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A 12-year retrospective survey of management of patients with malignant neoplasms in the orbital cavity in a brazilian cancer hospital
(2013) Sirianni, Daniela; Leles, Cláudio Rodrigues; Mendonca, Elismauro Francisco de
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of different types of malignant tumors in the orbital cavity, surgical treatments, and subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective sample of 269 charts of patients attending a public reference cancer hospital in Goiania, Goias, Brazil, between 1998 and 2009 was selected. Study variables included demographic data, clinical and histopathological features, and patient rehabilitation. Frequency analysis, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: Patients’ age ranged from 1 to 92 years and 50.2% were female. The most prevalent tumors were basal cell carci- noma (58%), retinoblastoma (17.1%), squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (7.1%), malignant melanoma (6.7%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (4.5%). Surgical treatment was performed in 250 patients (92.3%), but only 29 patients (10.8%) received ocular prosthetic rehabilitation. Lower age (p<0.001) and enucleation surgery (p<0.001) were significantly asso- ciated with prosthetic rehabilitation. Conclusions: Results revealed high occurrence of mutilating interventions and low provision of prosthetic care, limited to younger patients who had undergone enucleation surgery. The high unmet demand for rehabilitation emphasizes the need to incorporate appropriate care for ocular and orbital deformities into the Brazilian public health system.
Abordagem multiprofissional no cuidado à saúde de pacientes do programa HIPERDIA
(2014) Ferreira, Nathanne dos Santos; Lira, Claudio André Barbosa de; Ferri, Lucila Pessuti; Cintra, Claudio Emilio; Morais, Leidilara Cristina de; Gonçalves, Vivianne Oliveira; Ribeiro, Sandra Aparecida Benite
High Blood Pressure (HBP) is a chronic disease and a risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and chronic kidney disease, which can lead to death. In addition, it is a serious public health problem. The main factor for the lack of success in controlling HBP and prevention of comorbidities is the non- compliance to treatment, which is related to the frequency of attendance to medical appointments, proper use of medication (drug treatment), and behavioral changes that determine the success of non-pharmacological treatment (diet control and physical exercise). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors related to hypertension and patient compliance to the HIPERDIA program. The medical records of 561 patients were analyzed from 1998 to 2010. The compliance to the treatment was assessed by the frequency of ambulatory visits, while the prevalence of risk was evaluated before and after the intervention. The progression of the disease was analyzed for 12 years, with the condition to include attendance at 2 annual consultations. It was observed low frequency of consultations, since only 110 patients from the 561 initially recruited complied with the condition of the study. The risk factors prevalent at the beginning and in the end of the study were sedentary life style, obesity and unbalanced diet, demonstrating poor adherence to non-pharmacological treatment. However, among patients who remained in the program, there was effective blood pressure control, indicating the importance of institutionalized care.
Absence of antimutagenicity of Cochlospermum regium (Mart. and Schr.) Pilger 1924 by micronucleus test in mice
(2008) Andrade, L. S.; Santos, D. B.; Castro, D. B.; Guillo, Lidia Andreu; Lee, Chen Chen
Cochlospermum regium (Mart. and Schr.) Pilger, popularly known as “algodãozinho do campo”, is a medicinal plant that grows in the Cerrado of Brazil. This plant has been used in traditional medicine against various diseases such as leucorrhoea, gastritis and ulcers. It has also been effective in treating skin problems like pimples, boils and blotches. In the present study, the in vivo antimutagenicity of aqueous extract of C. regium was evaluated. The Micronucleus Test was performed in polychromatic erythrocytes from Swiss male mice treated with one of the four doses of extract of the plant (19, 38, 76 and 114 mg.kg–1 body weight), administered by intraperitonial injection (i.p.) simultaneously with cyclophosphamide (24 mg.kg–1 b.w.) or mitomycin C (4 mg.kg–1 b.w.). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). The results showed no significant reduction of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes frequency (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the data indicate that C. regium roots aqueous extract, for the conditions used, did not exhibit the antimutagenic effect.
Absence of the exon 1 coding sequence of the androgen receptor gene associated with teratozoospermia in a brazilian population
(2009) Mesquita, Wyara Elanne de Jesus Castro; Approbato, Mário Silva; Moura, Kátia Karina Verolli de Oliveira; Jesuíno, Rosália Santos Amorim
The androgen receptor (AR) is a protein encoded by the AR gene, which when mutated may affect spermatogenesis, the process in which spermatozoa are produced; thus, AR mutations could lead to male infertility. We examined exon 1 of the AR gene in men with idiopathic infertility. Blood or semen samples from 111 infertile, oligozoospermic (N = 31), asthenozoospermic (N = 23), teratozoospermic (N = 33), and azoospermic (N = 24) men were analyzed. The extracted DNA was amplified for the exon 1 region of the AR gene. There was a significant correlation between the ab- sence of exon 1 in the AR gene and spermatogenesis defects (P = 0.015). This association was significant in teratozoospermic men (51.5% of the sample). We found that lack of amplification of exon 1 of the AR gene by polymerase chain reaction is associated with morphological defects in the spermogram.
Absenteeism – illness of the nursing staff of a university hospital
(2015-10) Marques, Divina de Oliveira; Pereira, Milca Severino; Souza, Adenícia Custódia Silva e; Vila, Vanessa da Silva Carvalho; Almeida, Carlos Cristiano Oliveira de Faria; Oliveira, Enio Chaves de
Objective: to analyze absenteeism - illness of the nursing staff. Method: this was a retrospective study of a university hospital in the city of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, using a quantitative approach. Data were collected from functional records of the staff during the period from 2008 to 2012. Results: of 602 workers, 435 had 1574 medical certifi cates. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, followed by mental and behavioral disorders were the major diseases for sick leave. The occupation with the highest number of medical certifi cates was the nursing technician. Females and the age group between 41-50 years prevailed in the sample. Ambulatory was the area with most frequent events, followed by the medical clinic and emergency room. Conclusion: absenteeism-illness affects the functioning of the service, the nursing staff and users, promoting work overload, and interfering in the quality of nursing care
Ação do licopeno nos músculos esqueléticos e cardíaco sob estresse oxidativo por exercícios
(2014-04) Simões, Karina; Lagoeiro, Cristiani Gomes; Castellan, Vanessa Teixeira; Magosso, Natalia Santanielo Silva; Scrivante, Bruno Ferraresi; Qualhato, Gabriel; Figueiredo, Augusto César Ribeiro; Benetti, Edson José; Rebelo, Ana Cristina Silva
Introduction: Free radicals produced during exercise may exceed the antioxidant defense system, causing oxidative damage to specific biomolecules. The lesions caused by free radicals in cells can be prevented or reduced by natural antioxidants, which are found in many foods. Lycopene is one of the most potent carotenoids with antioxidant properties, and it is used to prevent carcinogenesis and atherogenesis, as it protects molecules such as lipids, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), proteins and DNA. Objective: To investigate the role of lycopene as a potential protector of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers against oxidative stress during strenuous exercise, which would cause morphological changes in these tissues. Methods: The experiments consisted of 32 adult male rats divided into four groups: two control groups and two trained groups with and without lycopene supplementation (6 mg per animal). The animals of the trained groups were subjected to 42 swimming sessions over a nine-week period, involving daily swimming sessions, five days a week, with overload produced by increasing the training time. The morphological analysis was performed using histological slides of cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. Results: Modifications were observed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue in the trained group that did not receive lycopene supplementation, while the trained group supplemented with lycopene showed muscle tissue with a normal morphological appearance. The tissues of both supplemented and non supplemented sedentary control groups showed no change in their histological characteristics. Conclusion: It can be stated that lycopene exerted a protective effect on cardiac and skeletal muscles against oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise, besides promoting cardiac neovascularization, and can be used efficiently by athletes and physically active individuals.
Achados ecográficos mais comuns em mulheres adolescentes
(2012) Freire, Aline Moreira Almeida; Amaral, Alexandre Alcides Bezerra do; Amaral Filho, Waldemar Naves do; Amaral, Waldemar Naves do
OBJECTIVES: to identify the prevalence of pathological sonographic findings in pelvic and endovaginal gynecological ultrasound and to identify the most common findings in adolescent women. MethodS: retrospective study, which evaluated 271 pelvic and transvaginal sonographic reports from April 2011 to April 2012. The variables analyzed were patient age and the hypotheses of diagnosis in the records. RESULTS: of the 21% change in acoustic tests, 36,8% of them were polycystic ovaries, 21 % ovarian cysts (functional aspect), 12,3% complex cysts, 10, 5% Mullerian changes and other ones with lower incidence. 79% of the reports studied had normal ultrasound results. CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of diseases among adolescent women in the ultrasound was 21%. The sonographic findings were most commonly polycystic ovaries and ovarian cysts.
Achados mais comuns na ultrassonografia protástica
(2010) Lemes, André Moreira; Orlando, Anselmo de Paula; Goulart, Camila França de Paula Orlando; Machado, Carolina Rodrigues; Mendonça, Ernesto Quaresma; Neves Júnior, José; Amaral, Waldemar Naves do
OBJECTI VE: Evaluate findings at prostate ultra-sound exams. METHODS : 737 results of transrretal ultrasound exams of patients with a range of age starting at 21 and ending at 83 years old has been analyzed from the data bank of a particular clinic, at Goiânia-GO . RESULTS : It was evidenced that 31.88% of the patients had presented prostate, seminal vesicles and bladder normal, and the average of age of these patients it was 56,58 years. Prostates presenting volume discrete or visibly increased, without any other alteration, had been found in 23,47% of the findings of men with average age of 59,18 years. Presence of nodules and evidences that suggest prostate adenoma had been verified in 7,3% of the examinations, and the average of age for this percentage is of 69,10 years. 1.89% of the patients, with age average of 59,22 years, had presented benign prostate hypertrophy. CONCL USION : The relation between age and ultrasound’s findings that indicates risk of prostate cancer, revealed evident and directly proportional, proving what literature describes. Although this, the age did not constitute exclusive factor in the determination of this risk, because patients less than 50 years old had been presented findings that deserve clinical attention. It’s clear the necessity of investigating the multifactor cause of the prostatic alterations, allowing us to use efficient therapeutical methods that, allied with precocious diagnosis, made possible by exams as the transrretal ultrasound, can avoid risks for patient, like infertility, urinary incontinence or metastatic disease.
Acute hematological changes in Jiu Jitsu athletes
(2015) Agricola, Nestor Persio Alvim; Guillo, Lidia Andreu
Abstract This study deals with acute changes in hematological parameters in athletes of the brazilian fight Jiu Jitsu. The aim is to discuss the variations of these parameters in athletes who underwent some training in two different levels of intensity in order to identify the effects of this kind of sport, in what relates to effort intensity features in the organism, and also analyze the possibilities in what has to do with human health. Fourteen volunteers participated in this study, athletes with at least 2 years of practice in this type of fight and competitors. The athletes were monitored for over 2 months in their training routine. Blood samples were collected formerly and immediately after the training sessions in two specific moments, the first collection happened right next to one of the team target competitions and the second collection in post competition period. There was a statistically significant increase in total leukocytes and platelets (both months), neutrophils (month #1), lymphocytes and monocytes (month #2) and significant decrease in eosinophils (both months). The changes induced by exercising in a state of organic homeostasis don’t seem to affect the red series, acutely. However, the white series is largely affected by physical effort, and its magnitude keeps depending on the intensity of effort and the modality of fight.
Acute immune response to mycobacterium massiliense in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice
(2010-04) Sousa, Eduardo Martins de; Bortoli, Fernando Bonfim de; Amaral, Eduardo Pinheiro; Batista, Aline Carvalho; Kipnis, Thereza Liberman; Cardoso, Alessandra Marques; Kipnis, André; Junqueira-Kipnis, Ana Paula
Mycobacterium massiliense is an environmental opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with soft tissue infection after minor surgery. We studied the acute immune response of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice infected intravenously with 10 6 CFU of an M. massiliense strain isolated from a nosocomial infection in Brazil. The results presented here show that M. massiliense is virulent and pathogenic to both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, inducing a granulomatous inflammatory reaction that involves the activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells induced by gamma interferon and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in C57BL/6 mice and by IL-12 in BALB/c mice.
Acute oral toxicity of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent leaf extract (Ulmaceae) in rats and mice
(2015) Gonçalves, N. Z.; Lino Junior, Ruy de Souza; Rodrigues, Caroline Rego; Rodrigues, Andryne Rego; Cunha, Luiz Carlos da
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent is popularly used to treat urinary infections, kidneys, breast, body aches, rheumatism, asthma, cramps, poor digestion and as a diuretic medicine. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent in rodents. After the collection processes, identification, drying and grinding, the lyophilized powder of the leaves produced, by infusion, the aqueous extract and it was dissolved in saline 0.9%. The administration was made by gavage at a dose of 2000 mg kg -1 to rats and mice of both genders. The oral toxicity was determined according to the OECD 423 guide. Signs of toxicity were observed for 15 days and classified from 0 to 4 respectively as missing, rare, mild, moderate and severe. The weight of the animals and the physiological parameters such as food intake and excrements production were observed. All animal tissue samples were collected for histological analysis. The extract was included in Type 5 (substance with LD50 higher than 2000 mg kg -1 and less than 5000 mg kg -1 ), being considered of low toxicity, but the histopathologycal findings suggested nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The absolute weight of the kidneys and the heart of the male rats and mice increased, but there was no significant raise in the relative weight of the animals’ organs.
Afonia com etiologia desconhecida: relato de caso
(2010-06) Guimarães, Valeriana de Castro; Siqueira, Paulo Humberto; Castro, Victor Labres da Silva; Barbosa, Maria Alves; Porto, Celmo Celeno
The conversion aphonia is defined as the total loss of voice, is a rare disease that often affects women. The diagnosis is clinical, because there are no changes in the laryngeal structures. To describe a case of conversion aphonia, seen in a public hospital in the Midwest of Brazil. Patient 32 years old female, complaining of hoarseness for two days without other apparent symptoms. The examinations revealed no changes in the laryngeal structures and / or extra laryngeal. Stages of care have been described since the initial consultation to the recovery of the patient. It is important to consider the psycho-emotional aspects involving patients with voice disorders since they may cause or modify the symptoms and affect the prognosis.
Alloxan-induced diabetes delays repair in a rat model of closed tibial fracture
(2008) Diniz, S. F.; Amorim, F. P. L. G.; Cavalcanti Neto, Florêncio Figueiredo; Bocca, Anamélia Lorenzetti; Batista, Aline Carvalho; Simm, Gisele Efigênia de Pádua Moreira; Silva, T. A.
A closed fracture was performed on the left tibia of 3-month-old Wistar rats weighing 250 to 350 g that were either healthy (N = 24) or made diabetic with alloxan (N = 24) to investigate the effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on the course of bone fracture healing. Histomorphometric analysis of the fracture site was performed at 7, 14, 25, and 35 days. After 7 days, diabetic rats had significantly less cartilage (P = 0.045) and greater fibrous connective (P = 0.006) tissue formation at the fracture site compared to controls. In contrast, marked callus formation was seen in diabetic rats with significant osteogenesis (P = 0.011, P = 0.010, P = 0.010, respectively, for 14, 25, and 35 days) and chondrogenesis (P = 0.028, P = 0.033, P = 0.019) compared to controls. Radiographic analysis revealed a displaced fracture with poor bone fragment alignment and delayed consolidation at these times in the diabetic group. The levels of alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in diabetic rats at 25 days (P = 0.009). These results suggest that the initial excessive formation of fibrous connective tissue associated with delay in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis may not provide suitable stability of the fractured site, contributing to the inappropriate alignment of fragments and an increase in the volume of callus in later stages of repair. The resulting displaced fracture in diabetic rats requires long periods for remodeling and complete bone consolidation.
Alterações morfológicas do sistema nervoso central induzidas em camundongos por Trypanosoma cruzi
(2008) Mata, Fabiana Ribeiro da; Souza, Marcio Christian Rodrigues; Mata, João Roberto da; Oliveira, Enio Chaves de; Aversi-Ferreira, Tales Alexandre
Children up to four years old are most susceptible to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, which can compromise the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to quantify body weight, evaluate the histological alterations in the nervous system of 10- day-old mice inoculated with 4.000 or 20.000 trypomastigotes of T. cruzi , and also study the parasitemia of the inoculated animals at 25 days of age, with and without immunosuppression. The animals were sacrificed and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Encephalic and medullar fragments were processed using the histological technique and stained with hematoxilin-eosin. Parasitemia was major in inoculated and immunosuppressed animals. Inoculated animals presented lower body weight than controls. In the encephalon, amastigote nests, glial nodes and perivascular infiltrates were found. In the medulla, no histological alterations were. Young animals were more susceptible to T. cruzi infection, with more severe encephalic implications. The studied isolate presented behavior compatible with type III strains.
Alterações retinianas apresentadas em pacientes portadores de hemoglobinopatia falciforme atendidos em um serviço universitário de oftalmologia
(2011) Freitas, Luiz Guilherme Azevedo de; Isaac, David Leonardo Cruvinel; Tannure, William Tomaz; Lima, Elisa Vieira da Silva; Abud, Murilo Batista; Tavares, Renato Sampaio; Freitas Neto, Clovis Arcoverde de; Ávila, Marcos Pereira de
Purpose: To identify retinal manifestations in patients with sickle cell disease referred to a reference eye hospital in Goiânia (GO). Methods: Ophthalmic evaluation was made in 50 patients (100 eyes) with sickle cell disease to evaluate the most common manifestations of this group. Results: Hemoglobinopathy SS was the most commonly found, followed by hemoglobin SC, AS and Stahl. Twenty-two percent of the patients had retinal changes, of these 73% were male. Retinal changes observed were: “sea fan”, “black sunburst”, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. In the classification of retinopathy, 73% had proliferative form, seen in the types AS and SC and 27% had non-proliferative retinopathy, seen in patients with SS type. Conclusions: We observed a large numbers of patients with retinal changes, most of them with hemoglobinopathy SC, followed by AS and SS groups. The proliferative changes were the most commonly observed. Vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment were the most prevalent manifestations in proliferative retinopathy and showed to be more common in patients with SC hemoglobinopathy in the studied population.
Alterações venosas e linfáticas em mulheres com linfedema após linfadenectomia axilar no tratamento do câncer de mama
(2013) Valinote, Sarah Patrizia Araújo; Freitas Júnior, Ruffo de; Martins, Karine Anusca; Pereira, Antonio Cesar; Pereira, Charles Esteves; Martins, Edésio
PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the venous axillary-subclavian and lymphatic systems of women with lymphedema after axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer treatment. METHODS: This was a case series involving 11 women with unilateral upper limb lymphedema after axillary lymphedenectomy for the treatment of breast cancer. The study was carried out in the Mastology Program of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, during the period between March 2010 and March 2011. Doppler velocimetry ultrasonography was used to detect the presence of venous changes in the subclavian and axillary veins. Lymphatic changes were evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy in both upper limbs. Fisher’s exact test was used for the comparison between limbs. RESULTS: Subclavian vein flow volume in the upper limb with lymphedema was significantly different from that in the contralateral limb (p<0.001), 54.6% of the women had increased flow. In the axillary vein, 45.4% had increased flow and 45.4% had decreased flow, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) between limbs. Compared to the contralateral limb, significant lymphatic changes (p<0.05) were also found in the vessel route (not visualized), number of lymphatic vessels (none), axillary lymph nodes (absent) and dermal reflux (present). In the contralateral upper limb without lymphedema, no venous or lymphatic alterations were encountered. CONCLUSION: The women subjected to axillary lymphadenectomy for the treatment of breast cancer presented both venous and lymphatic changes in the upper limb with lymphedema.
Altered β-catenin expression in oral mucosal dysplasia: a comparative study
(2015) Silva, Brunno Santos de Freitas; Castro, Caroline Alves de; Zeidler, Sandra Lúcia Ventorin von; Sousa, Suzana Cantanhede Orsini Machado de; Batista, Aline Carvalho; Silva, Fernanda Paula Yamamoto
Obective: Thee current study aimed to investigate the B-catenin expression in oral leukoplakia (OL) with different degrees of epithelial dysplasia and normal oral mucosa. aterial and ethods: ormalin ed paraf n em edded tissue samples of OL (mild dysplasia n=19, moderate dysplasia n=13, and severe dysplasia n=7), and 10 normal oral mucosa (control group) were su mitted to immunohistochemical reactions to anti catenin primary anti ody. ualitative catenin analysis was performed ased on the percentage of positive cells. The cellular location and the epithelial layer were also considered. The Chi-square test and the Fisher’s exact test were used to verify possible differences in the -catenin expression among the OL groups. p-value of 0.0 was considered statistically signi cant. esults: embranous expression of -catenin in parabasal and basal layers was gradually lost in the higher degrees of epithelial dysplasia. In normal oral mucosa, -catenin was detected only in the cytoplasmic membrane. owever, a signi cant increase in cytoplasmic -catenin could be observed between mild and moderate dysplasia (Fisher Exact test - p<0.001) and between mild and severe dysplasia (p<0.001). Conclusions: The -catenin cytoplasmic expression observed in this study may represent the initial stage of modi cations in the E-cadherin-catenin complex, along with morphological cellular changes.
Ambiente virtual de avaliação de competências no manejo do diabetes mellitus
(2015) Silva, Eldeci Cardoso da; Taleb, Alexandre Chater; Costa, Nilce Maria da Silva Campos
Diabetes mellitus presents numerous gaps in the effectiveness of its treatment, and in-service evaluation needs to be continuous, systematic and with a guiding dimension in relation to its intrinsic elements: the training process and assessment of professional skills. Objective: To present the didactic design for building a competency evaluation tool for doctorsin the management of diabetes mellitus, based on its path physiology. Methods: Structured as a participative study, the Virtual Environment for Competency Assessment, through simulated, virtual clinical cases, proposes an open-ended design that is constructed, evaluated, corrected and improved during its execution. Results: With Information and Communication Technologies, the tool was developed as part of a master’s research project linked to Telehealth at the Federal University of Goiás School of Medicine. Once validated, the instrument was available for use by students and professionals. Considerations: The interactive actions proposed by the virtual environment will enable knowledge assessment and identify patterns that may enhance content for DM management. The primary health care network is proposed as the platform for validating the instrument in order to achieve the goals.
Análise comparativa "in vitro" do selamento marginal, da obturação de canais radiculares, quando da utilização de cones de guta-percha de dupla procedência
(1993) Pesce, Hildeberto Francisco; Medeiros, João Marcelo Ferreira de; Estrela, Carlos
Análise comparativa da condição de dentes pilares de próteses parciais removíveis intercaladas e de extremidades livres
(2013) Barcelos, Bento Alves de; Leles, Cláudio Rodrigues; Melo, Mauro de; Carvalho, Pedro Ivo de; Oliveira, Mirian Mauricia Mota de
The aim of this study was to assess and compare dental and periodontal condition of direct abutment teeth of extension base RPDs (Kennedy classes I and II) and tooth supported RPDs (Kennedy classes III and IV). Clinical conditions such as plaque index, gingival inflammation, pocket depth, presence of carious lesions and calculus, and tooth mobility were assessed, Thirty seven patients were assigned at ramdom for clinical assessment, 6 males and 31 females, totalizing 44 prostheses (21 extension base prostheses and 23 tooth supported prostheses). The pa- tients did not receive any kind of previous treatment and were evaluated by only one examiner. Results showed that plaque in- dex and gingival inflammation were significantly higher in the extension-base group. According to these results, the extension- -base RPDs showed greater negative effects on direct abutment teeth than tooth-supported RPDs.

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