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Item “Kalunga” identidades territoriais de um gênero de vida em transição nas terras do nordeste goiano(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-14) Amorim, Wilma Melhorim; Alencar, Maria Amélia de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7665566532275199; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Calaça, Manoel; Almeida, Maria Geralda de; Oliveira, Ivanilton José de; Santos, Roberto de Souza; Santos, Roosevelt JoséThe thesis analyzes the time-space of the Kalunga‟s manner of life. The Kalungas live in the Cerrado regions of the valleys of Serra Geral, in the northeast of the state of Goias. This research sought to understand what makes them a traditional community and which, from the regions that they live, can be denominated sertão. In addition, it sought to analyzes their inclusion in the category of remaining Quilombolas communities based on self-recognition. This identification is part of an identity reframing, which got stronger since the 1988 Brazilian Constitution. It also approaches the issue of land tenure, which is an element of conflict and dispute because of land usurpations and invasions and due to the difficulty of compliance with the legal procedures that guarantee, to the remaining Quilombolas communities, collective rights over the territory that they inhabit. This territory is now recognized as 'Sítio Histórico e Patrimônio Cultural Kalunga'. The thesis, through the concept of manner of life analysis, seeks to reinterpret life in traditional communities presently. Therefore, we resorted to the methodological tradition of ethnographic research. The method of apprehension is the phenomenological, which has gained strength in humanistic geography, through the use of cultural geography approaches. Fieldwork took a prominent position to the understanding of culture, identity and territory. It was concluded that the main issues that have complicated the Kalungas' lives over the years have not yet been resolved. This fact demonstrates the need to broaden the debate and, at the same time, to discuss the obstacles for the recognition of the remaining Quilombolas communities' rights. It is necessary to seek, in particular, the warranty of ownership and use of the lands traditionally occupied by them, embracing their ethnic and cultural elements, considered fundamental for the maintenance of their traditions and manner of life. The context points to the need for mobilization by the actors connected with the Quilombolas' movement, emphasizing that it is necessary to organize and to reclaim.Item O agronegócio: a territorialização e a expansão das fronteiras do capital no Amapá(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-06-24) Bacelar, Manoel Osvanil Bezerra; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Calaça, Manoel; Lomba , Roni Mayer; Silva , Edson Batista da; Barreira, Celene Cunha Monteiro Antunes; Oliveira , Ivanilton José deThis thesis has a territorialization and an expansion of capital in the Amapaense field. The research aimed to understand the territorial dimensions and the territorialization resultant conflicts results, focusing on the production of grains and eucalyptus for the export of cavities and monopolization of the territories, as well as the production of soybeans in the state of Amapá. The main objective was the understanding of the process of territorialization of the capital, through agribusiness activities, in the state. The Federal Government, in formulating public policies that determined the guidelines for the economic development of the Amazonian states, created the conditions for the transformations that resulted in the control of private land ownership and production. It was also observed that the struggle for land and the control and exploitation of natural resources acquires class character, of dispute for large and small enterprises, where land and territory constitute dialectical unity. In order to analyze the process of territorial territorialization of the countryside in Amapá, a review of the literature, documentary research in public orgains, interviews with state agents and fieldwork were conducted, including interviews with agents of the capital and peasants. The new and old elements that move the agrarian question in Amapá in the contemporaneity are challenges to be faced, both in the theoretical / conceptual field, and in the understanding of the actions of the subjects involved in this process. It is understood that the solution to such questions involves adopting a set of structuring measures, programs and policies in the field and for the field. The issue of land grabbing is the order of the day, as it is one of the strategies of landowners to increase their holdings. In addition, there is inertia of the public agencies responsible for land regularization in the state, such as INCRA, IMAP, Terra Legal Program, whose attributions are in disagreement and delay the processes of issuing bonds and resolving land conflicts in the state. The expansion of agribusiness has aggravated these conflicts, both among capitalist hegemonic actors and between these and the various segments of the peasantry, such as quilombolas, riparians and squatters. Meanwhile, violence expands in an uneven dispute betwueen rural companies and farmers, who count on the State’s omission.Item Os impactos dos investimentos externos diretos (IEDs) sobre a (re)estruturação e estrangeirização do setor sucroenergético no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-04-19) Bunde, Altacir; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Chaveiro, Eguimar Felício; Oliveira, Adriano Rodrigues de; Silva, Maria Aparecida de Moraes; Oliveira, Ariovaldo Umbelino deThis research analyzes the impacts caused by direct foreign investments (DFI) in the (re)structuring and foreignization of the Brazilian sugarcane sector. Over the last years, Brazil has been the target of an international capital offensive, associated with and articulated by transnational companies, pension funds, bankers and landowners. With the global capitalist crisis of 2008, large groups and corporations pushed through Brazilian land, bringing about a (re)structuration of its sector by means of DFI. In face of this scenario, the aim of our research is to understand the formation process of the modern sugarcane sector in the country. After the globalization of capital and the deregulation of Brazilian economy, and, consequently, of its sugarcane sector, DFI arrived through F&As processes – causing a spatial reorganization, where mostly multinational companies are currently building networks, cooperation chains, and forming alliances with national partners, therefore rescuing the liberal thought. Their goal is to monopolize not only the market, but also production, in order to replace the levels of expansion and capital accumulation, thus appropriating the income earned from the land. DFI brought an impact in the relations of labor and production. Since the beginning of the 20th century, no other sector went through such rapid transformation as the Brazilian sugarcane sector, which raised the level of development in productive forces. Those transformations also had an impact in relations of both labor and production, its characteristics being new ways of expropriation, exploration and exclusion of worker(s). Such features are mostly noticed in foreign economic groups – and the speed of how those transformations happen are also noticed. In the current phase of development of the productive forces involving the Brazilian sugarcane sector, we notice that by means of technological processes, the monopolist’s economic groups are capable of making the fusion of the land and workforce exploration possible – such as in the case of the Raízen Group. By using technology in a combination between mechanics, electronics and information system, it has been possible to make the above-mentioned fusion, standardizing the rate of exploration of the human workforce, even though the factories that belong to the group are geographically spread one from the other. Concerning concentration, centralization and foreignization, these occur in a more accelerated way in the sugar trade because this product is a commodity. The process of centralization happened through the creation of the so-called joint venture. In both trade and distribution of ethanol, we notice a process of concentration and centralization, but with no prevalence of foreign capital. We also observed that in the sugarcane’s milling, there is a presence of about 30% of foreign groups. Even though there is not enough data, one notices that with the arrival of DFI, land ownership also underwent a process of foreignization. In face of all these elements it is possible to assert that capitalism has come into a new imperialist era, based on the globalization of the financial capital, the territorialization of monopolies, the monopolization of territories and in the construction of alliances (agreements).Item Município: a escala da (des)ordem(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-07-04) Dias, Wagner Alceu; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Calaça, Manoel; Barreira, Celene Cunha Monteiro Antunes; Chaveiro, Eguimar Felício; Melo, Sandro Cristiano de; Silva, Sílvio Simione daThe city adequacy in geographical scale is fundamental to the presentation of emancipation as a local phenomenon. The expansion of local power through the creation of cities is always rooted in economical interest, but whnever it is observed through different scales, it becomes stability for the political powers. Thus, a phenomenon leads to another. It is this dicussion that we aim to develop pointing out the limits of (dis)order, using the three federal spheres. In order to attain such aim, this research is organized in four chapters divided in itens and subitens, with complimentary objectives about the way the cities are historically created and considered by the Brazilian constitution. As a result, there was a combination of the three federal spheres, with an outstanding expression of the relation city/state, to discuss the conditions of the cities and their affinity with the path of the political state power. Being sure that the state influences strongly the cities, we wonder if the opposite is also true. The answer was constructed step by step by reference to primary sources obtained in field service conducted in 19 cities of Goiás State. After becoming informed of the process of emancipation of some cities, it was possible to verify that power disputes, resulting from public management policies, do not follow local population demands, but the interests of the dominant classes instead. By means of several empirical and theoretical sources, it was possible to understand that historically the creation of cities represented a political move with the aim of strengthening the control over territories. Public services installed by cities, legitimated by emancipation, confirms and empowers the discourse of regional integration co-opting individuals to the idea of the presence of state. By one hand, there is the presence of the federal and state governments in the city, which is plainly a trait of federalism, and clearly demonstrates that the emancipation of districts represents the process of decentralization by the channeling of financial funds, making the territorial management more efficient. By the other hand, there is a partially contrasting reality in relation to the economical, administrative and political autonomy. About 47% of the cities in Goiás have population rates under 5000 inhabitants. According to experts, this reality indicates imprudence in the concession of city creation, as the expenses with the legislative power accounts for more than half the funds provided by the state and federal governments, which leaves public services to second plan in the list of priorities when it comes to emancipation. In other words, the creation of cities, specially the smallest ones, is more relevant in the formation of local elites and strengthening of state and federal spheres, than the very improvement of life quality for the local population. It is clear that the discourse of emancipation claims presents social imperative, contaminating a population deprived of public services. Consequently, such population passively reproduces the discourse and legitimates the emancipation claims. Certainly, the theme of city creation does not restrict the focus of this study, although neglecting it would mean concealing the correlation of powers that support the Brazilian federalism. This study was developed with the concern of gathering information that makes possible, when systematized, to state plainfully that, since the imperial period, the cities worked as instruments of power maintenance and that by situating locally under the constraints of political action makes a true (dis)order real.Item Políticas públicas em assentamentos rurais: potencialidades e limitações do PAA e do PNAE em Mato Grosso(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-09-15) Mendes, Mauricio Ferreira; Neves, Sandra Mara Alves da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6430066425008976; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Calaça, Manoel; Puhl, João Ivo; Lunas, Divina Aparecida Leonel; Chaveiro, Eguimar Felício; Borges, Ronan EustáquioThe central problem is related to the non-implementation of public policies for the peasantry throughout the historical process and consequently an unjust and unequal land structure. However, with pressure of social movements, policies for the sector were institutionalized more consistently in Brazil from 2003. The objective was to discuss the potentialities and limitations of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) for the Constitution and the strengthening of peasant territorialities in Mato Grosso, starting from the agribusiness territorial dispute with the peasantry, in view of the permanence in the land, food production and generation of income. For this, four main methodological procedures were adopted: 1) bibliographical and documentary research; 2) data collection; 3) elaboration of cartographic representation and; 4) analysis of primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected through semistructured interviews with researchers and / or peer leaders and peer leaders who accessed or accessed the public policies PAA and PNAE, between February and July 2016. Secondary data were obtained from the National Supply Company (Conab), the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA), the National Fund for the Development of Education (FNDE) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The theoretical-methodological basis built considers the territory a multidimensional concept, where the historical process is one of the central themes of analysis. These two policies are strategic, proving to be of fundamental importance for the inclusion and social reproduction of peasants, since the PAA and the PNAE. However, we affirm that the PAA is insufficient to meet the full demand of the state of Mato Grosso, since in many regions and rural settlements there is not even a single PAA project and there are numerous peasant organizations that are no longer served by the Program in 2016 due to lack Financial resources. It is therefore necessary to make progress in consolidating this policy, guaranteeing resources in the Union's budget and also putting people at risk of food insecurity into politics. The PNAE is strongly concentrated in the hands of large capitalist entrepreneurs, allied to state and municipal managers who lie decades of favoring economic groups of families of politicians. The purchase of school meals in several municipalities in Mato Grosso is marked by letters favoring large suppliers, which is a common practice in the State. There are mayors who are totally opposed to purchasing food from peasant agriculture via PNAE, including lobbying in Brasília, to change the law and favor the elite. The PAA and the PNAE present as differentiated public policies for the peasantry, implemented with the territorial approach, result of the struggles of the social movements and the peasants in their idealization. These policies affirm the strategic importance of peasant agriculture for the production of food for the Brazilian's table, strengthening peasant territorialities. The PAA and the PNAE present a political framework with focus on food security and income generation.Item A constituição do meio técnico-científico em Goiás: relações de trabalho e luta de classes no setor sucro-energético(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-30) Santos, Lucas Maia dos; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Calaça, Manoel; Oliveira, Adriano Rodrigues de; Chaveiro, Eguimar Felício; Sousa Neto, Fernandes de; Viana, Nildo SilvaThis thesis aims at analyzing the process of constitution of the technical and scientific environment in Goiás. At first, it is important to emphasize the way in which the term is employed. Although there are similarities with what Milton Santos has elaborated, this study also presents itself distant from such elaboration. Through this research, one can state that the technical and scientific environment is actually the instauration of a geographical environment (technical) which is adequate to capitalist productions. In order to demonstrate so, it was necessary to bring about other concepts, such as capital accumulation, which allows us to fully understand, within the history of Capitalism, the different phases of the institution of the technical and scientific environment. In this process of periodization to outline the capitalist society, as a whole, and its process of territorialization in Goiás, it was necessary to show the agrobusiness concept, owing to the fact that this was one of the segments through which a scientific and technical environment was set in Goiás. After demonstrating how such geographical environment has been consolidated in Goiás, a debate took place in order to show how it brings certain class conflicts about. To understand such class conflicts, which define the technical and scientific environment, the research focuses on the city of Quirinópolis, in a moment when one could analyze how Quirinópolis’s workers deal with their own work relations, based on the sucrenergetic sector. In order to conclude the thesis, one states that the historic tendency of capital accumulation, as it was elaborated by Karl Marx, is also confirmed in the analyses of the technical and scientific environment, that is, in the territory of the capital.Item Singrar rios, morar em cavernas e furar jatoká: ressignificações culturais, socioespaciais e espaços de aprendizagens da família Avá-Canoeiro do Rio Tocantins(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-12-09) Silva, Lorranne Gomes da; Calaça, Manoel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1893714192029341; Lira , Elizeu Ribeiro; Borges , Mônica Veloso; Oliveira , Adriano Rodrigues de; Borges , Ronan EustáquioThe present investigation analyzes how different times and spaces in which the Avá-Canoeiro indigenous family from river Tocantins has been living triggered sociocultural and spatial resignifications. The investigation specially relies on three time-space contexts: “sailing rivers”, which refers to river displacements and pre-massacre tribe time in the mata do café; “cave dwelling”, which refers to the period when there were scapes throughout the Cerrado in the North of Goiás in the post-massacre and “piercing Jatóka”, which refers to memory and a material culture-related process update in the indigenous land. It was possible to understand that the different moments lived and experienced by each Avá-Canoeiro individual and/or by the group in a given time-space pressupose reconfigurations in terms of life styles and sociocultural relationships caused by the displacements and by new life adaptations and that, by respecting and understanding the Avá-Canoeiro’s sociospacial organization and their learning environments, education and culture, it is feasible to collaborate so as to strengthen their identity. . Thus, living/existing, above all, scaping, generated spatial practices (translated by spatial resignification, relationship networks and survival strategies) and a specific family mode in terms of memory, education and culture. Reduced, forced to abandon their customs and cultural practices, they have started to develop survival strategies. Reduced, forced to abandon their customs and cultural practices, they have been developing survival strategies. The dissertation is organized in six chapters. Regarding methodology, there was participatory observation, conversation rounds and interviews. The theoretical background resorts fundamentally to Rodrigues (2008, 2012, 2013, 2015); Borges (2006); Granado (2005); Silva (2005) and Pedroso (1994).Item Da agroindústria canavieira ao setor sucroenergético em Goiás: a questão técnico-gerencial e as estratégias de controle fundiário(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-04) Silva, William Ferreira da; Calaça, Manoel; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4767132J6; Calaça, Manoel; Oliveira, Adriano Rodrigues de; Borges, Ronan Eustáquio; Peixinho, Dimas Moraes; Castillo, Ricardo AbidThe sugar cane crop, one of the oldest economical activities of the country, has already crossed different economical, technological, cultural and social periods occurred in Brazil, resulting in expansion and retraction movements. Driven by the market conditions and governmental programs this secular activity has passed recently, through one more expansion cycle, this time reaching, in a decisive way, the Cerrado goiano spaces. The occupation movement of these new spaces was encouraged by the entering of foreign investors’ capital and accompanied by a movement of the modernization of techniques and management. The expansion has showed sufficient strength to change the territorial and spatial dynamic construction, with emphasis to the control of the necessary production resources. The present study has as the objective to analyze the strategies used by the sugar cane money, in the current expansion phase, to establish the control over the land and its consequences about the land property. Despite of the changes related to the capital origin and composition, the verticalized productive structure is maintained as one of the strongest characteristics of this activity, condition which requires the control over the territory where the agricultural production is realized. From the data and information collecting on by the representatives of the sugar cane capital, land owners, Rural Unions and rural realtors it was tried to evaluate the sugarcane agro industry action over the land property in two expansion areas in Goiás state, located in the Southwest and in the middle North of the state. The data analysis and the reflection about the theme indicate that the sugarcane agro industry is suiting itself to the principles of the flexible accumulation regimen without waiving of the productive structure verticalization. The central interest in the territory domination strategy is the maintenance of the capacity to improve the land profit and to guarantee the supplying of the agribusiness unities. Therefore, the land control occurs by leasing/agricultural partnerships against the land ownership and the recruitment of suppliers.