Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia

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    O método de investigação da acrasia no livro VII da ética nicomaqueia de Aristóteles
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-02-17) Silva, Cristiane Martins da; Almeida, Wellington Damasceno de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7297509489292287; Almeida, Wellington Damasceno de; Mendonça, Fernando Martins; Borges, Anderson de Paula
    This thesis presents a study of the methodology used by Aristotle in the investigation on akrasia in Book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics. First, I present some readings about the methodological model used by Aristotle in his ethical treatises in order to show the state of affairs of the discussions on this subject. The exposition of these readings shows that there is some controversy among scholars about the nature of the methodology employed by Aristotle in his ethical investigations. They mainly disagree about three points: i) whether the strategies employed by Aristotle in these investigations constitute a dialectical model of investigation, composed of the techniques he exposes in the Topics, or a scientific model of investigation, similar to what he outlines in book II of the Posterior Analytics; ii) whether the starting points of these investigations are endoxa (opinions shared by the majority of people) or phainómena (a set of data similar to those he uses in scientific investigations, which include only the endoxa Aristotle takes to be true, in addition to other evident data collected in the ordinary life experience and how we speak); iii) whether the objective of these investigations is to make an inventory of shared opinions on certain topics, and correct the inconsistencies identified in this set of beliefs, or to formulate the principles of a political science, constituted largely by definitions of ethical types. While reading the investigation on akrasia, we observe that Aristotle is compromised to explain what this disposition is and formulate its definition, which could be evidence of a scientific study and the application of the general proposal he outlines in Book II of the Posterior Analytics. However, it is also evident, either analyzing how he initiates the discussion, or observing the strategies he employs throughout the investigation, that the use of dialectical techniques is relevant in this process. I understand that the presence of elements of a theoretical investigation, accompanied by the use of dialectical techniques relates to the very nature of ethical studies. In the investigation of akrasia, Aristotle tries to establish that this moral disposition exists and it’s distinct from others by constructing its definition, a principle that can be used in political science. Along with that he also builds puzzles using the commonly shared opinions about this topic, applying dialectical techniques for this, and seeking to explain the inconsistencies and inaccuracies present in the set of beliefs about its object of investigation. I understand that the coexistence of these research strategies - on the one hand, a theoretical study that seeks to formulate definitions, and on the other, the scrutiny of shared opinions on the subject - can be understood as an attempt to deal with the needs of political science itself (of which ethics is a part, according to Aristotle), in which theoretical knowledge is not sufficient: this discipline aims not only to know what each of the moral dispositions are, but also how to produce or avoid these dispositions in the citizens.
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    Um estudo sobre os paralogismos acidentais nas refutações sofísticas de Aristóteles
    (Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-06-18) Vieira, Victor Augusto Barbosa; Almeida, Wellington Damasceno de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7297509489292287; Almeida, Wellington Damasceno de; Borges, Anderson de Paulo; Angioni, Lucas
    Our object of study in this dissertation is the paralogism due to the concomitant (which we’ll call abbreviated “PDC”). This paralogism is analyzed by Aristotle in the Sophistical Refutations as a false argument. Our study about this paralogism is divided into four chapters. Through the first chapter we pretend to answer an important question about the PDC’s appearance. Although this paralogism is a false argument, it possess certain similarity with arguments recognized as good by the one refuted. This similarity would be the reason why debaters are refuted by the PDC. Identifying the nature of this similarity is relevant to comprehend how this paralogism’s appearance can be deceitful. The content of the second chapter can be better understood as a deepening of our interest for the subjective or psychological dimension present in the studies about the paralogisms in the Sophistical Refutations. This deepening results in the description of a mental phenomenon which we call “parallel computation”. The parallel computation consists in a rational effort (although it is a misguided one) by the one who is refuted when he tries to make sense of the logical and semantical traits of an argument. This interpretation is motivated by a set of false presumptions held by the refuted one. In the third chapter we present a case study, turning our attention to an instance of the PDC, the triangle paralogism. By studying the relevant passages for the interpretation of this paralogism we put forward what we understand to be exegetical constraints. Afterward, making use of these constraints as evaluative parameters, we analyze some reconstitution proposals of the triangle paralogism. In the final part of our dissertation we analyze the content of the chapter 24 of Sophistical Refutations. In this chapter Aristotle presents us with a inferential principle which isn’t satisfied by any of the PDC’s instance. The interpretation of this principle is a cause of huge controversy in the secondary literature. In order to make a contribution to the specialized debate of this point we test two interpretative hypothesis of this principle’s content, the referential and the intensional interpretation.