Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas (EA)
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Item Variabilidade genética quantitativa e estrutura populacional de Dipteryx alata Vog. do cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-11-30) Mota, Elias Emanuel Silva; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Chaves, Lázaro José; Novaes, Evandro; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Nabout, João Carlos; Rodrigues, FabrícioThe objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for quantitative traits of Dipteryx alata; to infer about the influence of climatic, edaphic and geographic factors on the phenotypic divergence among subpopulations and to compare the population genetic structure of the species, based on quantitative and molecular data, to infer about the adaptive processes in the subpopulations. The germplasm collection consists of 600 plants in the field, in a randomized complete block design, with four replications and one plant per plot. Seedlings from the sowing in mid-October 2011 were transplanted to the field in March 2012. A phenotypic evaluation was also carried out in the 25 natural subpopulations, in which leaf and inflorescence data were collected from adult plants in six states of Central Brazil, sampling six plants per subpopulation. A composite sample of soil was also obtained with subsamples collected in the projection of the canopy of the plants. The evaluations of the plants from the germplasm collection, for the purposes of this study, began in March 2013, being the individual accessions characterized morphologically and agronomically. The quantitative data of the collection and the natural subpopulations were submitted to descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and correlation between the silvicultural characters. From the variance components, the genetic parameters of interest were also estimated. The comparison of the population genetic structure via microsatellite marker (FST) and quantitative data (QST) was performed based on the probability distributions of the values of the two estimates, which were generated by parametric bootstrap using 10000 resamples. There was significant variation between subpopulations and progenies within subpopulations, for most of the traits evaluated. There is genetic variability both among and within subpopulation, and its structuring is inherent to the evaluated variable. The traits, initial height, final height, initial diameter, final diameter, stem height and crown diameter showed higher heritability values, having a greater potential for genetic gain by selection and breeding. The geographic distances matrix showed low magnitude correlation only with the distances matrix of the phenotypic data of leaves and with the data matrix of the nutritional contents of leaves. The results of the Mantel tests suggested that the environmental factors (climate and soil), as well as the geographical distribution of the subpopulations are associated, even in small magnitude, with the phenotypic divergence among the subpopulations. Eighteen of the twenty seven characters evaluated for the species suggest that drift is the main cause of differentiation among subpopulations.Item Modelos de predição genômica multi-ambiental em milho tropical: produtividade de grãos e staygreen(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-04-28) Crispim Filho, Ailton José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; Môro, Gustavo Vitti; Souza Júnior, Cláudio Lopes de; Costa Neto, Germano Martins Ferreira; Toledo, Fernando Henrique Ribeiro BarrozoStaygreen and grain yield are agronomic traits of interest to be evaluated in modern maize breeding programs. A modern approach to improving these traits can be genomic selection, whose efficiency depends, among other factors, on the proper choice of the prediction model to be used, the effects that will be accounted for in this model and the resources and time required for the prediction process of the phenotypes. In this work, three parametric models and a non-parametric model were used in the multi-environment genomic prediction of single maize hybrids for staygreen and grain yield, considering additive effects, exclusively, and together with dominance effects. The phenotypic data refer to the evaluation of 152 single maize hybrids, from the crossing of 42 inbred lines, evaluated in 13 environments for grain yield and 8 environments for staygreen. The lines were genotyped with 13,826 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers using the GBS (Genotyping by Sequencing) method, and their genotypic combinations were used to generate the genotypes of the hybrids. Adjusted means for each genotype at each location were used to train the genomic prediction models. The predictive ability was measured using Pearson's mean correlation, obtained using the ten-fold system. The models' predictive abilities ranged from 0.23 to 0.83 for grain yield and 0.44 to 0.72 for staygreen. The inclusion of dominance effects in all parametric models increased the predictive abilities for both traits, and for grain yield the average increase was 25%. This confirms that the inclusion of non-additive effects in the prediction model allows better exploration of heterosis and greater precision in genomic selection. The models did not differ between attributes linked to predictive ability. Due to the lower computational demand of GBLUP, it is the most suitable to predict the phenotypic performance of these characters in this data set. Prediction with the additive-dominant GBLUP model indicates the possibility of selecting better combinations of inbred lines than those already performed, which potentially increase grain and staygreen productivity by selecting the best 15 hybrids per prediction for each character separately.Item Melhoramento genético do feijão-comum assistido por marcadores moleculares: identificação, caracterização, mapeamento e piramidação de alelos de resistência a doenças(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-10-11) Messias, Lucas Matias Gomes; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Oliveira, Bruna Mendes de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Pereira, Helton Santos; Vianello, Rosana PereiraThe common bean's yield and commercial grain quality are constantly challenged by more than 45 diseases and post-harvest biochemical changes like grain darkening. The productivity, nutritional quality, and minor post-harvest changes (slow darkening) are of great importance for the acceptance of the product in the market. The aims of this study were: 1) mapping the genomic region associated with anthracnose resistance from a population (BRSMG Realce x BRS FC104) with 161 F2 plants that were phenotyped for reaction to race 475 of the fungi Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and genotyped with SNPs markers using the DArTseq technology; 2) Validation of SNPs markers previously identified as linked to anthracnose and angular leaf spot resistance alleles using a set with 376 genotypes, including elite lines, cultivars, and common bean landraces; 3) Establish an allele pyramiding program by marker-assisted selection for anthracnose, angular leaf spot, and fusarium wilt in common bean of carioca type with slow darkening of grains. The results shown that anthracnose resistance in BRSMG Realce is controlled by a single locus (R2=54,6%) with complete dominance, provisionally designated as CoPv04R, and mapped in a genomic region with 704,867 bp comprising 44 putative genes related to the pathogen-host interaction. The SNPs markers snp12782 (1,182,123 bp), snp3308 (505,696 bp) and snp1327 (477,285 bp) were indicated to monitor the CoPv04R allele introgression with a selection efficiency of 99,0%. Based on these results and the usefulness of CoPv04R for breeding purposes, it is proposed that the locus be officially nominated in accordance with the rules established by the Bean Improvement Cooperative Genetics Committee. Regarding the validation of markers previously identified as associated with bean diseases, of the nine evaluated SNPs, seven showed the potential to be incorporated into the assisted selection routine along with Embrapa's common bean breeding programs (snpPV0025-Phg-2; snpPV0027-Phg-5; snpPV0046-Co-u; snpPV0068-Co-42; snpPV0070-Co-42; snpP8282v3-817-Co-42; snpPV0079-Phg-5). The SNP markers snpPV0025 and snpPV0079 are indicated to monitor the Phg-2 and Phg-5 allele introgression, respectively. The genotyped system based on TaqMan™ assay in qPCR for the SNP markers snpPV0070, snpP8282v3-817, and snpPV0025 were specific for target-alleles Co-42, Co-42, and Phg-2, respectively. The markers snpPV0070, and snpP8282v3-817 show a selection efficiency of 99,0%. The target-allele pyramiding assisted by SNP markers snpP8282v3-817, and ANAAJK6 allowed the early selection of nine progenies combining the alleles Co-42 and FOP2.3403H in homozygosis, respectively. The selection with the marker PvbHLHp12804 (sdsd) was 100% coincident with the grains' slow-darkening phenotype after 140 storage days. Our results showed that the identification and validation of molecular markers identified as associated with target alleles for traits of agronomic importance in the common bean is essential to guide the choice of superior genotypes and improve selection efficiency, attributing speed to the genetic improvement program.Item Seleção de genótipos e mapeamento de QTLs para resistência à murcha de fusário em feijão carioca(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-10-07) Cavalheiro, Sâmela Beutinger; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0729719587905292; Pereira, Helton Santos; Torga, Paula Pereira; Ishikawa, Francine Hiromi; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Brondani, CláudioFusarium wilt, caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, is a disease of great importance in the bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Chemical control is not efficient and the use of resistant cultivars, within an integrated management strategy, is the most efficient way to control this disease. However, there is little information about the genetic control of the Fusarium wilt reaction and few carioca bean cultivars with satisfactory resistance level. Thus, three studies were carried out, with the objectives of: identifying parents and segregating populations of carioca beans with resistance to Fusarium wilt and other important characters; estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and select carioca bean lines with resistance to fusarium wilt, high yield and mass of 100 grains and good visual appearance of grains; to study genetic control and identify molecular markers linked to QTLs that control the reaction to Fusarium wilt in the carioca bean cultivar BRS Notável. All evaluations were carried out in Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, in the winter crop (sowing in May), in an area with high pathogen infestation, with central pivot irrigation. In the first study, 21 populations obtained from crosses in a complete diallel scheme between seven parents with grain carioca and some degree of resistance to Fusarium wilt were evaluated, together with two controls. Populations were evaluated in the F3, F4 and F5 generations, in 2012, 2013 and 2014, in a randomized block design, with three replications. The reaction to Fusarium wilt was evaluated using a grading scale, in addition to yield and mass of 100 grains. There were significant differences between populations for all traits evaluated. Additive and non-additive effects were important for Fusarium wilt reaction, yield and 100 grain mass. Cultivar BRS Notável was the most promising parent to participate in new crosses, presenting estimates of general combining ability (gi) different from zero, favoring the increase in resistance to fusarium wilt (-0.51), yield (87.90) and mass of 100 grains (0.23). The populations BRS Notável / CNFC 15872, BRS Ametista / BRS Notável, BRS Notável / BRSMG Talismã and BRS Ametista / BRSMG Talismã were the most promising for obtaining lines. In the second study, 114 lines obtained from BRS Notável / BRS Ametista and BRS Notável / CNFC 15872 populations, selected for their high resistance to Fusarium wilt, yield and mass of 100 grains, were evaluated. The 114 lines and seven controls were evaluated in experiments in triple lattice design 11 x 11, in the years 2015 and 2016, for reaction to Fusarium wilt and visual grain analysis, both using a grading scale, in addition to yield and 100 grain mass. Analysis of variance and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated. Genetic variability was detected among lines for the four characters. The high estimates of heritability, above 63%, and of expected gain with direct selection indicated the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for each character alone (23.0% for fusarium wilt reaction, 12.3% for yield, 9.6% for mass of 100 grains and 10.5% for visual appearance of grains). The simultaneous selection of 24 lines (21%) for the four characters showed gains of 12.9% for reaction to Fusarium wilt, 5.6% for yield, 3.4% for mass of 100 grains and 6.1% for visual aspect of grain. Three lines stood out (CNFC 19126, CNFC 19205 and CNFC 19131), being superior to BRS Notável for all characters. In the third study, the genotyping of SNPs and SilicoDArT markers was carried out using the DArTseq technology in the F2 generation of a mapping population obtained from the cross between the cultivars of Mesoamerican origin BRS Notável (resistant), of carioca grain, and BRS Supremo (susceptible), with black grains. Seventy-three progenies were evaluated for reaction to Fusarium wilt, by means of a grading scale, in the years/generations 2018/F2:4 and 2019/F2:5, together with the parents and five controls, in a block design at the random, with three repetitions. Analysis of variance and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated. A genetic map with 463 markers was obtained, with a total length of 1598.6 cM and average distance between markers of 3.5 cM. The analysis of phenotypic data showed variability between progenies and possibility of success with selection, with high estimates of genetic variance, heritability (90.6%) and expected gain with selection (28.5%), based on the joint analysis. Three QTLs were identified explaining between 25.1 and 50.4% of the phenotypic variation, all on chromosome 7, one in each of the evaluated years/generations (FOP7.2NS/ 2018 and FOP7.3NS/ 2019) and another based on in the joint analysis (FOP7.1NS). These three QTLs intersected between their intervals, with high stability in different years/generations. Therefore, the inheritance of the reaction in cultivar BRS Notável is quantitative, with the presence of some genes with greater effect. The additive effect for QTL FOP7.1NS was -1.24, indicating increased resistance in the presence of the BRS Notável parent allele. The SNP marker “SNP_Chr07_28294499_M12143”, present in all QTLs, explained 44.8% of the variation based on the pooled analysis. This marker is indicated to obtain probes for further validation.Item Estrutura genética, fluxo gênico e sistema reprodutivo de Anacardium occidentale L. do cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-11-22) Oliveira, Leciane Karita de; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Rodrigues, Flavia Melo; Almeida, Luciane Madureira de; Chaves, Lazaro José; Soares, Thannya NascimentoBecause constant degradation of the Cerrado the persistence of long-term populations in their natural habitat may be compromised, as a result of loss of genetic variability. To gene-rate useful information for the implementation of conservation programs in situ and ex situ to Anacardium occidentale L. ecotype from Cerrado, species popularly known as cajuzinho-do-campo. This work had the objective: evaluate, based on microsatellite markers, the ma-ting system, spatial pattern of gene flow intra-population, genetic structure of spontaneous populations and the germplasm collection of the Federal University of Goiás and the landsca-pe influence the genetic structure of populations. For the difference in scale and type of analysis of populations, the work was separated into three chapters. In the first, titled "Ma-ting system, space genetic structure and contemporary gene flow in Anacardium occidentale L ", analyzes were made to answer questions related to the reproductive system and evoluti-onary processes that occur within a population of the species, individuals were sampled three stages of life. As a result it was observed that the species has mating system predomi-nantly outcrossing, the difference between multilocus and single locus outcrossing rate was positive and significant, indicating 16.4% of outcrossing between related individuals. Only 0.05% of the seeds were from selfing. Was assigned paternity to 45% of the seeds. In all ma-trices multiple paternity was observed with 6.7 effective number of pollen donors in each matrix. The pollen pool received by matriz had significant difference (фFT = 0.124). The pol-len dispersal occurred in greater proportion to short distances (41 m), but may reach distan-ces greater than 130 m. The effective area of pollination was 9410 m2 and the effective size of the neighborhood of 18 individuals. The seed dispersal probably occurs at distances grea-ter than the sampled area, which limited the powers of parents of juvenile individuals. Found high genetic diversity within the populationwith reduction the values of adults for seeds and increased inbreeding. The adults showed high genetic neighborhood (262 individuals), re-sulting from weak spatial genetic structure. In the second chapter, titled "Diversity and gene-tic structure of spontaneous populations and germplasm collection of Anacardium occiden-tale L. ecotype from Cerrado", populations were analyzed distributed in the Cerrado to as-sess the genetic variability and its structure between populations, was also analyzed the germplasm collection as the variability and its representation compared to the population. Was observed that the populations have high genetic variability and significant inbreeding. The geographical distribution of genetic diversity and allelic richness showed pattern central - peripheral. Genetic differentiation was weak and significant (RST = 0.095), with a pattern of isolation by distance. Populations with distance of up to 140 m are more similar than expec-ted by chance. There were no significant signs of genetic bottleneck. Individuals in the germ-plasm collection showed high genetic similarity, genetic differentiation was higher among offspring than between populations (θS = 184 and θP = 0.014, respectively). The variability of the collection is representative as the existing variability in spontaneous populations. Fi-nally, in the third chapter titled "Effects pattern of landscape on the variability and genetic structure of populations Anacardium occidentale L. ecotype from Cerrado", we analyzed the genetic structure at the landscape scale to Goiás state populations. Was observed that the main type of matrix around the populations are remaining natural vegetation and pasture, with great variation in the remaining percentage. There was a relationship between the change in allelic richness and remaining percentage of natural vegetation and predominant matrix around the populations in the lowest values were found when the predominant type of matrix is the pasture. Inbreeding was related to landscape when characterized for 2 km scale, where there was a higher inbreeding when the predominant type of matrix is the pas-ture. Due to anthropogenic changes in the landscape there was genetic discontinuity between eight pairs of populations. These results indicate that the fragmentation and change in land use are influencing the genetic variability and gene flow of populations.Item Melhoramento molecular do feijão-comum para resistência múltipla a viroses(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-06-14) Silva, Rodrigo de Souza; Faria, Josias Correa de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5616359873902028; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Pinheiro, Patricia Valle; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Oliveira, Bruna Mendes deAmong the diseases that affect the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), viruses deserve to be highlighted, since they are difficult to control and cause partial or total yield and grain quality losses. In Brazil, the main viruses of beans are: the common mosaic, caused by the Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), the golden mosaic, whose causal agent is the Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and the soybean stem necrosis disease, caused by Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV). The symptoms of CPMMV emerged in common beans more recently in agronomic performance tests with the transgenic cultivar BRS FC 401 RMD, which presents effective resistance to BGMV (event Embrapa 5.1). The symptoms of CPMMV were confused or hidden by the more severe symptoms of BGMV, and both viruses occur simultaneously in the field and are transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), mainly in Central region Brazil. Thus, two studies were carried out with the objectives of: i) develop, evaluate and select transgenic common bean progenies, second generation, with carioca market class, good agronomic performance and with multiple resistance to viruses BCMV, BGMV and CPMMV, and ii) to investigate genetic inheritance of the CPMMV and to genetically map loci of resistance to CPMMV in the carioca seeded cultivar BRS Sublime. In the first study, elite progenies were developed from crosses using the carioca seeded cultivars BRS Estilo and BRS Sublime (both showing resistance to CPMMV and BCMV), with the transgenic line CNFCT 16206 (event Embrapa 5.1; effective resistance to BGMV) and resistant to BCMV. The recovery of elite progenies with a greater proportion of parents was performed through the analysis of backcrosses assisted by SSR and SNP markers. Thus, 39 elite progenies were evaluated in field condition, in the rainy (2016) and dry (2017) growing seasons, and in an insect-proof screenhouse. The evaluated traits were the seed yield and mass of 100 seeds, plant architecture and tolerance to lodging, seed appearance, and virus disease severity (VS). The elite progenies in addition to the controls were mechanical inoculated at eight days after planting with the strain (CPMMV: BR:GO:14 – GenBank MK202583), and were evaluated, at 35 days after inoculation, for severity of CPMMV. These progenies and the controls were also evaluated for the presence of the event Embrapa 5.1 (marker Ahas) and gene I (marker SCAR SW13). The result of the joint analysis showed variability between the progenies for all characters evaluated, especially SV, except for ARQ, considering the two environments, with P × E interaction (P ≤ 0.01). All elite progenies showed effective resistance to BCMV and BGMV, with the exception of progeny 336-3.1 (BGMV), whereas the conventional controls were susceptible to BGMV, and the transgenic control (cv. BRS FC401 RMD,) and the progenies were susceptible to CPMMV. Thus, the severity of CPMMV was assessed in progenies and transgenic controls. Twelve elite progenies showed mean scores ≤ 3.0 for VS. Of these, the progenies 184-12.1, 356-5.1, 398-3.1, 417-22.1 and 422-39.1 showed resistance to BCMV, BGMV and CPMMV. Therefore, the use of conventional breeding strategies and marker-assisted selection (SAM) enabled the development and selection of elite transgenic carioca-seeded cultivars, second-generation, with carioca-seeded market class, better plant architecture and allowing direct mechanical harvest, with multiple resistance to viruses and presenting potential to be evaluated in agronomic performance tests. In the second study, the genotyping of SNP and SilicoDArT markers was performed using the DArTseq technology, in a mapping population in the F2 generation obtained from the crossing between the cultivar BRS Sublime (resistant) e transgenic line CNFCT 16207 (susceptible). All F1 plants were tested with molecular marker linked to the event Embrapa 5.1 to confirm the hybrid nature. The plants were conducted in an insect-proof screenhouse. Thus, a total of 180 F2 individual plants and 180 F2:3 progenies (2160 seedlings; 12 seedlings/progeny), in addition to the parents, were mechanically inoculated with the same CPMMV isolate, at eight days after planting. At 35 days after inoculation, the plants were evaluated for severity of CPMMV. The phenotypic data were subjected to the chi-square test (ꭕ2) (P ≤ 0.05), considering the expected mendelian segregation ratio for each generation. The complete genetic map was obtained with 1.695 markers segregated according to the expected frequency and distributed in the 11 chromosomes of the bean, with total length of 2.864 cM and average distance between marks of 1.8 cM. The results indicated that a single dominant gene controls the inheritance of CPMMV resistance in the cultivar BRS Sublime. The QTL – single Gene (CPMMV. Pv08) was identified in the final region of chromosome 8, associated with resistance to CPMMV and explaining ~77% of the phenotypic variation. This is the first report to study genetic inheritance and genetically map locus to CPMMV resistance in BRS Sublime. The construction of the genetically map and the QTL analysis approach generates new perspectives for common bean breeding programs, with the potential for development and validation of molecular markers to be used through SAM for reaction to CPMMV in common bean genotypes.Item Melhoramento de feijão preto para resistência à murcha de fusário: identificação de marcadores moleculares e seleção de populações segregantes e linhagens(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-10) Torres, Mário Henrique Rodrigues Mendes; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0729719587905292; Pereira, Helton Santos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Bruzi, Adriano TeodoroFusarium wilt, caused by the fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) is one of the most important diseases affecting bean culture (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Among the methods of controlling this disease, genetic resistance is the most efficient. However, there is little information on the genetics of the fusarium wilt reaction (FOP). Three studies were carried out with the objectives of: i) selecting promising parents and the segregating populations for reaction to fusarium wilt, grain productivity and 100 grain mass; ii) estimate genetic parameters and select breeding lines resistant to fusarium wilt, with high productivity and greater mass of 100 grains; iii) check if there is a genetic relationship between these traits; iv) study genetic control and identify SNP molecular markers linked to QTLs for reaction to fusarium wilt in the bean cultivar BRS FP403. In the first study, 25 segregating populations obtained from crosses in the partial diallel scheme between two groups of the five parents were evaluated: group I with breeding lines resistant to fusarium wilt and group II with susceptible breeding lines, but with superior agronomic characteristics. The populations were evaluated in Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen, in the winter / 2016 (generation F2), winter / 2017 (generation F3) and winter / 2018 (generation F4). The evaluated traits were the reaction to fusarium wilt, productivity and mass of 100 grains. Significant differences between populations were detected for all traits. The joint diallel analysis showed the existence of additive and non-additive effects, with a predominance of additive effects, for the three traits studied. The gi estimates revealed that the parents BRS Esplendor (-0.13) and CNFP 15207 (-0.76) are indicated to form populations with greater resistance to fusarium wilt. The CNFP breeding lines 15194 is indicated to form populations with greater resistance to fusarium wilt (-0.59) and greater mass of 100 grains (0.69). The cultivar BRS FP403 is indicated as the parents for increasing productivity (218) and mass of 100 grains (1.46). Among the susceptible parents, CNFP 11995 stood out for forming populations with high productivity and a mass of 100 grains, simultaneously. The populations BRS FP403 / CNFP 11995, CNFP 15194 / CNFP 11995 and CNFP 15194 / CNFP 11976 are the most promising for the extraction of superior breeding lines for the three traits simultaneously. In the second study, breeding lines from two populations were evaluated (BRS Esplendor / BRS Expedito and BRS Expedito / CNFP 15867), selected for their high resistance to fusarium wilt, high productivity and greater mass of 100 grains. Two experiments were conducted in the winter crops of 2015 and 2016, in Santo António de Goiás-GO, with 116 breeding lines from these two populations and five witnesses in a triple 11x11 latex experimental design, in an area infested with the pathogen. Reaction to fusarium wilt, yield and mass of 100 grains were evaluated. Analysis of variance and estimated genetic parameters were performed. Differences between lineages were identified in all environments for all traits. The estimates of heritability and expected gain with direct selection indicated the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for each traits in isolation. In the simultaneous selection of the breeding lines for the four traits, based on the joint analysis, the expected gains with the selection of the 31 best breeding lines were 22.1% for reaction to fusarium wilt, 6.6% for productivity and 7.7% for mass of 100 grains. Five breeding lines have high potential to be indicated as new cultivars, as they showed resistance to fusarium wilt, high productivity and a mass of 100 grains, being superior to the cultivars available on the market today. In the third study, genotyping of SNPs and SilicoDArT markers was performed using the DArTseq technology of a population mapping in the F2 generation obtained from the crossing between the cultivars BRS FP403 (resistant) x BRS Horizonte (susceptible). 165 progenies were obtained and evaluated in generations F2: 4 and F2:5, together with four controls. The experiments were installed in a 13x13 triple lattice design, in an area infested with the pathogen, in the winter/2016 (F2:4) and winter/2017 (F2:5) harvest in Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO. Evaluation of the reaction to fusarium wilt was performed. A genetic map was obtained comprising 702 markers with a total length of 3069 cM and an average distance between marks of 4.9 cM. The analysis of phenotypic data showed the presence of variability between the progenies and the possibility of success with the selection, with high estimates of genetic variance, heritability (90%) and expected gain with the selection (37%). Considering the two years and the joint analysis, 6 different QTLs were identified associated with the reaction to the fusarium wilt and there was an interaction between the QTLs and the years. Based on the joint analysis, four QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 4, explaining from 5.8 to 40.5% of the variation, indicating that the inheritance of the reaction to fusarium wilt is complex. The QTL FOP2.3403H stood out for explaining the greater proportion of the phenotypic variation (40.5%) and being stable in the different years. The QTL FOP3.2403H explained 6.3% of the phenotypic variation and was also stable over the years. These markers have great potential for use in assisted selection.Item Variabilidade genética de Dipteryx alata Vogel (Leguminosae): novos marcadores microssatélites, fluxo de pólen in situ e ex situ e genética da paisagem em escala local(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-02-23) Guimarães, Rejane Araújo; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Chaves, Lázaro José; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre FelizolaDipteryx alata is a Neotropical tree widely distributed throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. Popularly known as baru, it is one of the most promising Cerrado species for domestication and cultivation due to its wide potential use. The general goal of this work was to assess reproductive system and pollen-mediated gene flow patterns of in situ and ex situ conditions and to evaluate how landscape may influence intrapopulation genetic structure. New microsatellite markers were developed using high performance sequencing technologies, then the ten most polymorphic were selected and used in this work. The evaluation of the reproductive system and pollen dispersal was carried out in a germplasm collection (ex situ) located at the Universidade Federal de Goiás and in one natural population (in situ) in Orizona-GO, central Brazil. The natural population was also used to evaluate landscape influence on intrapopulation genetic structure in adult and juvenile trees. In situ and ex situ conditions showed a high cross fertilization rate (tm = 0.815 and tm = 0.934), respectively, confirming that the D. alata presents a mixed-mating system, predominantly allogamous. The number of seeds sharing the same pollen donors was high, indicating a low number of pollen donors per tree under both conditions. This may be related to the proximity between groups of trees, considering that there is less cross-pollination between groups of more distant trees. Another factor that may have influenced cross-pollination over long distances is the heterogeneous landscape due to habitat fragmentation. The results indicate the presence of a positive and significant spatial genetic structure (SGS) in both stages of life (adults and juveniles) with the highest Sp value in juveniles. Bayesian cluster analysis showed the formation of two groups in both adults and juveniles. Juvenile individuals presented greater interference from landscape compositions. Thus, the inclusion of the landscape features brought an explanation gain to the pattern of intrapopulation genetic structure in the D. alata species. These results are important to support more efficient conservation strategies for this species.Item Variabilidade genética e conservação de Stryphnodendron adstringens (leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-23) Gonçalves, Ariany Rosa; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Chaves, Lázaro José; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Pinto, Rafael Barbosa; Franceschinelli, Edivani VillaronBarbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens) is a Cerrado’s native tree that has multiple uses, especially medicinal. In view of its ethnobotanical and socioeconomic importance, it is pertinent that this genetic resource be characterized, in order to outline more effective strategies for its use and conservation. In this context, this work had the general objective of evaluating the magnitude and distribution of genetic variability among subpopulations of S. adstringens, aiming at the conservation of the species. The presence of genetic clusters and levels of genetic differentiation and gene flow were evaluated in order to test the hypothesis of isolation by distance (IBD). In addition, the influence of climatic components on the distribution of the genetic variability of barbatimão in future scenarios was tested. For this, nine microsatellite loci were genotyped with 605 individuals from 19 local populations in the Cerrado. Based on the results, it was found that barbatimão has a moderate genetic diversity ( e = 0.594) and a high genetic structure among the subpopulations ( ST = 0.165; p < 0.01), with low levels of inbreeding in most of the subpopulations ( IS = 0.029, p > 0.05). Clonality was detected in ten subpopulations, most frequently in the TERGO subpopulation, characterizing the mixed reproductive system of the species. It was found that geographic distance has a significant influence on the genetic differentiation of subpopulations, as in a model of isolation by distance (rm = 0.569, p < 0.01). Temperature, precipitation and altitude are components that influence the distribution of genetic variability, and consequent structuring, in S. adstringens (R²aju = 0.081, p <0.001). In addition, the simulations warned of changes in the composition of genetic groups in the face of climate change in the future. A genetic discontinuity was identified in the Araguaia River region, possibly isolating CHGMT from other subpopulations, which was corroborated by Bayesian analyses. Low gene flow rates were detected, with a reduction in the connection between subpopulations in the recent context, which were not able to neutralize the effects of genetic drift. There was evidence of a recent bottleneck in four subpopulations, which showed lower levels of genetic diversity. Based on the degree of irreplaceable, six priority subpopulations were indicated for the conservation in situ of barbatimão, or for the collection of seeds as a way to complement the ex situ conservation of S. adstringens genetic resources and guarantee the long-term genetic variability of the species.Item Diversificação e radiação recente de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae) no cerrado: consequências genéticas frente às mudanças climáticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-27) Braga, Ramilla dos Santos; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari Abreu; Chaves, Lázaro José; Lima, Jacqueline de Souza; Pinto, Rafael BarbosaThe species Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) is considered a valuable genetic resource of the Brazilian Cerrado, mainly due to its medicinal properties. It has been exploited in an extractive manner in its natural habitat, requiring studies of conservation and management plans. Species of this genus had recent diversification in the Cerrado, becoming interesting models for evaluating intraspecific genetic patterns in the biome. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phylogeographic patterns of S. adstringens, in order to infer about the hypotheses of diversification of their lineages in time and space. Beyond to measure the impact of future climate changes on the geographic distribution of the genetic variation of this species. For this, the DNA polymorphism of chloroplastid (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) and nuclear (ETS) regions was quantified in individuals from 17 localities in the Cerrado. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity levels were evaluated to verify the population genetic differentiation. Coalescence analyses were performed to estimate historical demographic parameters and to identify divergence time among populations of S. adstringens. The environmental suitability of S. adstringens in the past, present and historical refuge was used to identify spatial patterns on population genetic diversity. Current and future genetic clusters were simulated from climatic scenarios. Low genetic diversity was found for cpDNA and ETS and the geographical distribution of haplotypes reflects an incomplete lineage sort. There are discordant patterns of interpopulation genetic differentiation between regions of the genome, with greater effect for cpDNA. Historical demographic equilibrium was evidenced for S. adstringens, contrary by ENM, indicating retraction of range. Most recent common ancestor was dated to 1.7 Ma ago, dividing into two main clades with most of the diversification events dating to the Middle Pleistocene. The spatial structure is stronger for ETS, suggesting the existence of isolation by distance and environmental isolation due to temperature variations. Populations closer to the edge of the historic refuge have greater genetic diversity that can be associated with multiple historical refuges and ecological transition from forest to savanna environments. Genetic clusters modeled under current and future climatic conditions, indicate losses and homogenization of genetic variation for the species. The data corroborate the recent population diversification of S. adstringens in the Cerrado, reinforcing the phylogenetic pattern in species of this genus. Beyond, low levels of genetic diversity, reflecting the effects of glacial and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene, suggesting multiple refuges formation. The impact of climate change and the disorderly exploitation of the natural populations of this genetic resource indicate the need for management and conservation plans of the species.Item Análise comparativa dos métodos de avanço por Bulk e SSD na identificação de QTLs para produtividade de grão de arroz no cruzamento Epagri 108 X Irati 122(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-12) Ramos, Mariana Rodrigues Feitosa; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Brondani, Claudio; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Coelho, Gesimária Ribeiro Costa; Ramalho, IvanildoA relevant aspect of all rice breeding programs is the extensive genetic variability available and stored in germplasm banks. A major challenge is precisely how to select the most appropriate genotypes to meet the objectives of these programs. An interesting alternative is the assembly of core collections. Besides the characterization per se, the accessions that stood out for their genetic variability or productive performance were crossed in a diallel scheme. The resulting hybrids were self-fertilized to obtain generation F2, which was advanced by Bulk and SSD until F7. Among the most productive crosses, one in particular was interesting due to the genetic distance between the parents (RW = 0.91), and the high value of specific combining ability - Epagri 108 (Oryza sativa spp. Indica) x Irat 122 (Oryza sativa spp. Japonica). This study aimed to perform QTL analysis for plant yield and height using two populations of Epagri 108 x Irat 122 cross, advanced by SSD (generation F8) and Bulk (generation F7:8) methods. The 158 recombinant inbred lines of each method (SSD and Bulk) were evaluated for two years (2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons), in a 18x18 double lattice design with two replications, consisting of four-line plots of three meters in Palmital Farm (Goianira, GO). The RILs were genotyped by the DArTseq® methodology, which generated about 6,000 SNPs. The statistical model adopted for the grain yield data analysis was mixed linear model (MLM) through the R program. For the first and second year evaluations (2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons) and joint analysis (two years/seasons), the RILs-Bulk group presented higher grain yield averages when compared to the RILs-SSD and testers group. However, regarding the genetic variance component, the SSD group presented the highest estimate followed by Bulk and testers. Bulk-RIL yields ranged from 4,010.75 kg ha-1 to 5,815.42 kg ha-1, while SSD-RILs ranged from 3,321.76 kg ha-1 to 8,096.27 kg ha-1, both exceeding the testers group, which ranged from 2,754.30 kg ha-1 to 3,643.73 kg ha-1.For the plant height trait (ALT), in the first year, the plants ranged from 116 cm to 165 cm for RILs-Bulk. On the other hand, RILsSSD ranged from 91 cm to 177 cm, while the testers ranged from 100 cm to 104 cm. In the second year, RILs-Bulk ranged from 101 cm to 130 cm, while RILs-SSD ranged from 81 cm to 132 cm, while the testers presented heights from 96 cm to 117 cm. In the joint analysis, the testers presented the lowest heights. For QTL analysis, multiple interval mapping was used, with a total of 2,115 SNPs, and 3 QTLs were identified in the SSIL-RILs for the grain yield (PG) traitr, of which 2 QTLs were located on chromosome 6 (qGYLD6.1 and qGYLD6.2), one for the second year of experiment, with a phenotypic variation of 23.56%, and the other for the joint analysis, explaining 9.45% of the phenotypic variation. The other QTL was identified on chromosome 9 (qGYLD9) for the second year, with a phenotypic variation of 7.45%. For the trait height (ALT) a QTL on chromosome 1 (qPTHT1) was identified, with a phenotypic variation of 14.01%. For RILs-Bulk, with a total of 2,354 markers, 3 QTLs were identified for the PG character, two QTLs mapped on chromosomes 6 and 9 (qGYLD6 and qGYLD9), referring to the second year of evaluation, presenting a phenotypic variation of 21.65. % and 3.71%, respectively. In the joint analysis a QTL was mapped on chromosome 7 (qGYLD7), with phenotypic variation of 12.9%. For ALT no QTL was found in the RILs-Bulk. From the identification of these QTLs in haplotypic blocks, the next step will be the validation of markers in Embrapa germplasm bank accesses before being incorporated into the assisted selection routine, in order to identify materials with higher grain yield potential. For the Epagri 108 x Irat 122 cross, the SSD method was the most efficient in the generation of superior rice lines for grain yield, but at a higher operating cost than the Bulk method. RILs derived from both Bulk and SSD identified QTLs for the PG character; however, SSD identified a higher number of QTLs with greater effect on trait variation.Item Filogeografia de Pterodon emarginatus e Pterodon pubescens (Leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-12-06) Lima, Stefany Lorrayny; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Telles, Mariana Pires De Campos; Rocha, Dulce Maria Sucena da; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari AbreuThe species Pterodon emarginatus and P. pubescens, known as sucupira, occur in the Cerrado and have potential for medicinal and wood use. The comparative phylogeography of these species can help in understanding the historical pattern of distribution of genetic diversity, generating information for use and conservation. The objective of this work was to identify the phylogeographic structure of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens, and the comparative phylogeography of these species. The sample consisted of eleven populations for P. emarginatus and nineteen for P. pubescens, distributed in the states of Goiás, Tocantins, Bahia, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais. The chloroplast regions sequenced were trnLE-trnLF and psbA-trnH, and the nuclear ribosomal was ITS101-102. In P. emarginatus, haplotypic and nucleotide diversity are high in chloroplast, as there is a high polymorphism in this region, with a high number of indels. The population structure is relatively low (FST = 0.10). In this species the populations Alvorada do Norte-GO, Cariri-TO, Luiz Eduardo Magalhães-BA and Monte Alegre de Goiás-GO stand out for genetic diversity and are located in an area of climate stability, influencing the evolutionary dynamics of the Cerrado. The dispersal has long distance potential (500 km). The demographic pattern has shown population growth for less than 150 a thousand years. In P. pubescens the haplotypic and nucleotide diversity are high in chloroplast and nucleus, with a high number of haplotypes. The population genetic structure is considerable (FST = 0.24), with a phylogeographic pattern marked by the divergence of populations of the Araguaia basin region, an area of influence on the Cerrado evolutionary dynamics, mainly Araguapaz-GO and Araguaiana-MT. Demographic history has shown population growth from 1.67 million years ago. Finally, P. emarginatus showed a higher diversity pattern in chloroplast, while in P. pubescens there was a high complexity of the phylogeographic pattern, and the population of Araguaiana-MT showed a high genetic distance. Despite the species separation, there is a highlight for populations that exhibit high haplotype sharing, mainly Araguaiana-MT and Araguapaz-GO. The species tree showed no distinction between species, corroborating the hypothesis of recent diversification. Comparative analysis of species suggests ancestral introgression or polymorphism, considering the high sharing of haplotypes. These species are possibly in the process of recent separation, and P. emarginatus is the species in the process of speciation.Item Implicações da interação de genótipos com ambientes na recomendação de cultivares de feijoeiro comum: validação de regras e importância de fatores ambientais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-14) Barros, Matheus Souza de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9132553601896172; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Mello Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Pereira, Helton Santos; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima BarbosaThe genotypes by environments interaction (GxA) can be defined as the differential phenotypic response of genotypes in different environments. This phenomenon is the main complicating factor in recommending broadly adapted cultivars in common bean and others crops. The value of cultivation and use (VCU) tests are required for registration of new cultivars. These tests are intended to generate agronomic information about the performance of candidate lines for new cultivars in the various cultivation environments. The rules for conducting VCU tests were very restrictive as they require many tests to register the new cultivar. This step in the development process of new cultivars is the most costly for common bean breeding programs for logistical and operational reasons. Because of this, the standard rule has been relaxed since 2010 and was considers the regionalization of Brazil in edaphoclimatic regions. Thus, ten environments are currently accepted for regions I (South) and II (Central), and six environments for Region III (Northeast). Of which three environments are required per sowing season for the season in which the cultivar is to be indicated. The sowing seasons are for region I “waters” (águas) and “drought” (seca); and for region II "waters" and "winter" (inverno). The tests must be conducted for two years. Thus, this work aims to: validate the number of environments (VCU assays) currently accepted for registration of new cultivars, through computer simulations with real data, and; to evaluate environmental factors to determine their relevance to the phenotypic variation of candidate lines. Grain yield data were used for the study. Data were obtained from 406 VCU trials during 17 years of the common bean breeding program of Embrapa Rice and Beans. During this period 101 candidate lines and 19 commercial cultivars were evaluated as control. The trials were distributed among the three edaphoclimatic regions that contribute most for of the common common bean grain production. For the simulation study an algorithm was built to randomly sample the environments in various combinations. The combinations represent several scenarios, which vary in the number of environments. 288646 simulations were performed and the five best classified genotypes were compared, by coincidence, with the five classified in the complete joint analysis. This analysis uses all available environments in each VCU cycle (two years). Nonlinear modeling was used to adjust estimates to the asymptotic curve to obtain the adjusted averages of coincidence. The curve equation was derived to obtain the instantaneous rate of change. For the criterion of determining the minimum number of environments, the mean value theorem was used to estimate the average rate of change (∆dM) between scenarios, where the x value for the average rate represents the minimum number of environments. For the study of environmental factors two approaches were used: the modeling by mixed models to estimate the variance components and; the classical approach to analysis of variance with decomposition of GxA interaction. In addition to these analyzes, the GxA interaction was decomposed into the simple and complex parts. The results of the simulation study indicated high average coincidence between genotypes even in scenarios with few environments. The elevation of the coincidence was progressive until the scenario with eight environments in regions I and II, which represents the point of ∆dM. However, the number of currently accepted environments (ten) for these regions was more appropriate. For region III, the ∆dM occurred 6.25 indicating that the minimum number of environments for this region is capable of detecting the genotypes most adapted to this region. For sowing seasons, three environments resulted in estimates of over 60% of average coincidence, except for the winter season (53.4%). Thus, it is concluded that the number of environments currently accepted for registration of new cultivars is capable of indicating the superior genotypes. The mixed model evaluation of the environmental factors analysis by region indicated that the GxLxExA interaction is the component of variance that contributes most to the total variance, followed by the effect of locations for regions I and II. In region III the effect of sites was the most important of the components. The analysis of variance of the factors and their partial decompositions indicated that in region I that the isolated effects of times and places together with the GxL interaction were more relevant. In region II, GxE interaction was the most significant componet involving genotypes. The isolated environmental components varied in importance between cycles in the region II. The local effect and GxL interaction are the most expressive components in region III. The decomposition of the interaction was predominantly complex in all studied cycles for all regions. It is concluded, therefore, that in region II the environmental factors sowing seasons, years and location were the ones that participated with most of the total variation. GxE was the most significant among the interactions of environmental factors involving genotypes in region II. In region III the main sources of variation for the isolated effects were location and years, in that order. The variance components indicated that the interaction of genotypes with the environmental components were more important for regions I and II, and for region III the location effect was more relevant. The location effect is the isolated variance component that most contributes to the total variation in all regions. The type of complex interaction was predominant among the combined assays in all regions.Item Estratificação de ambientes visando otimização da rede de ensaios de híbridos de milho para primeira e segunda safras(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-11) Lepre, André Luiz; Morais Júnior, Odilon Peixoto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5190558264625516; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Duarte, João Batista; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Santos, Rodrigo Sampaio dos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães SantosThe environmental stratification process consists of subdividing heterogeneous regions into more uniform sub-regions with similar ecological characteristics, so that the genotype by environment interactions (GE) it is predominantly of single nature. Environmental stratification procedures can be used to verify whether information generated at the testing locations used for breeding is complementary or redundant. This study was carried out with the objective of stratifying environments used to select corn hybrids in the final stage of breeding in the Central region of Brazil, to optimize the multi environment yield trials, in the first and second growing seasons. Yield data were obtained of 99 and 125 corn hybrids, tested across four years, in 55 and 49 locations, in the first (normal season) and in the second (“safrinha”) seasons, respectively. All yield trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. The yield data were submitted to individual and joint analyzes of the experiments, within each year. The components of variance were estimated and were tested through the Likelihood Test Ratio. The effect of GE interaction it was significant in all evaluated years, except for “safrinha” 2013. For the stratification process, two univariate approaches were used; intraclass correlation and prediction model based on reaction norm; and two multivariate approaches, GGE biplot and Factor Analysis. The most efficient method for eliminating redundant locations it was one chosen for the final stratification. Genetic correlation between pairs of location it was estimated by the univariate approaches. These correlations were used in cluster analysis, applying a SAHN algorithm (Sequential, Agglomerative, Hierarquic, Nonoverlapping clustering), associated with complete linkage method, which established the environmental stratification for the both planting seasons. In the multivariate approaches the environmental stratification were established according to the “who-won-where” approach and the factor loading established within each factor, for GGE Biplot and Factor Analysis, respectively. The verification of the established environmental stratification allowed to identify pairs of locations that were grouped in the same environmental strata, indifferent years of tests, which means redundancy. To optimize the target population of environments, the GGE Biplot method it was chosen which eliminated 12,5% of yield test locations in the both seasons.Item Obtenção e caracterização preliminar de um draft assembly do genoma de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-05-31) Souza, Isabela Pavanelli de; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Antunes, Adriana Maria; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Vidigal, Pedro Marcus; Brondani, ClaudioSugarcane is known as one of the most important crops worldwide, and Brazil is its major producer. Its genome is extremely complex: high chromosome number, highly abundant in repetitive DNA, variable levels of polyploidy, aneuploidy, heterozygosity, and interspecific origin. As a consequence, sugarcane has one of the largest genomes among grasses, comprising about 10 Gb. The first step towards achieving a reference genomic sequence for the crop is to produce a suitable draft assembly. The objective of this study was to build and preliminary characterize a draft genome assembly for the Brazilian sugarcane cultivar RB867515 (Saccharum spp.). Genomic reads were obtained using Illumina and PacBio technologies on genomic DNA extracted from RB867515 lateral buds. After filtering, the assembly was generated using three different approaches, and the best of them was characterized regarding repetitive DNA content, gene prediction, assembly contiguity and completeness. The draft assembly for RB867515 comprised 660,749 scaffolds, with mean size of 1,856 bp, N50 of 9,682 bp, adding up to 1.1 Gb. This size, that represents ~23% of the estimated genome size (1C) for sugarcane (5.32 Gb), is compatible with a monoploid version of the genome. The repetitive DNA content was estimated in 49.7%, with 37.1% of retrotransposons, 9.2% of DNA transposons, 1.5% of satellite DNA and 0.6% of simple repeats. Among retrotransposons, LTR elements were the most abundant (35.2%). A total of 82,945 putative genes were predicted, with mean size of 1,473 bp, ranging from 200 bp to 33 kb. We found that ~19,0% of sorghum chromosomes were represented in the draft assembly. For S. spontaneum chromosomes this rate was 60,1%. This is the first draft genome assembly described for the Brazilian sugarcane cultivar RB867515, the most cultivated in Brazil. We conclude that the draft assembly generated is a useful genomic resource for the culture. Adding a larger set of long reads is going to benefit the assembly, raising its total size, contiguity and completeness.Item Caracterização parcial e tamanho do genoma de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-01-25) Souza, Ueric José Borges de; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Rodrigues, Flávia Melo; Taquary, Adriana Maria Antunes; Pinto, Rafael BarbosaUsing the massively parallel sequencing data generate from two individuals of the Stryphnodendron adstringens, it was possible to structure this thesis in two chapters. The first describes the assembly and annotation of the S. adstringens chloroplast genome and their comparison between species belonging to the mimosoid clade from Caesalpinoideae-Leguminosae subfamily. The second chapter describes the estimate genome size, assembly and annotation of repetitive elements and genes in the nuclear genome of the S. adstringens. Genomic libraries were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Approximately 10 million reads were filtered and used to assemble the chloroplast genome using a combination of de novo and reference-guided strategies. The complete chloroplast genome of S. adstringens was assembled in a single circular molecule containing 162,169 base pairs, contained 111 different genes, with 77 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer tRNA and 4 ribosomal rRNA. A total of 137 microsatellites and 42 repeats structures were identified, with the highest proportion in the LSC (Large Single Copy) region. The average nucleotide variability among the five chloroplast genomes of Mimosoid species was estimated to be 0.01771. The Ka/Ks ratio indicated positive selection for three genes analyzed, rps16, psbH and clpP. The comparison of the structural characteristics in chloroplast genome among Mimosoid species demonstrated that gene coding regions are highly conserved. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on 73 protein-coding genes indicated that the Leguminosae- Caesalpinoideae subfamily was paraphyletic. The size of the nuclear genome of S. adstringens was estimated as 1C = 0.684 pg, which corresponds to a haploid genome of 669 Mpb. The nuclear genome was made of 63.320 contigs with a total size of approximately 495 Mbp. A total of 20.124 microsatellite regions were identified in the nuclear genome, with AT/TA repeats being the most frequent (44.16%). It was possible to identify that 44.58% of the nuclear genome of S. adstringens is composed of transposable elements. The most common class were retroelements, among these, the long terminal repeats (LTR) the most abundant family. 31,636 genes and 95,811 transcripts were predicted with an average of 3.03 per gene. From the total number of predicted transcripts, 60,798 were classified functionally, according to Gene Ontology. Around 1,521 transcripts (1.58%) were similar with protein sequences involved in the tannin biosynthesis pathways. This work represents a great advance in the knowledge on the structure and organization of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of S. adstringens. In addition, the results obtained provide genomic resources for future genetic and biotechnological investigations on the species.Item Variabilidade e divergência genética de caracteres quantitativos e marcadores neutros em populações de Eugenia dysenterica DC(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-10-16) Novaes, Carolina Ribeiro Diniz Boaventura; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Chaves , Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Chaves, Lázaro José; Zucchi, Maria Imaculada; Grattapaglia, Dario; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Ganga, Rita Maria DevósGenotypic variations knowledge is an important tool that can point to the best approach for genetic resources maintenance, for both conservation and breeding purposes. To analyze and compare the phenotypic and genetic variation of wild subpopulations of Eugenia dysenterica DC., a fruity tree, 25 subpopulations were sampled in five states of the Brazilian Cerrado. Within each subpopulation, six trees were sampled and twenty fruits (maternal siblings) collected. Five fruits of each family were evaluated for morphometric variables of fruits and seeds. Twenty seeds of each family were randomly sown in each one of four blocks, five seeds per plot, established in a common garden experiment. Hierarchical model analysis of variance and variance components estimation were performed for fruit, seeds and early development traits and QST were estimated for early development traits. Four individuals per family were genotyped using nine microsatellite loci. Significant phenotypic and genotypic variations were observed both between subpopulations and between families within subpopulations. The highest proportion of the variance was found among families. Heritability estimates were 0.23 and 0.27 for growth rate and number of leaves and greater than 0.34 for other traits, indicating high potential for selective gain. Rapid early development is important for seedlings commercial production. Above ground biomass represented 15% of total biomass. Subpopulations are significantly structured for root length, height and diameter growth rates (QST 0.34, 0.23 and 0.20), but weak structure was establish for biomass and seedling emergence (QST <0.04). It has high genetic diversity, with average expected heterozigosity of 0.642. The mating system was mainly outcrossing (ta = 0.73), with high genetic differentiation between subpopulations (θP = 0.198), similar to previous studies. QST - FST contrasts were not significant for sixteen out of eighteen traits, suggesting genetic drift as the main source of phenotypic differentiation. Even though seedling emergence average time and root system fresh mass genetic similarity is granted to uniform selection. Quantitative and genetic distances clustered two distinct groups spatially structured, with respect to the Corumbá and São Bartolomeu river valley, in addition to the Chapada dos Veadeiros and Vão do Paranã region. Subpopulation 21 (Cocalinho-MT) quantitatively diverged from the two clusters. An in vivo collection of E. dysenterica was established for ex situ conservation. Genetic characterization and sampling extent suggest that the collection portrays well the cagaiteira’s wild population for selection purposes.Item Interação de genótipos com ambientes para qualidade de grãos carioca e caracteres agronômicos em feijoeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-10-07) Silva, Fernanda de Cássia; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Mello Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Silva, Kaesel Jackson Damasceno e; Rodrigues, FabrícioIn the common bean crop, environmental influence and the differential behavior of genotypes to environments they have been reported for various important traits, and not restricted to grain yield. Initially, the producers crave for cultivars with high grain yield, early, maturing, upright plant architecture that is conducive to direct mechanized harvesting, commercial grain size and disease resistant. Unlike, the other segments of the production chain crave for grains with other attributes. For industry it is important that new cultivars present grains with high technology quality and processing and for consumers higher nutritional, cuisine and functional quality. Thus, these characteristics need to be combined to meeting the demands of the entire chain and enable the adoption of a new cultivar. And for this, the factors that influence the phenotypic expression of these traits require more studies. The objetive of this study were i) to study the effect of the genotype x environment interaction (GxE) in the grain yield associated with agronomic and grain quality traits and ii) identify carioca common bean genotypes that have simultaneously high adaptability and stability for these traits. Were conducted 79 trials Cultivation Value and Use (CVU) with carioca common bean lines, distributed in Distrito Federal and States of Goiás, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas and Sergipe. These experiments were conducted in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, the sowing times of dry, winter and rainy. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications and plots of four lines, with 4 m row. The experiments consisted of 17 carioca common bean genotypes: thirteen elite lines and four controls (BRS Estilo, Pérola, BRS Sublime e CNFC 10762). The agronomic traits were evaluated: grain yield, plant architecture, lodging and reaction to anthracnose, angular leaf spot, common bacterial blight and wilt bacterial wilt, in addition to grain quality traits: visual aspect of grain, sieve in yield, 100 100 weight, cooking time and crude protein concentration. Individual and combined analyses of variance were realizedand analysis of adaptability and stability, the Nunes graphical method, for all characters. The index posts sum was used for the selection of genotypes favorable phenotypes for most traits, in addition to adaptability and joint stability. High environmental influence and interaction GxE in phenotypic expression for agronomic traits and traits related to grain quality was detected. It was possible to select genotypes with superiority for each character set. The use of the estimates of adaptability and stability combined with selection index was useful in evaluating genotype performance against the environmental variations. The lines CNFC 15033, CNFC 15070, CNFC 15025, CNFC 15049 and CNFC 15086 combined phenotypic good sized, high adaptability and stability for most agronomic traits. The genotypes who stand out for grain quality characters were CNFC 15097, CNFC 15038, CNFC 15025, CNFC 15033 and BRS Estilo. From these results, CNFC 15025, CNFC 15033, CNFC 15097 and CNFC 15038 line highlighted by to associate traits of agronomic interest the high quality of grain, as well as being stable and adapted to different cropping regions. Thus, these breeding lines have potential to be indicated as new cultivars and/or used as parents in breeding programs aimed at improving these phenotypes.Item Escurecimento de grãos em feijão: parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos, associação com tempo de cocção, seleção assistida por marcadores e obtenção de linhagens elite(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-31) Alvares, Renata Cristina; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Bruzi, Adriano Teodoro; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Ganga, Rita Maria DevósThe breeding of common bean cultivars with Carioca grain, slow grain darken-ing, upright plant architecture, and high yield has become a growing challenge. Slow grain darkening will increase the storage time, providing flexibility for producers for the time of sale, and consequently increasing profitability. Studies have demonstrated the existence of genetic variability for this trait, allowing the selection of lines with slow grain darkening. The objectives of this study were i) to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of lines of four segregating common bean populations; ii) select those with slow grain darkening, upright plant architecture and high yield; iii) seek an association between slow darkening and cooking time of grains after storage; iv) evaluate two induction methods of grain dark-ening and v) validate the markers Pvsd-1158 and PVM02TC116, associated with grain darkening. The tested lines were derived from four segregating populations resulting from crosses between the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola with slow grain darkening and the par-ents BRS Estilo, BRS Cometa, BRS Notável, and CNFC 10429. Three trials were installed with 220 lines (55 per population), and 5 parents in a 5x15 triple lattice design, with plots of two 3-m rows, at three locations. The experiments were conducted in the winter grow-ing season 2012, one in Santo Antônio de Goiás and two in Brasilia. The traits grain yield, plant architecture, grain darkening, 100-grain weight, and cooking time were evaluated. The variance components and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated, and the phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlation coefficients between grain darkening and cooking time, 90 and 180 days after harvest. Induction methods of accelerated and slow darkening were compared. From the markers Pvsd- 1158 and PVM02TC116, identi-fied as previously linked to the gene that controls grain darkening, the frequency of recom-bination and selection efficiency of the markers was estimated for each population and environment and in the mean of the environments. For slow grain darkening, the estimates of heritability, genetic variance and expected gain with selection were high, indicating good chances of successful selection. For yield, plant architecture and commercial grain size, the estimates of heritability and genetic variance were high, but indicated no high gains with simultaneous selection. Lines with slow grain darkening were obtained from the four populations; the highest number of lines that combined slow darkening with upright plant architecture, high yield, and commercial grain size were derived from the crosses BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo and BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Cometa. No im-portant genetic correlation between grain darkening and cooking time was identified, there-fore, light-colored grains do not indicate a short cooking time. The induction methods of slow and accelerated darkening, provide similar information in the discrimination of lines with slow and regular darkening. The estimates of the recombination frequency for marker Pvsd-1158 were always low, indicating the close linkage of this marker to the gene that controls slow darkening, and were stable in the different environments and populations. Marker PVM02TC116 however was not polymorphic in three of the four populations. The recombination frequency of this marker in the polymorphic population was high, showing that it is unsuitable for marker-assisted selection for grain darkening.Item Micropropagação de Bambusa oldhamii Munro e biocaracterização de fungos endofíticos multifuncionais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-07-20) Silveira, Andreia Alves da Costa; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; Lanna, Anna Cristina; Carrer Filho, Renato; Fillipi, Marta Cristina Corsi de; Gonçalves, Fábio JoséIn micropropagation, seedlings are produced in large scale with homogeneity, which can be potentiated with photomixotrophic systems, which improve the physiological quality of the seedlings. Endophytic fungi of bamboo have the potential of producing substances that can promote biofertilization and antagonism against pathogens. An example of application is antagonism against Magnaporhe oryzae, considered the main pathogen of rice. The objective of this work was to establish the micropropagation protocol of Bambusa oldhamii; besides characterizing endophytic fungi of this species, verify the biofertilizer potential in rice and potential antagonist against M. oryzae. Buds were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 0.45 μM Tidiazuron-TDZ, 0.2% (w / v) PPM (Plant Preservative Mixture) and 50 mg L-1 kanamycin. The treatments consisted of: different months of collection (March-December 2016) x types of cap (heterotrophic and photomixotrophic system) x luminous conditions (100% blue (455nm), 100% red (630nm), 30% blue + 70% For the multiplication, shoots were inoculated in MS medium + 2.27 μM TDZ or 3.40 μM Paclobutrazol - PBZ. The fungal isolates that were observed in the in vitro culture were identified and characterized biochemically, besides antagonism to M. oryzae and microbiolization of rice seeds, June and July were constituted in the best months of collection, and the climatic variables that most interfered in the morphogenesis were minimum temperature and compensated mean. Photomixotrophic system was superior in the multiplication with TDZ, with increase of 59.51% in 30% blue + 70% red, 70.80% in 30% red + 7 0% blue, and 50.49% in white fluorescent lights. PBZ was higher in carotenoid production, with a mean of 128.02 μg / mL in blue light and conventional lids. TDZ was higher than PBZ when blue was not present. Five potential fungal isolates were identified, 29 (Acrocalymma sp.), 122 (Botryobambusa fusicoccum) 711 (Phoma sp.), 712 (Phoma sp.) And 27 (Arthrinium marii) isolates 711, 712, 27 and 29 produced PPO. The isolate 29 produced higher amounts of AIA, with 31.55 mg / mL on the fourth day. It was observed a reduction of mycelial growth of M. oryzae by all isolates, with emphasis on isolate 122. Isolate 711 presented phosphate solubilization, and higher mean shoot length, fresh and dry mass in rice microbiolization. An efficient micropropagation protocol of B. oldhamii using a photomixotrophic system with 30% blue + 70% red LEDs could be established, as well as the identification of a fungal isolate promising for biofertilization, which could be the basis for new studies with rooting of B. oldhamii and promotion of growth in newly acclimatized species.