Proposição de tecnologias de tratamento de água aplicáveis em comunidades rurais e tradicionais
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2021-02-26
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
Statistical data show that a large part of the population, with emphasis on the rural area, does not have basic sanitation, being deprived of access to safe drinking water for consumption and, in general, small communities have particularities that make it impossible to use the conventional water treatment process. In view of this, the present work aimed to propose water treatment technologies, which are adapted to the reality of rural and traditional quilombola communities in the state of Goiás. For this, a systematic review was carried out on the water treatment technologies usually used in small communities; four communities were selected for a case study; data and water were collected from sources and points of consumption, exclusively for ingestion; analysis of water quality and water availability was carried out; and, a situational diagnosis of each community was elaborated. The proposition of the technologies was based on the technical criteria of efficiency and effectiveness, based on the results of the systematic review carried out and sought to meet the requirements of Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 and recommendations of the technological matrices proposed by the National Rural Sanitation Program. From the systematic and bibliographic review, it was found that there are more studies on technologies of individual scope and on a bench scale. At the individual level, the most used technologies were the slow sand filter, ceramic filtration, boiling, Sodis and chlorination, while at the collective level were the filters composed by granular means, coagulation with oil moringa or aluminum sulfate, the adsorption process mainly with activated carbon, in addition to chlorination. In addition, there was a search for simple and natural treatment processes, replacing chemicals, which corroborates with sustainability, and a negative aspect identified was the low number of studies that evaluated the social acceptance of the technology, demonstrating the neglect with social participation in technological choice. On the other hand, results from the case study in the four communities, showed that in Canabrava many households are not yet covered by the Water Supply System. In Baco Pari, there were reports of a lack of water in the distribution network. In none of the communities is the treatment of water provided by collective systems carried out, which is rejected by the community due to organoleptic alteration, and many households do not carry out any intra-household sanitary measure, consequently, all water samples collected showed non-compliance with biological parameters. Therefore, the importance of water treatment and constant monitoring of its quality is highlighted. Finally, the present work fulfilled the objective of proposing technologies appropriate to the reality of small communities based on the criteria of efficiency and effectiveness, prioritizing technologies that are easy to operate and maintain, and yet, low cost. However, other aspects, such as social acceptance, financial availability and local operational labor, must be evaluated.
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OLIVEIRA, P. P. Proposição de tecnologias de tratamento de água aplicáveis em comunidades rurais e tradicionais. 2021. 116 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2021.