Contingência histórica e o debate macroevolutivo generalismo especialismo
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2021-12-08
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
Contingent events are unpredictable phenomena happening along lineages evolutionary history.
These events have huge impact on evolution’s course because it leads to historical contingency.
Historical contingency is the term used to say that the evolutionary history of lineages and their
descendants changes after it experiences random and unpredictable events. Accordingly, the
several contingent events happening along history together with historical contingency led to
several but unique evolutionary histories. Therefore, if historical contingency prevents lineages
to respond evenly to drivers, why macroecologists and macroevolutionists search for global
patterns? Here I show that ignoring local effects in the relationship between drivers and lineages
evolutionary dynamics (i.e., non-stationarity) leads to contradictions, wrong conclusions and
loss of information. On the first chapter of this thesis I show, through a review, traditional and
well accepted macroecological theories commited and even invalidated by non-stationarity. I
argue that every macroecological e macroevolutionary theories exhibit local effects and must
consider them previously in theories formulation or during analyses. On the second and third
chapter I show that the generalism-specialism macroevolutionary conundrum standing for over
150 years emerged due to non-stationarity neglecting. Specifically, I show in the second chapter
that both evolution towards generalism and specialism is possible, conversely to what have
been claimed until now. The surprisingly non verified role of geographic regions on lineages diet
evolution allows both increasing and decreasing of the dietary niche breadth, with tropical
lineages mostly evolving towards generalism and temperate lineages mostly evolving towards
specialism. This result not only explains why generalism still exists but also lead to the
proposition of a new and original theory for the species richness latitudinal gradient. On the
third chapter I showed that space does also changes the relationship between species diet and
their diversification rates. Generalism is correlated to higher speciation rates only in the tropics,
with descendants conserving their ancestral’s generalist dietary niche and consequent
maintenance of higher speciation rates in this region. I also show that traitdependent
diversification theories are commited by phylogenetic non-stationarity due to their historical
contingency. I argue that the future of trait-dependent diversification theories lies on,
theoretically or analytically, relaxing the assumption of stationarity.
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LEMES, L. P. Contingência histórica e o debate macroevolutivo generalismo especialismo. 2022. 94 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2021.