IPTSP - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública

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Validação da gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea realizada pela técnica de punção com o uso de uma nova variante técnica de gastropexia
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-12-16) CAMPOLI, Paulo Moacir de Oliveira; TURCHI, Marília Dalva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3769826743537934
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) currently represents the main alternative to ensure nutritional supply in patients with prolonged or permanent inability to swallow, and yet has a functional gastrointestinal tract. PEG performed with the Pull Technique is widely used because it is easy to perform and very safe, although it is associated with high infection rates. The Introducer Technique appears to be associated with a lower infection risk, although it requires fixation of the gastric wall to the abdominal wall (gastropexy), which makes the procedure difficult to perform. This study sought to describe and validate PEG performed with the Introducer Technique with the use of a new technical gastropexy variant, besides demonstrating its benefits in relation to risk of peristomal infection. A descriptive study of the safety and feasibility of a new technical gastropexy variant with a long curved needle was performed. We then compared the two gastropexy techniques in a before-and-after design. A randomized clinical trial comparing gastrostomy tubes constructed of different materials (latex vs. silicone) was also conducted. Finally, we performed a meta-analysis evaluating peristomal infection risk between the Introducer Technique and Pull Technique. The results of these four studies are presented in four separate papers. The first study showed that the new technical gastropexy variant that uses a long curved needle is safe and feasible. The second study showed that it is associated with a lower risk of infection compared with the gastropexy technique used previously. The third study found that the silicone tubes have greater durability than latex tubes. The final meta-analysis showed that PEG performed with the Pull Technique is associated with a greater risk of infection than the Introducer Technique.
Epidemiologia molecular e riscos associados ao portador nasal de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de crianças de creches de Goiânia
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-04-15) CARDOSO, Juliana Lamaro; KIPNIS, André; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434965360286741; ANDRADE, Ana Lúcia Sampaio Sgambatti de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7770363683068899
Objectives: (i) to assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage in children attending day-care centers (DCC) in the municipality of Goiânia; (ii) to determine the potential risk factors related to S. aureus carriage and MRSA; (iii) to characterize MRSA isolates circulating in DCCs using molecular typing methods. Methods: Between August and December 2005, nasal swabs were collected from children who attended 62 DCCs. Clinical and socio-demographic information associated with the acquisition of S. aureus and MRSA were obtained through questionnaires applied to parents or guardians. The swabs were processed following the standard methods for identification and isolation of S. aureus. Amplification femB gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the specie. The presence of mecA gene was detected by PCR and the positive isolates were identified as MRSA. Susceptibility to MRSA was determined by disk diffusion method. MRSA molecular typing was performed by PFGE, MLST, spa typing and SCCmec multiplex PCR. Results: 371 (31.1%) out of the 1.192 collected swabs were positive for S. aureus and 14 (1.2%) were identified as MRSA. The factors independently associated with risks for nasal colonization by S. aureus were children higher than two years of age (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.27-2.65) and previous DCC attendance (OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.01-2.16). Mother s high degree of education was a protective factor for S. aureus carriage (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.80). A multidrug resistant dominant MRSA lineage was identified comprising 8 out of the 14 MRSA isolates. This cluster was characterized as SCCmec type IIIA, ST239 and spa type t037 sharing 82.7% genetic similarity with the Brazilian clone. One MRSA strain was classified as SCCmec type V and ST1120. This strain showed features of CA-MRSA although it has been recovered from a healthy child who presented risk factors for HA-MRSA acquisition. The remaining MRSA strains showed a diverse genetic background. Conclusions: Children attending DCCs are often colonized with S. aureus and although the prevalence of MRSA was low, they can represent potential vectors of spread of resistant pathogens to the community. The detection of a MRSA lineage circulating within DCCs suggests a two-way flow spread of MRSA between hospitals and community.
Epidemiologia molecular dos vírus dengue em Goiânia-GO, 1994 - 2006: vigilância laboratorial e caracterização dos sorotipos circulares
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-06) FÉRES, Valéria Christina de Rezende; MARTELLI, Celina Maria Turchi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5867052489026059
Nowadays, dengue constitute the major public health problem, because is relevant cause of illness and death between thousands people that resident in the tropical and subtropical regions in world. The dengue virus is classified as four serotypes (DENV-1, 2, 3 and 4) according to antigenic differences and characterized intra-typical groups called genotypes. The laboratorial surveillance enables the diagnostic confirmation of dengue infection and monitoring serotypes circulating through the routine diagnostic techniques. Recently, the use molecular techniques has contributed to characterize and monitoring of the genotypes potentially virulent during epidemic and knowledge of biology of dengue virus. This thesis was organized in an introduction section, that include a literature review on dengue, and two manuscripts that describing the research conducted with focus on laboratory diagnostic and molecular epidemiology. The first manuscript entitled Laboratorial Surveillance of Dengue Virus in Central-Brazil, 1994-2003, was published at Journal of Clinical Virology, 2006 37 (3): 179-83. In this study we present the results of the virological surveillance for dengue cases conducted in the city of Goiânia (~1,200,000 population) from 1994 to 2003. Suspected cases were from the main public infectious disease reference hospital and outpatient clinics covering the metropolitan area. Serological and virus isolation tests were conduced at the regional reference laboratory. Our objective was to report dengue circulating serotypes from 1994 to 2003 and the role of distinct serotypes on dengue clinical outcomes in Central Brazil and to characterize serotypes and genotypes by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and by restricted site-specific PCR (RSS-PCR) patterns in selected samples. Laboratory surveillance identified mainly DEN-1 serotype from 1994 to 2002 shifting to a high circulation of DEN-3 in 2003. The adults (87,4%) were the most affected group and dengue fever accounted for the majority of the cases. Diagnosis of dengue was confirmed in ~50% of the suspected and enhanced by RT-PCR. RSS-PCR patterns for DEN-1 and DEN-3 corresponded to the circulating subtypes in the country. The infection DENV-3 did not suggest a major role of infecting DEN-3 in increasing disease severity during its first-year spread in Central Brazil. The second manuscript, to be submitted for publication is entitled: Epidemiologia Molecular do Vírus Dengue tipo 3 em Goiânia GO, 2005-2006. The objective of this manuscript was to characterize the DENV-3 genotype circulating isolated from well-characterized clinical and laboratory samples in Goiânia-GO/Brasil. Seven samples had sequences of the prM/M/E region obtained and comparative analysis was performed with the reference strains. The results showed the homology of the genomics sequences with genotype III strains. The nucleotide identity of the all the samples varied from 97.0% to 99.6% and the amino acid sequences from 97.5% to 99.5%. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed silent mutation and 14 amino acid changes in the protein deduced from gene prM/M/E. In conclusion, the study confirms that the strains of DENV-3 in Central Brazil relate to genotype III. The genomic changes along Domain III of the protein E were observed, which could affect the pathogenicity, but were not consistent between samples of DCC and DHF. Samples of patients with dengue fever had mutations related to viral attenuation. More investigation is necessary to evidence of genomic changes found in relationship with clinical forms.
FATORES DE RISCO E EPIDEMIOLOGIA MOLECULAR DE Streptococcus pneumoniae NÃO SUSCETÍVEIS À PENICILINA ISOLADOS DE NASOFARINGE DE CRIANÇAS QUE FREQUENTAM CRECHES EM GOIÂNIA-GO, BRASIL
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-17) FRANCO, Cáritas Marquez; ANDRADE, Ana Lúcia Sampaio Sgambatti de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7770363683068899
Objectives: (i) to identify risk factors for S. pneumoniae penicillin nonsusceptible isolates (PNSp) in children attending day-care centers (DCCs) in Goiânia, Brazil and to assess the genetic patterns of pneumococcal isolates; (ii) to estimate the coverage for carriage serotypes for the 7-valente (PCV7) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and for the investigational 10 (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines; (iii) to assess the genetic relatedeness between isolates expressing capsular type 14 and those non(sero)- typeable isolates (NTPn); (iv) to investigate if carriage isolates match genetically to any international pneumococcal clone (PMEN network). Methods: A cross-sectional survey of carriage PNSp was conducted among 1.192 children, 2 months to 5 years of age, attending 62 DCCs in Central Brazil. Capsular typing was performed in PNSp isolates (CLSI, 2007) and in a sample of isolates susceptible to penicillin (PSSp) matched to PNSp and DCCs whenever possible. Serotyping was performed by Quellung reactions and confirmed by multibead assay. NTPn isolates and serotype 14 were tested by PCR for capsule genes. Odds ratio for PNSp carriage and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were assessed by logistic regression. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied to assess the genetic similarity between PNSp serotype 14 and NTPn isolates. PCR was performed for the presence of pneumococcal capsule gene locus. For comparison purpose we also evaluated the genetic profile of PNSp serotype 14 invasive strains derived from the current pneumococcal invasive disease surveillance for the same pediatric population. Isolates were epidemiologically related if they shared ≥80% similarity on the dendrogram (Dice coefficient). A cluster was defined as three or more related isolates. Results: A total of 686 pneumococci were isolated for a colonization rate of 57.6% and 178 (25.8%) were PNSp. Among the PNSp isolates the usual common types were found: 14 (53%), 23F (10.2%), 6B (6%), 19F (4.8%) and 19A (4.2%). PSSp isolates displayed 30 different serotypes although serotype 14 was the most common. Overall a high prevalence of NTPn (11.1%) was observed with 62.9% PNSp. Serotypes coverage xvi for the PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 vaccines were 55.2%, 55.9% and 65.1%, respectively. Being less than 24 months of age (OR=1.79; p=0.006), hospitalization in the previous three months (OR=2.19; p=0.025), and recurrent acute otitis media (OR=2.89; p=0.013) were independently associated with PNSp in a multivariate model. Among the 123 PNSp submitted to PFGE (106/carriage and 17/ invasive isolates) a major group of 34 serotype 14 strains (8 invasive and 26 carriage) was identified and found to be genetically related to the global pneumococcal clone Spain 9V-3 (82.7% similarity). All NTPn presented capsule gene locus and 10 (45.4%) of them presented capsule gene locus to type 14. Conclusions: (i) DCC attendees with history of recurrent AOM could significantly contribute to the spread of nasopharyngeal PNSp strains into the community; (ii) epidemiologic and molecular evidences support the findings that pneumococcal nonypeable carriage isolates are genetically similar to carriage and invasive isolates expressing capsular type 14; (iii) carriage and invasive isolates circulating in Goiânia belong to a serotype 14 variant of the Spain 9V -3 clone and play a critical role in the spread of PNSp strains to the entire pediatric community of Goiânia
ANÁLISE ESPACIAL DA INFECÇÃO PELO VÍRUS DO DENGUE NO MUNICÍPIO DE GOIÂNIA.
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-06-02) MACIEL, Ivan José; MARTELLI, Celina Maria Turchi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5867052489026059
Dengue is nowadays considered a growing public health problem worldwide. Several outbreaks of dengue have occurred in Brazil in the last two decades, and the country is now considered an endemic area where risk areas for sylvatic yellow fever also coexist. The current manuscript reviews the main epidemiological features of dengue in the world focusing in the peculiarities of the infection/disease progression in Brazil and, specifically, in Central-West Brazil. Some issues related to the challenge of control in the Central-West region and the opportunities for research are also discussed. In Brazil, the re-introduction of the vector (Aedes aegypti) dates 1976-77. The city of Rio de Janeiro (Southeast Brazil) was considered the starting point of viral dispersion to coastal and inland areas, since the first epidemic (DENV-1) in 1986. Brazil reports approximately 70% of the dengue cases in the Americas with the co-circulation of 3 dengue subtypes (DENV-1; DENV-2 and DENV-3). The disease affects mainly the adult population and the surveillance system has detected an increasing trend to hospitalization, disease severity and incidence in children and adolescents. Approximately 500,000 of dengue cases and 158 deaths were reported in 2007 compared to approximately 300,000 and 77 deaths in the previous year in Brazil. The first epidemic in Goiás State (Central-West Brazil) was reported in 1994. Nowadays the three serotypes co-circulate with high incidence rates and a large outbreak was reported in the city of Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul State) (45,843 registered cases). The recent increase in cases related to sylvatic yellow fever, mainly in Goiás State, represents a public health warning related to vector surveillance and control.
Pneumonia e pobreza, uma abordagem espacial: Dois anos de vigilância populacional do estudo LEAP-Brazil
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-12-06) MELO, Lícia Kamila Assis; ANDRADE, Ana Lúcia Sampaio Sgambatti de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7770363683068899
Infecção nosocomial da corrente sanguínea por Staphy- lococcus aureus: avaliação do tempo de permanência, mor- talidade atribuída e custos diretos extras
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-03-31) PRIMO, Mariusa Gomes Borges; TURCHI, Marília Dalva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3769826743537934
Objective: To determine the excess length of stay extra costs and mortality attributable to nosocomial S aureus bloodstream infection at a teaching hospital in Goiânia-Goiás Methods: Pairwise-matched (1:1) case-control study All patients older than 13 years admitted at the University Hospital of UFG between 2000 and 2001 were eligible Cases were defined as patients with a nosocomial S aureus bacteremia and controls were patients without bacteremia matched by gender age (+7 years) primary diagnosis and underlying diseases using the International Classification of Disease codes (CID-10) yielding 84 matched case-control pairs Data were collected from medical records and from the Brazilian National Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS) Descriptive and analytic statistics were performed. Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to compare length of stay and costs between the cases and controls Mortality among cases and controls was compared using McNemar s test (EpiInfo 6.0 and SPSS/PC 13.0) The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee. Results: Cases and controls were similar regarding age and gender with a slight male predominance McCabe severity of illness scores revealed that approximately 40.0% of all patients had fatal or rapidly fatal illness without difference among cases and controls The mean length of total hospital stay for cases was 48.3 days versus a mean for controls of 16.2 days (p< .01) yielding an excess of hospital stay of 32.1 days Forty-eight of the 84 cases died representing a crude mortality rate of 57.1% For controls the crude mortality rate was 11.9% The attributable mortality rate was estimated to be 45.2% Cases had a 7.3 fold higher risk for death than controls (OR= 7.3; IC95% 3.1-21.1) Overall costs of hospitalization (SIS/SUS) reached R$ 290.434 for cases versus R$ 94.982 for controls (p< .01) Antimicrobial therapy cost was 6.7 fold higher for cases compared to controls Conclusion: Nosocomial bloodstream infection caused by S aureus was associated with significant increases in length of hospitalization attributable mortality and economic burden at a teaching hospital Measures to minimize the risk of nosocomial bloodstream infection are essential
Perfil clínico-epidemiológico da dengue em menores de 15 anos de idade, no município de Goiânia Goiás.
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-02-29) ROCHA, Benigno Alberto Moraes; TURCHI, Marília Dalva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3769826743537934
In Brazil, dengue is present in almost all states and territories, with a circulation of three different serotypes (DEN 1, DEN 2 and DEN 3), resulting in about 500 000 cases reported in 2007 (PAHO 2008; MS / SVS 2008a). This dissertation consists of a literature review, with emphasis on the epidemiology of dengue in Brazil and two articles that are designed to analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of this condition, focusing on children under 15 years old, in Goiânia. The first article provides a profile analysis 59. 157 reported cases of dengue (SINAN), in Goiania, from 2001 to 2006. It also presents a reliability evaluation of the clinical classification of dengue, as recorded in the SINAN, compared with a revised classification proposed by the authors. There was an increase of dengue fever with complications or Dengue hemorrhagic fever in all age groups (p <0.05), children showed more hemorrhagic manifestations, however, no difference in the proportion of severe cases among adults and children. The results showed a low capacity of the surveillance system for classifying cases potentially serious in children under 15 years old (Kappa = 0.22; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.24). The second article examines 162 children under 15 years with acute febrile illness suggestive of dengue fever, attended from 2005 to 2006. We collected blood samples for detection of IgM anti-dengue (MAC-ELISA), molecular biology test (RT-PCR) and virus isolation. Half the cases were laboratory confirmed by serology and 84 and five by RT-PCR and / or virus isolation and identification of DEN 3 in all. Myalgia, arthralgia, rash, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were more frequent among confirmed cases (p <0.05). PPV and NPV for suspected dengue cases, by clinical criteria, were respectively 54.8% and 40.0%. Recommended clinical criteria for diagnosis of dengue were reluctant for this specific age group, even in a region of high endemicity.
Estudo epidemiológico e molecular de portador nasal de Staphylococcus aureus e de Staphylococcus aureus meticilinaresistente em Pronto Atendimento Pediátrico e em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de Goiânia
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-07-05) VIEIRA, Maria Aparecida da Silva; ANDRADE, Ana Lúcia Sampaio Sgambatti de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7770363683068899
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is known to be a risk for subsequent infection. The MRSA carriers are an emergent and hidden reservoir in community and in the health-care environment. The aim of this investigation were to assess the prevalence and risk factors for MRSA nasal carriage in children attending emergency departments (ED) and Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU), and to describe the molecular features of such isolates. Methods: Nasal swabs were obtained from children less than 60 months of age attending ED, and from newborns of the four NICUs of Goiânia city, central Brazil, in 2007 and 2008. The definition of MRSA followed the CLSI criteria. Exposure variables to S. aureus and MRSA carriers were gathered through in-person interviews with mothers and hospital records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for S. aureus and MRSA carriage. Molecular typing was evaluated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Results: A total of 2,735 children were enrolled. At the ED (n=2.034), the prevalence respectively of nasal carriages for S. aureus and MRSA were 20% (n=408) and 0.2% (n=4). Among NICUs (total of infants = 701), the prevalence of nasal carriage ranged from 0.03% to 15.7% for S. aureus and, from 0.0% to 2.0% for MRSA. At the ED, MRSA carriage was independently associated with child-care attendance in the previous 6 months (OR=10.6; p=0.045) and congenital malformation (OR=26.8; p=0.002). All nasal carriers at NICUs were from private hospitals. Only length of hospitalization was associated with MRSA nasal carriage at NICUs (p=0.023). Among four MRSA nasal carrier at ED, one harbored SCCmec type III, and three SCCmec type IV. Among four children from at the NICUs two infants harbored SCCmec type III, and two SCCmec type IV. All MRSASCCmec type III were multidrug-resistants. Strains related to Pediatric/USA800 and Brazilian MRSA clones were detected in both, ED and NICUs. One MRSA cluster related to Western Australia/USA400 was detected in ED. Conclusions: Children visiting ED, especially those reporting day-care attendance, and neonates from NICUs may play a role in spreading MRSA in healthcare settings. The study suggests cross transmission of MRSA type III and type IV between ED and hospital environments.

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