the practices and the traditions belonging to these guidelines from the analyses of the concepts pertaining to the EE field, historically developed based on environment concepts, education and development. To achieve such a goal, the analyses was carried out based on Ludwik Fleck’s epistemological proposition about the formation of Thinking Styles in the development of historical processes, defined by social interactions that make up the collective thinking and allow the outer and inter-collective knowledge circulation. The data analyzed was found in documented registries published between 1940 and 2012 by multilateral organizations, government programs and projects. Aiming to characterize the stylistic principles identified in the guidelines, the analyses was carried out from a system of previous periodicity which resulted in the systematization of the following periods: Originary (1940 – 1971); Conceptual (1972 – 1980); Developmentalist (1981 – 1990) and; Reformist (1991 – 2012). The first phase of the research indicated the construction and the pre-idea developments that served as a foundation for the structuring concepts formulation of a Global Thinking Style characterized by the environment’s naturalist concepts and by the constant recurrence to the strategy creations for the strengthening of economic growth. The constructed orientation analyses in specific contexts revealed stylistic principles closely attached to the political and international economic relations among countries from the Inner and Outer circles. In the comparative phase between the Brazilian and international guidelines, the study initially pointed out an adaptation step for the international guidelines, based on the Global Thinking Style, stretched through the periods. Afterwards, it was possible to identify a transformation in this style through the solidification of inter-collective circulations with the Critical – Transforming Thinking Style emerging in Brazil, which produced a transition phase in the Brazilian guidelines formulation, still distinguished by the hybridization of Global and Critical – Transforming Thinking Styles.Item Síntese, caracterização físico química e avaliação citotóxica de chalconas, chalconas sulfonamidas e quinolinonas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-09-01) Castro, Mirian Rita Carrilho de; Martins, Felipe Terra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0466799995060671; Noda Pérez, Caridad; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8518548259609686; Noda Pérez, Caridad; Moraes, Manoel Odorico de; Lee, Chen Chen; Camargo, Ademir João; Vaz, Boniek GontijoThe chalcones are key intermediates for the biosynthesis of flavonoids and have shown an abundance of pharmacological effects including the antitumor effect. Thus, the synthesis and characterization of several chalcones and derivatives become important to develop a new class of compounds having antitumor activity. In the present work, the synthesis of chalcones, nitrochalcone sulfonamides and quinolinones was performed. By adjusting the reaction time and the sequence of the reactions, hybrids of open-chain chalcone sulfonamide whose molecular hybridization occurred at the ortho position of the benzoyl chalcone group through the Claisen- Schmidt condensation of acetophenone sulfonamide and nitrobenzaldehyde can be obtained at shorter reaction times, whereas quinolinone from cyclization at β carbon can be achieved if the reaction is stopped sequentially later. It is also noted that a novel structure, a chalcone (bis) sulfonamide, was prepared when chalcone was first synthesized and then reacted with benzenesulfonyl chloride. From the sulfonamide chalcones prepared with the m- aminoacetophenone sulfonamide and the o-, m- and p-nitrobenzaldehyde, a single product was formed. Among the 21 compounds prepared, five were ketone sulfonamides and sixteen were hybrid compounds (chalcones, chalcones, sulfonamides and quinolinones), which were purified by extraction, recrystallization and column chromatography and characterized by small molecule crystallography, melting point, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H NMR) and infrared IV (IR). The antitumor activity was evaluated against three cancer cell lines: SF-295 (human glioblastoma), PC-3 (prostate) and HCT-116 (colon). Compounds 39, 40, 42, 43, 45a, 48a, 48b, 48c, 49 and 51 were cytotoxic to the three tumor cell lines tested. However, the quinolinones showed no relevant cytotoxic effect. It is also worth noting that compound 45a with a higher cytotoxic effect than doxorubicin, a drug used today against the three cancer cell lines evaluated, was a promising prototype for a new drug.Item Reação de Claisen-Schmidt catalisada por carvões ativados de origem vegetal(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-27) Catharin, Caroline Winter; Chaves, Andréa Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6064014965252121; Noda Pérez, Caridad; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8518548259609686; Noda Pérez, Caridad; Ostroski, Indianara Conceição; Oliveira, Sérgio Botelho de; Henriques, Cristiane Assumpção; Rosseto, RenatoClaisen-Schmidt reaction allows chalcones synthesis, which present biological activity of great interest, as anticancer, by acid or basic catalysis. Activated carbons were prepared with vegetable biomass from domestic or industrial waste, as pequi external mesocarp and shells, coffee grounds and malt bagasse by dehydration with sulfuric acid (98%), washed with distilled water until pH 4 and dried. A portion of prepared carbons were subjected to an alkaline treatment with NaOH 2 mol/L solution and washed with distilled water to pH 8 and dried. Additionally, activated carbons from babassu powdered and granulated, obtained by the industrial process of physical activation, were submitted to the same alkaline treatment. Carbons were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), textural analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-rays diffraction (XRD), CHNS elemental analysis and determination of acid and basic sites by the Boehm method. The prepared carbons were tested as catalysts on Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction between Acetophenone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde using methanol as solvent at room temperature for 24 h. The conversion of acetophenone was evaluated on HPLC. The highest conversion among carbons produced by dehydration was obtained for coffee grounds carbon with basic characteristics, 64.19%. Among carbons with acid characteristics, the best conversion was 61.70%, for carbon obtained from pequi shell. The reuse test of the activated carbon from pequi shell with acidic characteristics for the reaction under study provided a conversion of 46.50%. Among the industrial carbons, the best was the granulated, achieving conversion of 69.26%. The kinetic study of Claisen-Schmidt reaction was carried out with treated industrial granular carbon, as it showed a higher conversion than the pulverized one and less operational difficulties in a continuous reactor. The reaction kinetics of second global order and the rate constants were determined at 35°C and 50°C. The activation energy calculated for this reaction was 18.91 kJ/mol. The conversion in a fixed bed continuous reactor for 1:1 molar ratio of reactants, with acetophenone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde initial concentration of 0.05 mol/L, achieved 60.23% in 10 min with ascending flow, for a period of 90 min. Another reaction of aldol condensation was evaluated with NaOH-treated granulated babassu catalyst to obtain (1E,4E)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-ciclohexen-1-yl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one. The reaction was conducted between 3 mmol of β-ionone and 2.5 mmol of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde at 27°C and 55°C. After only 1 h of reaction at 55°C the conversion achieved over 4-nitrobenzaldehyde was 63.95%, while at 27°C it was 28.87%. The specific speed constants and activation energy obtained for the reaction demonstrated the production of this compound is strongly affected by temperature. After 4.5 h of reaction the yield achieved was 82%, indicating a great potential for activated carbons from vegetable source in heterogeneous catalysis.Item Metabolômica de leveduras fermentadoras de xilose na identificação de alvos metabólicos para aumento da produção de etanol 2g(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-18) Cavalcanti, Christiane Gonçalves Campos; Rodrigue, Clenilson Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9689635455677053; Abdelnur, Patrícia Verardi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0386805742968055; Abdelnur, Patrícia Verardi; Vaz, Boniek Gontijo; Côrrea, Mauro Vicentini; Parachin, Nádia Skorupa; Silva, Caio de Oliveira GorgulhoOne of the challenges in the production of second generation (2G) ethanol is in the development of efficient yeasts to convert xylose into ethanol in the process of fermenting sugars. Thus, the comprehensive analysis of xylose fermenting yeast metabolism is essential to facilitate the identification of the limiting factors in the conversion metabolism of this pentose and, thus, help in the construction of more efficient genetically modified strains. The objective of this work was to use an advanced analytical tool, the metabolomics, to quantify the main metabolites related to the xylose to ethanol conversion pathways in four species of yeast xyloses: Scheffersomyces stipitis, Spathaspora passalidarum, Spathaspora arborariae and Candida Tenuis. The yeasts were grown in xylose under two different growth conditions, aerobic and microaerobic. The preparation of the sample for metabolic analysis included the steps of quenching and extraction of the metabolites, for which the protocols of ice cold methanol and boiling ethanol, were used, respectively. The quantification of the metabolites was performed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/ MS), using ion-pair chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. The data obtained in the quantification were processed and treated through analysis of variance (ANOVA) using RStudio software. A total of eleven metabolites of the xylose metabolism pathway were quantified and validated through metabolic flow analysis (MFA) with R2>90. These metabolites were used to construct the metabolic flow of the three species of yeasts (Scheffersomyces stipitis, Spathaspora passalidarum and Spathaspora arborariae) analyzed. The comparison of molecular targets in yeast xylose showed that the S. stipitis and S. passalidarum species have the best yields of ethanol when grown with limited oxygen. The metabolomic analysis performed in this study may help in the genetic improvement of these microorganisms and in the production of 2G ethanol.Item Plataformas microfluídicas descartáveis: desenvolvimento, caracterização e aplicações em química bioanalítica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-08-03) Chagas, Cyro Lucas Silva; Coltro, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8302650734477213; Araujo, William Reis de; Sgobbi, Lívia Flório; Arruda, Andréa Fernandes; Andrade, Fabiano Molinos de; Coltro, Wendell Karlos TomazelliThe development of miniaturized devices promoted a real revolution in modern analytical chemistry. In addition, the improvement of microfabrication technologies has made it possible to create ever smaller and more robust devices. However, most of these devices still demand sophisticated and expensive instrumentation in their manufacturing process, often requiring controlled environments or clean rooms. In view of the need to produce these miniaturized devices in a more accessible way, the present thesis presents the manufacture of alternative, disposable and low cost microfluidic platforms and devices for bioanalytical applications. The methodologies covered in this thesis include: the manufacture of low cost pencil-drawn graphite electrodes on office paper, used in the quantification of inorganic cations (K+ and Na+) in human tears; the manufacture of electrophoresis chips with thermolaminated paper channels with attached graphite electrodes for the monitoring of the electrophoretic separation of biomolecules (albumin and creatinine); and finally, it presents the use of a 3D microfluidic device for the generation of droplets into the microchannel and the manufacturing process of a thermolaminated polyester dispositive for flow injection analysis, both for the analysis of drugs (ascorbic acid and midazolam maleate) in medicines. All analyzes used the same method of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The proposed graphite electrodes presented excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. The detection limits found for K+, Na+ and Li+ were 4.9, 6.8 and 9.0 μM, respectively. In addition, the concentration found for K+ and Na+ in the tear samples were, respectively, 20.8 and 101.2 mM for sample A and 20.4 and 111.4 mM for sample B. Experiments using the proposed paper-based microchip have successfully demonstrated the separation of bovine serum albumin and creatinine within 150 s with baseline resolution. The detection limits for albumin and creatinine were 20 and 35 mM, respectively. The quantification of ascorbic acid in a vitamin supplement, through the generation of droplets in the 3D device, was successfully demonstrated with a linear range of 3 to 24 mg/mL and a detection limit of 1.1 mg/mL. The quantification of midazolam maleate in tablets, using a flow injection in the polyester device showed a linear behavior between 0.5 and 4.0 mg/mL and a detection limit of 17 µg/mL. The devices proposed in this thesis allowed the realization of low cost assays with reduced analysis time. In addition, the manufacturing processes demonstrated simplicity and quickness, without the need for sophisticated instrumentation, allowing the use of these devices for applications in clinical analysis and quality control.Item Estudo de feijões transgênicos e convencionais através da RMN HR-MAS(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-15) Choze, Rafael; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião, Luciano Morais; Barison, Andersson; Farias, Josias Correa de; Kato, Lucília; Lacerda Júnior, ValdemarIn this work, a new methodology which allows differentiating conventional and transgenic common beans, grown in greenhouse or under field conditions, based on modifications in chemical composition using 1H HRMAS NMR and infrared is proposed. Through NMR it was possible to identify differences in chemical composition between the beans, according to transgenic or conventional source, especially in aromatic hydrogen region. The 1H, gHSQC and gHMBC experiments conducted to the flavonoids quercetin and myricetin structures, present in higher contents in genetically modified cultivars. Moreover, through 1H HR-MAS NMR was also possible to identify, in mixture, the aminoacids threonine, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, and the oligosaccharides stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose. The NMR spectra of Pérola 5.1 and BRS Pontal 5.1, to which the transgene was received from Olathe 5.1, using crosses and backcrosses, showed the same signal pattern observed in Olathe 5.1 bean. This study also demonstrated that the influence of typical variables from field planting conditions had no significant influence on the ability of separation between cultivars transgenic and conventional. This methodology was corroborated by multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR spectra. On the other hand, the infrared studies showed less conclusive results. The study of the influence of exposure to air indicated a decrease in the flavonoid myricetin content. For quercetin no change was observed. This study also points out the simplicity of using the HR-MAS NMR technique for food analyses. The measurement is highly simplified because it does not require any pretreatment of the sample apart from the addition of a small amount of D2O necessary to produce homogeneous dough and a field frequency lock. Moreover, due to the high concentration of the sample, measurement time in HR-MAS NMR is very short.