Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária

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Navegando Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária por Por Orientador "Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de"

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    Gestão e gerenciamento de resíduos de serviço de saúde dos grupos “A”, “B” e “E” no estado de Goiás
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-09-25) Ariza, Bernardo Guedes; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; Pfeiffer, Simone Costa; Pasqualetto, Antônio
    The growing generation of Health Services Waste is made by one of the great environmental preoccupations of the humanity. After the promulgation of the law 12305 in the August 02 of 2010 that established the National Politics of the Solid Residues, the theme solid residues gained distinction in national level. Health Services Waste, for definition, is the resultant residue of activities of unities of health that, for his characteristics, need processes differentiated in the handling, demanding or prior non-treatment for the final arrangement. The diagnosis of the current situation of the Health Services Waste attests with the preparation of policies that attend the demand of recuperation, treatment and final arrangement of these residues. The unsuitable handling of the Health Services Waste can be the cause of situations of risk, what in the alert on the necessity of the management being diagnosed in Goiás. In this way, in visit to establishments of health (pharmacy, odontologic clinic, veterinary clinic, basic unity of health and general hospital) in 6 local authorities from Goiás (Piranhas, Rubiataba, Santa Helena de Goiás, Goianésia, Luziânia and Goiânia), representing different population belts, it happened quantitativamente and qualitatively the Health Services Waste of the groups A, B and E produced in Goiás. In each establishment, the Health Services Waste were segregated and weighed. The hospitals, bigger creators of Health Services Waste, produce, on average, 1,76 Kg of Health Services Waste for bed occupied one service day. In Brazil, these values vary from 1,2 to 3,5 kg/bed.day. Regarding final destination, the incineration is the technology chosen by 76 % of the local authorities from Goiás for the destination of the RSS produced in public establishments of health. Meantime, the most viable alternative for the destination of the Health Services Waste, considering the reality from Goiás, is at disposal of the RSS of the groups A and E together with the municipal solid waste in joined sanitary landfills. For the destination of the Health Services Waste of group B, the most viable alternative is the incineration.
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    Avaliação das interferências da disposição de resíduos de fossas e tanques sépticos em lagoas de estabilização que tratam lixiviados: estudo de caso para o aterro sanitário de Anápolis (GO)
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-20) Carrilho, Samara Monayna Alves Vasconcelos; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; Teran, Francisco Javier Cuba; Oliveira, Sérgio Botelho de
    The destination of septage has resulted in environmental and public health problems, due especially to the lack of adequate alternatives for its destination and of closer, more rigorous monitoring. The problem worsens in areas lacking sewage treatment plants, since the disposal in such systems has been the most widely used practice in the country. In this way, the current research aims to evaluate the effects of the sludge disposal in the performance, operation and maintenance of treatment plant of leachate from landfill of Anápolis (GO). The characterization of the municipality RST was also performed by analyzing of twelve composite samples, each one from five vacuum trucks. It was evaluated the system consists of two identical modules, one it was the control group and another one received the RST. This module was submitted, increasingly, to differents Rate Volumetric Application (RVA) of RTS. Thus, the study was divided into five phases, starting with RVA of 13 % up to 204 %. Various parameters (BOD, COD, pH, oil and grease, total phosphorus, ammoniacal nitrogen, suspended solids, settling solids and Escherichia coli) were analyzed for the samples from the influent and effluent of the anaerobic and facultative ponds. It was also evaluated the impact on the maintenance and operation in the system plant, by measuring the height of the sludge in anaerobic lagoon and quantification of scum formed on the surface anaerobic pond. In facultative ponds it was performed by raising the phytoplankton community, ordering to identify possible interference in the richness and abundance of algae and cyanobacteria in these ponds. The data were statistically analyzed by the Studentt test, and the results indicated that until to 18 % of RVA there were no significant changes in the quality of treated leachate (effluent of stabilization ponds). Since the RVA of 35 % was detected a significant difference in the concentration of E. coli and ammoniacal nitrogen in treated effluent (p < 0.05). At the RVA of 204% the concentration of phosphorus in the final effluent from facultative pond increased. There was an increase in sludge generation of 266% in the receiving anaerobic pond and only 38% in the control anaerobic pond. In addition, there was a thick layer of scum only on the surface of the receiving anaerobic pond. The phytoplankton community of facultative ponds was similar and presented low diversity. The Chlorella genera were dominant in both lagoons. From the results of this study, it is recommended the conjugate treatment of RFTS and leachate in stabilization ponds systems, because even applying RVA of 204%,the final effluent don’t have concentrations higher than those stipulated by CONAMA Resolution 430/2011.
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    Avaliação da codisposição de resíduos de fossa e tanque sépticos em sistema de tratamento de esgoto composto por lagoas anaeróbias, facultativas e de maturação
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-07-17) Haddad, Katia Bittar; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482; Aguila, Nora Kátia Saavedra Del; Souza, Marco Antonio Almeida de
    The deficiency displayed by public basic sanitation systems in Brazil forces a major part of the population to seek individual alternatives to the final treatment and disposal of domestic septage such as septic tanks and rudimentary cesspools. Waste coming from such individual systems are, for the most part, discharged into Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs), which are not designed to such end. Hence, we observe a decrease in the efficiency of sanitary waste treatment by WWTPs, which, in turn, leads to the pollution of water resources. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the impacts caused by waste discharge from cesspools and septic tanks into an anaerobic lagoon, followed by a facultative and maturation lagoons. Barro Preto WWTP has two modules of stabilizing lagoons (A and B). Module A was utilized as evidence. In other words, it did not receive cesspool and septic tank waste discharge. Module B rate was 0.20%. In order to force the system, the WWTP total flow was deviated to module B and the volumetric flow rate yielded was 0.05%. To characterize sludge yield in the Trindade-GO municipality, composite samples from six septage haulers were collected. Parameter analyses were: PH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solid series (TSS,VSS, FSS,TS,TVS,TFS), oils and grease, total Kjedhal nitrogen, amonniacal nitrogen, phosphorus and Escherichia coli. Sludge deposit bathymetry was conducted in the anaerobic lagoons and surface scum bulk was collected and quantified. To assess the interference of co-treatment in the performance of stabilizing lagoons simple samples were collected from the anaerobic, facultative and maturation lagoons. Parameters analyzed were: PH, BOD, COD, settleable solids ,total suspended solids, amonniacal nitrogen, phosphorus, oils and grease, total coliforms and E. coli. For the independent samples the t- Student test was applied in order to compare the values obtained from the lagoon effluents. In addition, results from maturation lagoons were compared with the Conama Resolution 430/2011 and the State Decree 1,745/1979.Statistically, no significant interference was observed in the co-treatment of cesspool and septic tank septage in the Barro Preto WWTP, except for settleable solids in the anaerobic lagoon effluents. Maturation lagoon effluents were in accordance with the Conama Resolution 430/2011 and State Decree 1,745/1979 requirements for analyzed parameters, with the exception of BOD, with yielded higher values in both modules over some periods of the study. The wastes from cesspool and septic tanks have characteristics similar to concentrated sewage pH raging between 5.3 and 8.4. COD/BOD ratio found was 3.92 mg.L-1, indicating that these residues are not found industries. The amount of scum collected from anaerobic lagoons was similar displaying an increase of 8% in sludge formation in the receiving lagoon. Hence, we concluded that Barro Preto WWTP is fit for the co-treatment of cesspool and septic tank septage disposal produced by the municipality of Trindade-GO. Furthermore, results show that anaerobic systems followed by facultative and maturation lagoons conforming to the same standards practiced by Barro Preto WWTP are fit to co-treat cesspool and septic tank septage.
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    Interferências da codisposição de resíduos de fossa e tanque séptico em sistemas de lagoas anaeróbias seguidas de facultativas aeradas - Estudo de caso para a ETE- Anápolis
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-07-19) Oliveira, Getúlio Henrique de; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482; Carvalho, Eraldo Henrique de; Teran, Francisco Javier Cuba; Andreoli, Cleverson Vitório
    The study aimed to assess the impact caused by the waste discharge from cesspools and septic tanks into an anaerobic pond, followed by aerated facultative. Anápolis wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has two modules of anaerobic ponds followed by aerated facultative, but only one received the waste. By going through a basket retainer of course solids, they were driven directly to the receiver module ponds. The research was divided into three steps: first of all, the system receiving the waste in both modules was evaluated with the rate application volume (RAV) of 0.33%, then, the receiving pond received all of the waste volume disposed in WWTP (RAV = 1.2%), finally the receiving pond was operated with the maximum organic loading and RAV = 0,83%. Samples from different septic tank cleaning trucks were collected and analyzed. Sludge deposited bathymetry was conducted in the anaerobic pond before and after isolation of the modules. The surface scum bulk in the anaerobic pond was removed and quantified. Initially, simple samples were collected from the influent and effluent of anaerobic and facultative aerated ponds weekly, and then, when the receiver module received double flow, samples were collected twice a week. Parameters analyzed were: BOD, COD, Escherichia coli, pH, oil and grease, total phosphorus, amonniacal nitrogen, suspended solids and settleable solids. Data from qualitative characterization of waste cesspools and septic tanks were submitted to descriptive statistics, while referring to the ponds effluents were analyzed by t-test statistical tool. The results indicated the characteristics of the waste are in the range found by other authors, both in national and international literature. A negative impact was evidenced on the receiving anaerobic pond effluent only for the parameters ammonia and settleable solids with the RAV of 1.2%, however, with the rate of 0.82%, the difference was significant for the parameters BOD and BOD in anaerobic ponds. There was an increase in sludge generation of approximately 16% in the receiving anaerobic pond and only 2.3% in the control. As for the scum, the average removal was approximately 450 L in the receiving anaerobic pond and only 100 L in the control. The results showed no effect of the co-treatment on the quality of treated sewage or in the operation and maintenance of the WWTP. Furthermore, systems formed by an anaerobic pond followed by facultative aerated, operating under the same conditions that Anápolis WWTP can be used for co-treatment of waste from cesspools and septic tanks
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    Estudo da codisposição de resíduos de fossas e tanques sépticos, com e sem a remoção prévia de gordura, no desempenho de tratamento de esgoto com reatores UASB
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-07-15) Peixoto, Aline Vieira; Carvalho, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482; Carvalho, Eraldo Henrique de; Saavedra, Nora Kátia; Aisse, Miguel Mansur
    In Brazil, according to a national survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2010), 44.8% of the municipalities use simplified domestic waste treatment systems such as septic tanks, rudimentary cesspools and dry pits. Such systems lead to the production of potentially polluting waste which requires suitable co-treatment. Several co-treatment alternatives have been proposed. The present study, which is part of the Program on Basic Sanitation Research (PROSAB), aimed to evaluate the interference caused by septage disposal from cesspools and septic tanks on the performance of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) in the city of Itumbiara- Goiás. The study took nine months and was divided into three distinct phases, in which the volumetric flow rate of wastewater from cesspools and septic tanks into the reactor ranged from 0.17% to 0.51%, displaying an intermediate phase of 0.34%.In the third phase, another fat flotation phase was added to the pre-treatment prior to discharge. During the study, we utilized all the waste volume from cesspools and septic tanks produced by the municipality and discharged into the Itumbiara Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), already working at its full capacity. Statistical tests have proved that wastes from cesspool and septic tanks disposed into UASB reactors showed no significant difference in the final effluent quality. It was not evidenced also significant differences in the operation and maintenance of the reactors. The biological sludge from the UASB reactors got stable after being added the wastes (ratio VS/TS between 0.53 and 0.58 average). The receiving reactor’s begs had a worse efficiency but statistical tests showed that the difference was not significant when compared to the control reactors. It was observed in this study, there is no need for the pre-flotation of waste before being released at WWTP with UASB system. Thus the UASB is a viable alternative, but it is necessary to follow a protocol to establish criteria such as the waste application rate, the WWTP site for waste discharge, physical structure and people, as well as to choose for relevant parameters for the waste monitoring before co-treatment.