Programa de Pós-graduação em Física

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Efeitos de terpenos nas membranas de estrato córneo estudados por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-18) Anjos, Jorge Luiz Vieira dos; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789
The interaction of the skin penetration enhancers DL-menthol, -terpineol, 1,8-cineole and (+)-limonene with membranes of the uppermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC) and with multilamellar vesicles from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphaticylcholine (DPPC)is investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using spin-labeled analogs of androstanol ASL),stearic acid (5-DSA), methyl stearate (5-DMS) and a small spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperedine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). The terpenes were added to SC samples using ethanol as a co-solvent (20% ethanol in the buffer), the effect of ethanol on the SC also was investigated. The spectra of spin labels ASL, 5-DSA and 5-DMS in the membranes of SC are characterized by the presence of two spectral components differing in mobility.Component 1 was attributed to the spin labels H-bonded to the headgroups, while component 2 was assigned to the spin labels H-bonded to water molecules or temporally non-hydrogen-bonded. EPR results showed that ethanol in the range 0-70% did not alter the fluidity in SC membranes or the relative fractions of these two components. Instead, ethanol only caused a selective extraction of spin labels, indicating that ethanol acts as extractor and not as fluidizer when facilitates molecular permeation in the skin. Addition of 1% DLmenthol to the solvent containing 20% ethanol increases both the mobility and the fraction of spin labels in the component 2 (more mobile spectral component). Similarly, with the addition of 1,8-cineole, the spin probes were gradually transferred from the motionally more restricted component 1 to the more mobile component 2. The spectrum of the spin label TEMPO in the membranes of SC allows for the determination of the actual partition coefficient and rotational diffusion rates of the spin probe in the aqueous and hydrocarbon environments. The enthalpy changes,H°,to transfer the spin probe from the aqueous to the hydrocarbon phase, as well as the activation energies associated to its rotational motion, were considerably smaller for SC when compared to DPPC, indicating less pronounced thermal reorganizations for SC samples. For DPPC,all terpenes increased both the partition coefficient and the rotational diffusion rate of the spin label in the membrane, except in the liquid-crystalline phase. These results suggest that the terpenes,effectively acting as spacers in the membrane,fluidize the lipids and cause ruptures in the hydrogen-bonded network of the membrane-water interface, with consequent displacements of spin probes towards the hydrophobic core. The EPR spectra of maleimide derivative spin label (6-MSL)covalently attached to stratum corneum proteins indicate that 1,8-cineole does not alter the dynamics of protein backbones.Instead, this terpene only increases the solvent s ability to dissolve and mobilize the nitroxide side chain, which is in agreement with its low irritation response.
Estudos de membranas modelo e efeitos de terpenos em membranas de leishmania por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-11-16) Camargos, Heverton Silva de; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789; Alonso, Antônio; Nakamura, Celso Vataru; Ruggiero Neto, João; Dorta, Miriam Cristina Leandro; Anjos, Jorge Luiz Vieira dos
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of spin labels was used to study the main structural accommodations of environment-sensitive probes in the bilayers of saturated phosphatidylcholines with acyl chains lengths ranging from 16 to 22 carbon atoms. The more detailed analysis were made on the spin probe 5-doxyl methyl stearate (5-DMS) whose EPR spectra allowed to identify two distinct spectral components in thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures below and above the main phase transition. The EPR spectroscopy distinguishes two components associating lower motion with higher polarity (denoted component 1) and higher motion with lower polarity (component 2), which may be assigned to one shallow (more rigid structure) and one deep population of spin probe, respectively. At temperatures until 22◦C only one spectral component can be noted in the spectra whereas at 30◦C the component 1 coexists with an appreciable fraction of component 2. In the liquid-crystalline phase the 5-MSL showed two spectral components for all studied lipids in the entire range of measured temperatures. An accurate analysis of EPR spectra, performed using two fitting programs (NLLS and EPRSIM), allowed us to obtain the thermodynamic profile to these major probe accommodations. Focusing the analysis on two-component EPR spectra, it was studied the influences of cholesterol and a membrane permeation enhancer on the mobility and distribution of spin label on these two main bilayer environments. Parte II Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that infects millions of people worldwide, representing a serious public health problem. The current treatment is based on chemotherapy, using pentavalent antimonials compounds, which cause serious side effects. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of the spin-label analog of stearic acid (5-DSA ) was used to monitor the effect of the terpenes α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, III (+)-limonene and nerolidol on the plasma membrane fluidity of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. Cytotoxic effects on the parasite were also measured to investigate the relationship between the cytotoxic potential of terpenes and their ability to alter membrane fluidity. All terpenes increased the fluidity of the cellular membrane, without significant differences at higher concentrations. However, the minimum concentration required to cause a change in the membrane was very different between the terpenes and similar to that caused 50% growth inhibition (IC50) showing a correlation between membrane alterations and cytotoxicity. The IC50 values of terpenes analyzed showed the following relationship: nerolidol < (+)-limonene < α-terpineol < 1,8-cineole, with an IC50 of 8 μM for nerolidol and 4700 μM to 1,8- cineole. The EPR spectra of the maleimide derivative spin label (6-MSL) covalently attached to the Leishmania membrane proteins indicated that the terpenes essentially do not alter the dynamics of protein backbone and only increase the mobility of the nitroxide side chain. Cell lysis was not detected at cytotoxic concentrations, as measured by the presence of spin-labeled membrane fragments. Since the terpenes are considered potent skin permeation enhancers with low irritation potential, this work suggests checking the possibility of terpenes applications in the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis, where terpenes could perhaps perform a dual action of be an active principle and at the same time facilitate the penetration of other molecules with antileishmanial activity.
Estudo das interações dos surfactantes iônicos SDS, CTAC e HPS e miltefosina com membranas de leishmania, macrófagos e eritrócitos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-18) Cardoso, Éder Jéferson Souza; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789; Alonso, Antônio; Mendanha Neto, Sebastião Antônio; Silva, Kleber Santiago Freitas e
Miltefosine (MT) is an internationally approved oral drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis, however, its mechanism of action is not yet well established. Understanding the mechanism of action of compounds with leishmanicidal activity is important to help in the search for new drug prototypes with greater activity and fewer side effects. Surfactants are compounds widely used in the industry in the manufacture of soap, shampoos and other cosmetics. They are usually classified according to the molecular charge, and may be nonionic, anionic, cationic or zwitterionic (or amphoteric) when they have a positive and negative charge in the same compound. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (RPE) spectroscopy associated with the spin-label method was used to compare the interactions of MT and the surfactants Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS, anionic), Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (CTAC, cationic) and N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS, zwitterionic) with the membranes of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis, erythrocyte and macrophage. All compounds increased the molecular dynamics of membrane proteins; however, SDS caused the smallest increase in parasite and erythrocyte membrane dynamics and was also the least effective in antileishmanial activity, cytotoxicity in macrophages J774.A1 and hemolytic potential in both PBS and whole blood. It was detected, in blood plasma, the albumin stiffness caused by 2.5 mM SDS due to the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of the compound with the protein. CTAC did not show significant differences in relation to the other compounds, but at higher cell concentrations (>1x109 cells/mL), it showed high activity against the L. amazonensis promastigotes, besides being the most cytotoxic to macrophages J774.A1. For all the experiments, the zwitterionic molecules HPS and MT did not present significant differences between them. The data suggest the possibility of using cationic or zwitterionic surfactants in formulations containing leishmanicides, aiming at the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Estresse oxidativo em membranas de eritrócito avaliado por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-26) Mendanha Neto, Sebastião Antônio; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789
The oxidative stress effects promoted by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2 -Azobis(2- methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (AAPH) in proteins and lipids of the erythrocyte membrane were investigated by testing the oxidative hemolysis, the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in addition to spectroscopic electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of lipid spin label 5-DOXIL stearic acid (5-DSA) and 3-maleimide proxyl (5-MSL) that binds covalently to erythrocyte s membrane proteins. The spectral parameter 2Ak obtained directly from the EPR spectra of spin label 5-DSA structured in the lipid bilayer of the erythrocyte membrane was sensitive to changes in the dynamics of lipids resulting on the oxidation of membrane proteins. The oxidation of proteins observed for very low concentrations of H2O2 (starting at 100 μM) were confirmed with spin label 5-MSL. Lipid peroxidation indicated the oxidative hemolysis and formation of MDA occurred at concentrations of H2O2 about 8 times larger (starting at 800 μM). Ascorbic acid and -tocopherol protect the membrane by hemolysis and MDA tests, but did not prevent the stiffening of the erythrocyte membrane. The spectra of the spin label 5-MSL revealed the existence of two distinct thiol groups in erythrocyte membrane proteins that differ in their structural configurations and sensitivity to oxidative attack. The SH site that has higher exposure to solvent and less reactivity to spin label 5-MSL was the most vulnerable to oxidation. It is well known that upon oxidation hemoglobin binds to the membrane and the results of this study suggest that this effect may be accompanied by a further increase in the parameter 2Ak of the spin label 5-DSA. Catalase present in erythrocytes proved to be an effective protector of lipid peroxidation and oxidation of membrane proteins induced by hydrogen peroxide.
Interações de terpenos com membranas de eritrócito, fibroblasto, estrato córneo e membrana modelo e interações de uma nanopartícula de ouro com membranas modelo
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-04-25) Mendanha Neto, Sebastião Antônio; Goñi, Félix M.; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789; Alonso, Antônio; Pagliuso, Pascoal José Giglio; Ito, Amando Siuiti; Avelar, Ardiley Torres; Carvalho, Jesiel Freitas
The interactions of terpenes with membranes of erythrocyte, fibroblasts, stratum corneum and the model membranes of 1,2-dipalmitoylsn -glycero-3-phosphocholine were investigated by using the the electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopic of lipophilic probes. It has been shown that when added at high concentrations to systems having a high lipid/solvent ratio, terpenes such as 1,8-cineol, α-terpineol, (+)-limonene and nerolidol are able to self-stabilize in molecular aggregates which can extract the bilayers lipids. Studies on the hemolytic and cytotoxic potential of various terpenes showed that cell damage caused by these molecules are concentration dependent and that among the studied terpenes, nerolidol and α-terpineol are the most hemolytic and cytotoxic, while (+)-limonene and 1,8-cineole are the least hemolytic and cytotoxic. However, the low correlation between these two tests indicates that the processes involved in each case are not completely dependent. It was also shown that once embedded in the membrane, terpenes increase the fluidity of lipid bilayers and decrease the temperature of the main phase transition. Differences between increased fluidity promoted by sesquiterpene nerolidol and all monoterpenes studied were observed. Meanwhile, in a comparison of the effect of the monoterpenes studied, no significant differences in their ability to increase membrane fluidity were detected. Furthermore, it was demonstrated by using confocal and atomic force microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy that the 1,2-distearoylsn -glycero-3-(Aurora nanoparticles) is better incorporated in lipid membranes under fluid phase and that the addition of 0.1% of these conjugated nanoparticles do not produces large variations in membrane fluidity and no causes substantial morphological changes of lipid bilayers.
Interação da miltefosina com os componentes lipídicos e proteicos das membranas de eritrócito e Leishmania estudada por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-06-04) Moreira, Rodrigo Alves; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789; Alonso, Antônio; Uliana, Silvia Reni Bortolin; Urbano, Ricardo Rodrigues; Loyola, Patrícia Resende Alo Nagib; Carvalho, Sheila Gonçalves do Couto
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that infects millions of people worldwide, representing a serious public health problem. The miltefosine (MT) is an alkylphospholipid that has been approved for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis and visceral leishmaniasis, although the mechanism of action at the molecular level is poorly understood. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of the lipid spin lebel analog of stearic acid (5-DSA) and the maleimide derivative spin label (6-MSL) covalently bound to membrane proteins showed that the MT causes a large increase in the molecular dynamics of erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) and detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) prepared from erythrocyte membranes. In the vesicles of lipid raft constituents, it was shown that 20 mol% sphingomyelin could be replaced by 20 mol% MT with no change in the molecular dynamics. Furthermore, the effect of MT on DRMs was more pronounced than in erythrocyte ghosts, supporting the hypothesis that MT is a lipid raft modulator. At the reported MT-plasma concentrations found during the treatment of leishmaniasis (31-52μg/mL), our measurements in blood plasma indicated a hemolytic level of 2-5% and also showed that the MT concentration that changes the erythrocyte membrane fluidity to an extent that is detectable by EPR spectroscopy causes about 46% hemolysis. Subsequently, EPR studies performed with the same spin labels in the membrane of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis (promastigote) showed changes similar to those found in erythrocyte membranes. Cytotoxic effects on the parasites were also evaluated to investigate the relationships between the cytotoxic potential of MT and its ability to alter membrane fluidity. The EPR data showed that the minimum concentration of MT required to cause a change in the parasite membrane occurred near the values of MT concentration which inhibits 50 % of cell growth (IC50); thus, there is a correlation between the cytotoxicity and changes in the membrane. Although these III membrane alterations can be detected using a spin-labeled lipid, our experimental results indicated that MT interacts predominantly with the protein component of the membrane. Cell lysis was also detected by analyzing the supernatants of centrifuged samples for the presence of spin-labeled membrane fragments and cytoplasmic proteins. Using a method for the rapid incorporation of MT into the membrane, these effects were measured immediately after treatment under the same range of MT concentrations that cause cell growth inhibition. Cytotoxicity, estimated via microscopic counting of living and dead cells, indicated ∼ 70% cell death at the concentration of MT at which EPR spectroscopy detected a significant change in membrane dynamics. After this initial impact on the number of viable parasites, the processes of cell death and growth continued during the first 4 h of incubation. The EPR spectra of spin-labeled membrane-bound proteins were consistent with more expanded and solvent-exposed protein conformations, suggesting a detergent-like action. Thus, MT may form micelle-like structures around polypeptide chains, and proteins with a higher hydrophobicity may induce the penetration of hydrophilic groups of MT into the membrane, causing its rupture.
Dinâmica de proteínas: efeitos da hidratação em estrato córneo e de detergentes em albumina
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2002-12-19) Silva, Junaine Vasques da; Alonso, Antônio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5013069863616789; Alonso, Antônio; Ito, Amando Siuiti; Rabelo, José Nicodemos Teixeira
The main function of the most superficial layer of the epidermis, the Stratum Corneum (SC), is to provide a physical barrier that controls the transepidermal water loss as well as the permeation of another substances in both directions across the skin. The SC is formed by anabolically dead cells, the terminally differentiated corneocyte, and its function is essentially accomplished by forming a highly insoluble protein structure on the surface of the corneocytes, termed the cornified cell envelope, and by impeding water diffusion across the SC by mortaring the corneocytes together by layers of skin-specific lipids, essentially ceramide, cholesterol and fatty acid. In this work the cell envelope of the SC was spin labeled with a sulfhydryl-specific nitroxide reagent to investigate the water content effects upon the protein dynamics directly in the intact tissue. A two-state model for the nitroxide side chain described the coexistence of two spectral components in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The so-called strongly immobilized component, S, is associated with the EPR signal of a motionally restricted nitroxide fraction having its N-O group hydrogen bonded to protein (rigid structure) while the weakly immobilized component, W, corresponds to the signal provided by the spin labels with higher mobility (~10 times greater) exposed to the aqueous environment. The relative populations between these two mobility states, S and W, are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes for transferring the nitroxide side chain from the state contacting the solvent, W, to the one contacting protein, S, indicated that the reduction of the SC water content to below ~h 0.69, g H2O per g dry SC, stabilizes the protein interacting state, S. Upon decreasing the SC hydration level below ~h 0.69 the segmental motion of the polypeptide chains and the rotational motion of the spin-labeled side chain were also constrained. To test our methodology in a pure and very well known protein, we also studied the effects of two types of detergents on the bovine serum albumin (BSA). Both detergents, the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the zwitterionic N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonium-1-propanesulfonate (HPS) increase the mobility of the protein backbone and of the nitroxide side chain. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that these detergents destabilize the protein favoring less compact conformations. This work can also be useful to improve the spectral analysis of site-directed spin labeling, especially for a more quantitative description in terms of thermodynamic parameters.

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