Doutorado em Química (IQ)
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Item Atividades de experimentação investigativas lúdicas no ensino de química:(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-12-11) OLIVEIRA, Noé de; SOARES, Marlón Herbert Flora Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9698540158266610This Thesis presents a brief historic of experimentation, its application in secondary schools and the justification for the alternative material utilised during the activities of experimentation. Some playful conceptual aspects, its presentation and its application at school are also described with the aim of observing the existence of the relations between the playful and the activities of experimentation. Referring to the method, we have opted for the method study of multiple cases, aiming to conduct a comparison amongst several students and schools that utilise different experiments in an attempt to relate the similarities to the context of the research focus. The development in the application of the activities of experimentation is described in different groups from three secondary schools, two being in the city of Dourados-MS and one in the city of Goiânia- GO. This paper also presents an analysis of several articles related to experiments published by magazines such as Química Nova (New Chemistry) and Química Nova na Escola (New Chemistry at School), taking into consideration the following criteria: the availability of activities of experimentation for the teaching of chemistry, types of experimentation, laboratory material and reagents utilised, adequacy to the classroom, type of questionnaire, relationship with daily life, and the possibility of the presence of the playful if performed by the student. The Atividade de Experimentação Investigativa Lúdica AEIL (Activity of Investigative Playful Experimentation) is being proposed as another subsidy for the practice of experimental activities, with the possibility of being performed in the classroomItem Os projetos pedagógicos de cursos de licenciatura em química no estado de Goiás: do conhecer ao construir(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-09) Mesquita, Nyuara Araújo da Silva; Soares, Márlon Hebert Flora Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9698540158266610; Soares, Márlon Herbert Flora Barbosa; Mello, Irene Cristina de; Silveira, Helder Eterno da; Echeverria, Agustina Rosa; Benite, Ana Maria CanavarroWith the development of this research we seek to investigate how the relationships and interactions between the constituent elements of the pedagogical courses projects (PPC) of Chemistry teacher training Courses in the Goiás state, Brazil. We used as a research method a discursive textual analysis aimed at fragmenting documents examined in units of analysis, relations between unit the categorization process and build a new text that presents the new understandings of the phenomenon studied. We question whether, in the documents, the relationships and interactions stabilished enable or provide a training thatvincludes the current guidelines for teacher training. Identified positive conceptions about the vision of science, lack of clarity regarding the professional profile to be formed and found the identity crisis of the university when you try to justify theire actions relating to the needs of the labor market. We analyze the contradictions in relation to issues of interdisciplinarity, training by research and through use of information technology and communication. We studied in detail the PPC in Chemistry teacher training Courses, we re-designed our views and we give as a subject/researcher/teacher in a process of continuing education teacher's own trainer. This change enabled us to participate in the drafiting of a new PPC seekinh help to produce a document that had minimized the contradictions received by us on other PPC. We therefore propose that the conscious participation in the construction and preparation of the PPC requires the understanding of the intentions of which are governed these documents constituded as drivers of the paths chosen for the implementation of the pedagogical and identity of a stroke.Item Desenvolvimento de método químico analítico forense para análise de merla por Análise Térmica e Cromatografia Gasosa de Alta Resolução(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-18) MEDEIROS, Rodrigo Irani; LELES, Maria Inês Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1614912440064013An analytical chemical method for the forensic analysis of an illicit drug merla, whose the main constituent is the cocaine was development. Thermogravimetric analysis admitted to understand the thermal behavior of samples and quantifying the stages of mass loss, which together with the quantification endothermic event in DSC, the results were essential for the generation of analytical answers used to construct the data matrix of the statistical analysis. An efficient process for the precipitation of inorganic substances was established, which simultaneously allowed the extraction of two liquid fractions, organic and aqueous, being determinate a partition coefficient of 96,22 % for cocaine, using ethyl acetate as solvent, which showed lower elution time (0.58 min.) among the solvents evaluated. A method by Fast GC for cocaine analysis was developed, reducing the analysis time of 14.5 to 4.5 min was developed, which allowed analyze merla sample and the normalization of the chromatographic peaks of cocaine, demonstrated the great variation of its concentration in merla. Noticed of the potential of the method involving the thermo-analytical and chromatographys techniques to generate experimental results obtained statistically enabled a classification and grouping of samples by Euclidean Distance by the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), estimated whether seized samples with different users were manipulated in the same laboratory and if determined city has separate laboratories for illegal preparatiom of drug narcotic.Item Estudo de feijões transgênicos e convencionais através da RMN HR-MAS(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-04-15) Choze, Rafael; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião, Luciano Morais; Barison, Andersson; Farias, Josias Correa de; Kato, Lucília; Lacerda Júnior, ValdemarIn this work, a new methodology which allows differentiating conventional and transgenic common beans, grown in greenhouse or under field conditions, based on modifications in chemical composition using 1H HRMAS NMR and infrared is proposed. Through NMR it was possible to identify differences in chemical composition between the beans, according to transgenic or conventional source, especially in aromatic hydrogen region. The 1H, gHSQC and gHMBC experiments conducted to the flavonoids quercetin and myricetin structures, present in higher contents in genetically modified cultivars. Moreover, through 1H HR-MAS NMR was also possible to identify, in mixture, the aminoacids threonine, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, and the oligosaccharides stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose. The NMR spectra of Pérola 5.1 and BRS Pontal 5.1, to which the transgene was received from Olathe 5.1, using crosses and backcrosses, showed the same signal pattern observed in Olathe 5.1 bean. This study also demonstrated that the influence of typical variables from field planting conditions had no significant influence on the ability of separation between cultivars transgenic and conventional. This methodology was corroborated by multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR spectra. On the other hand, the infrared studies showed less conclusive results. The study of the influence of exposure to air indicated a decrease in the flavonoid myricetin content. For quercetin no change was observed. This study also points out the simplicity of using the HR-MAS NMR technique for food analyses. The measurement is highly simplified because it does not require any pretreatment of the sample apart from the addition of a small amount of D2O necessary to produce homogeneous dough and a field frequency lock. Moreover, due to the high concentration of the sample, measurement time in HR-MAS NMR is very short.Item Do compromisso à responsabilidade lúdica: ludismo no ensino de Química na formação básica e profissionalizante(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-06-14) FELÍCIO, Cínthia Maria; SOARES, Marlón Herbert Flora Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9698540158266610This work can appears like a proposal for reflections in education by chemistry in basic training, the use of playful activities as teaching resource and student engagement in the chemistry study. It can to promote a development of the play culture in the school and from school. The teacher can propose partnership and involvement of students to develop of autonomy and self-knowledge through participation in education self process. It can be a good alternative to students and teachers, when they intentionally work together to build norms and rules that should govern their actions in playgames, or games that the students participate together for a invention of theirs freedom (legaliberté) of action in the classroom through the rules of law that guarantees and serve the educational process. The teacher provides fundamental knowledge relevant to the playfulness and search experience with theirs students and build a pact of playfulness. The playfulness lived in the classroom and in activities of daily life, we believe that this can server to produce of a playgames culture, which considers the playful freedom and this legality, as a means of working the autonomy, the moral and intellectual development of students through education in chemistry. The intensification of dialogical processes and increasing intersubjectivity are seen as a stimulus to the study and understanding of the phenomena being studied. Those processes are seen as a stimulus to the study and to understand the phenomena that we are studying. Chemistry students in the basic training or professional education were challenged to participate and be involved with enthusiasm, they can do more efforts to know the concepts and answer the correctly theirs questions that the teacher or a opposite team to win the play, so they study more and do their better. So the study seem more funny pleasure study and seeks to answer the questions presented in an interdisciplinary way. Leisure activity, in which case the picnic chemical, appears as a novelty in the classroom, a way for students to share their world with peers and teachers and learn more about the chemical composition of foods preferred by them. In response to our initial question, answered by students with suggestions and ideas, seems that they know how to enjoy learning. The teacher consideration of theirs will serve as a catalyst for change and improvement in the classroom participation and sharing of information more meaningful. It could transcend the school and may be evidence for a paradigm change in the educational development of chemical concepts at college. The use of computational resource it is a strategic so good to do sense at chemistry concepts. To work with attention on language and make the students to play with perception, about the different senses of words and learn more. The educator can make questions and to encourage the students that they can participate in drawing up rules and commitment to the good performance activities of their learning process. This is essential to increase the ludic culture and environmental awareness. To learn and understand the meaning of scientific language with gain of meaning in a play activity, we have proposed interdisciplinary partnerships, information technology resources and ludism. An education based in ludic principle can help to improve education in chemistry for the development of professional autonomy and citizenship.Item Formação do professor e docência em Química em rede social: estudos sobre inclusão escolar e o pensar comunicativo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-12-05) BENITE, Claudio Roberto Machado; BENITE, Anna Maria Canavarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8433607360245647This study investigated the use of collaborative social network as a training environment for critical reflection. The research intends to contribute to the understanding of the use of research networks as spaces to provide critical reflection, the understanding of the use of research networks as spaces to develop interventions in educational action and the study of training teachers of science/chemistry focusing school inclusion. The theoretical foundation of the study is centered on the Theory of Communicative Action by Habermas, suitable for analyzing the movement of action and on Vigotski the reference needed to reflect the production of speech. Participated in this study the components of the Rede Goiana Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Educação Especial/Inclusiva RPEI , five trainer teachers, eight graduate students, thirteen undergraduate students and twelve teachers of basic education, besides students of the licentiate course in chemistry from four higher education institutions, all from Goiás State. Reflecting about the relationship between research and teaching activities, this research was configured as an action-research, divided into three spiral cycles: the first featured by discussions on face-to-face environment in RPEI, involving theoretical and practical conceptions about the training of teachers for inclusion; the second, by the identification of conceptions of trainer teachers of chemistry from a higher education institution about school inclusion and teaching activities in this perspective; finally the third spiral cycle represented the plan of action through discussion forums in virtual environment, contribution to the formation of chemistry teachers on inclusion. Analyzing the dialogical activities on Moodle platform, our results pointed out that the activities like this allow us understanding how the language that express the verbal thought is employed by those involved in a dialogue. Also it has permitted to identify the processes that the participants use to appropriate social languages relative to pedagogical actions to chemistry teaching, in an inclusion perspective when mediated by experienced teachers, aiming the mutual understanding among those involved.Item Desenvolvimento do Software PlanEx de planejamento de experimentos online e sua aplicação didática na pós-Graduação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-02) BÔSSO, Antônio Rafael de Souza Alves; SOARES, Marlón Herbert Flora Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9698540158266610; OLIVEIRA, Anselmo Elcana de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0369339073291948This work describes the design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) via factorial designs programmed in PlanEx, a new web/online software implemented using the Java language. The goal was to develop and validate PlanEx as a simple, efficient, and an interactive tool for undergraduate teaching and research. PlanEx was also designed as a free software, and the Java language was chosen since it is a community-developed open source software. PlanEx provides both full factorial design of experiments (2k) and fractional (2k-1), with up to six variables, and with, or without, replicates. PlanEx was also developed to perform variable screening through replicates, and normal probability plots and also to evaluate the model bias by the residual graphs. PlanEx is based on RSM with up to four variables at three levels, and central points with, or without, replicates. Through RSM the user can check linear or quadratic models to predict experimental responses through 3D surface plots, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). PlanEx was also evaluated in the second term of 2009, 2010, and 2011 in graduate courses of planning and design of experiments. The results have shown that PlanEx is fast, and interactive, and it is a simple design of experiment tool for both teaching and research.Item Variabilidade química dos óleos essenciais e do teor de fenóis em folhas e frutos da jabuticabeira (Myrciaria cauliflora)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-06-29) DUARTE, Alessandra Rodrigues; FERRI, Pedro Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2129799749473005Foliar contents of total phenols and tannins and the essential oil composition of Myrciaria cauliflora populations cultivated in six sampling sites have shown the presence of four clusters related to soil types and foliar nutrients. Cluster I included samples which originated from sandy soil (S1) with the highest and lowest percentages of γ-eudesmol (11.55%) and germacrene D (20.48%), respectively, as well as high total phenol (136.68 mg/g) and tannin (60.72 mg/g) contents. Cluster II, rich in elemol (4.61%), included all the samples cultivated from clay sand loam soils (S2, S3, and S6), whereas clay soils S4 (cluster III) and S5 (cluster IV) had the highest amounts of germacrene D (III: 27.20%; IV: 26.83%) and the lowest levels of elemol (2.12%; 2.55%), total phenols (79.69 and 111.77 mg/g), and tannins (34.04 and 44.51 mg/g). Canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed the relationship between chemical balances in the soil and leaf nutrients in different clusters. Chemovariations may be environmentally determined. Additionally, essential oil chemical composition and phenolics (total phenols, tannins, anthocyanins), reducing sugar and fruit acidity contents of Myrciaria cauliflora were obtained from same cultivated populations. RDA and discriminant analyses revealed four clusters of samples based on contents of α-copaene, tannins, reducing sugar and fruit acidity as predictor variables. The total variation partition performed by partial RDAs showed a strong influence of edaphic factors on phenolics, reducing sugar and fruit acidity data set. However, the polymorphism of essential oils may be genetically determined. Spatial influence on chemovariations was significant for all constituents, but less pronounced for essential oil data.Item Planejamento, síntese e avaliação farmacológica de novos protótipos de fármacos vasorelaxantes(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-08-24) Pazini, Francine; Menegatti, Ricardo; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Barreiro, Eliezer de Jesus; Pinto, Angelo da Cunha; Ghedini, Paulo César; Oliveira, Cecília Maria Alves de; Queiroz Junior, Luiz Henrique KengCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, so the search for cardiotonic drugs more effective, safer and with lower side effects compared to currently available therapy, is of fundamental importance. Thus, we used in our design the phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors, milrinone (13) and cilostazol (4), which show positive inotropic activity, relaxation effect and vasodilators. The new heterocyclic compounds (20a-20o) were originally designed by applying molecular hybridization strategy from these lead-compounds. The synthetic route to obtain the compounds 20a-20o resulted in overall yields ranging from 16.2 and 73.4%. During the synthesis, we used the Duff reaction conditions to formylation of N-phenylpyrazoles (1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole) (9a-o), which was an alternative synthetic methodology to classic Vilsmeier-Haack conditions. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by infrared and NMR spectroscopy combining the 1H, 13C, HSQC and HMBC correlation spectra. The compounds 20c, 20d, 20e, 20f and 20g, were evaluated for their relaxation profile of vascular smooth muscle. From this preliminary test, the 20d compound was selected to be further evaluated in pharmacological models, as provided better relaxation among this series of compounds in order to investigate the action mechanism. In these assays, 20d compound showed a relaxing activity in isolated arteries, potentiate by the presence of endothelium, with the participation of routes GCs/GMPc and AC/AMPc and where the flows of K+ and Ca2+through the membrane and the uptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum are important. Given the promising pharmacological profile of 20d compound, it was subjected to safety testing in preclinical in vitro model of the neutral red incorporation by cultures of 3T3 cells and acute oral toxicity tests. According to the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423, the 20d compound was classified in 4 class, which shows that the compound was tolerated at a dose of 2000mg/kg orally. At the end of this work, we conclude that the design strategy employed has been validated, as the 20d compound showed a similar pharmacological profile to lead-compounds milrinone (13) and cilostazol (4). The pharmacological evaluation of all synthesized compounds in this work, will serve as a guide to establish the structure activity relationship of the series, and in turn, lead future changes on the chemical structures of the compounds for the activity cardiotonic optimization.Item Estudo de metarhizium anisopliae (metsch) sorok: toxicidade a compostos extraídos de tibraca limbativentris stal (heteroptera: pentatomidae), efeitos de agroquímicos utilizados na cultura do arroz e aumento da patogenicidade a T. limbativentris com doses subletais de inseticidas químicos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-09-28) Silva , Rodrigo Alves da; Lião , Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião, Luciano Morais; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Fernandes, João Batista; Barrigossi, José Alexandre; Laumann, Raúl AlbertoThis study was divided in chapters that include various aspects of the interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae with rice stink bug T. limbativentris as follows: Chapter 1 (Theoretical considerations) describes an introduction about the elements involved in this study as: the importance of rice crops for Brazil, as well as socio-economic and planted areas with this crop. It also covers information about life cycle and ecology of the rice stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris stal (1869) along with its importance as a pest. Chemical and biological control measures are discussed as well. Regarding the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, general aspects of taxonomy, morphology, infection process of this fungus to their hosts and virulence factors were also addressed. To sum up, chemical ecology was explored addressing intraspecific and interspecific interactions among insect family pentatomidae with emphasis on studies of chemical compounds of defense in order to understand the natural resistance of this group of insects to entomopathogenic fungi. Chapter 2 (Toxicity of compounds extracted from the cuticle and the stink methatoracic gland (MTG) of T. limbativentris to the fungus M. anisopliae) describes the susceptibility of different life stages of T. limbativentris to M. anisopliae and correlates these results with the fungicidal activity of aldehydes (E)-2-octenal and (E)-2-dedecenal extracted from metathoracic scent glands (MTG) of adults as well as the (E)-2-hexenal, extracted from dorsal abdominal scent glands (DAG) of nymphal stages (second to fifth instar), by collecting exuviae. All compounds extracted were characterized by GC-MS and their fungistatic potential determined measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these compounds, which expresses the ability of these compounds to inhibit the conidial germination of this fungus entirely. The aldehyde (E)-2-decenal was the most harmful to M. anisopliae germination, with MIC of 0.003% (30 ppm) compared to the (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal, which in turn showed MIC of 0.012 and 0.025%, respectively. Chapter 3 (Effect of pesticides used in conventional rice cultivation with the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae.) Describes the assessment of the compatibility of M. anisopliae to eight insecticides, five herbicides and four fungicides registered for rice cultivation. In this study we evaluated the germination (GER), vegetative growth (VG) and sporulation (ESP) of the fungus after three hours in the mixture, stirring with agrochemicals. The parameters evaluated were the fungus equated using the following formula: BI = [(VG * 47) + (ESP * 43) + (10 * GER)] / 100, in which through the biological index value (BI) was possible to determine the compatibility level of agrochemicals to the fungus. Among the tested pesticides, insecticides Bravic™, Actara™, Karate Zeon™; herbicide Roundup™, Basagran™, Kifix™ and fungicide Priori ™ were the only products compatible with M. anisopliae. Chapter 4 (enhanced pathogenicity toT. limbativentris with sublethal doses of chemical insecticides.) describes the interaction of M. anisopliae combined with sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam against adults of T. limbativentris. This combination as hypothesis has to overcome the natural chemical resistance of T. limbativentris to M. anisopliae. The results showed that T. limbativentris was more susceptible to M. anisopliae (strain CG-168) associated with sublethal doses of thiamethoxam (Actara™) or lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate Zeon™) than the fungus alone. In addition, the optimum concentration was observed for the fungus at 5x107 conidia combined with concentrations of the insecticide thiamethoxam. The fungus in xxi this concentration mixed with thiamethoxam at 3.1 ppm caused 80% adult mortality, whereas the mortality rates in treatments with the fungus and 3.1 ppm thiamethoxam both applied alone were 38 and 35% respectively. Sublethal doses of Actara™ (3.1 ppm) and Karate Zeon™ (186 ppm) was estimated by Probit equation. For the purpose of using a commercial strain of M. anisopliae, the virulence of strain CG-168, used in all previous tests, was compared to strain 1037-ESALQ, registered commercially. According to the results both strains had similar virulence to adult T. limbativentris. commercially registered in Brazil market. According to the results, adults of T. Limbativentris were similarly susceptible to both strains of M. anisopliae. In the field experiment, five treatments were prepared: Fungus + Actara™ sublethal dose (50g ha), Fungus, Actara™ sublethal dose (50g./ha) Actara™ full dose (200g./ha) and control; which were applied on rice plants infested with insects inside nylon cages under field conditions. After seven and 14 days of application, 20 insects were collected from each cage and evaluated in the laboratory. According to the results, the evaluation of the first collection, mixture of M. anisopliae with 50g/ha Actara™ caused 54% mortality compared with 40, 32, 26 and 18% respectively for the full dose of Actara™ (200g/ha), fungus alone, Actara™ sublethal dose (50g/ha) and control. In the second collection, fungus + Actara™ highlightedin relation to the others, causing a 50% mortality, while treatment with the fungus alone the mortality was16% and the others treatment was 0% As a result, we found a synergism effect between fungus and sublethal dose of the insecticide. In summary, our results highlight the potential of sublethal concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxan in increasing the susceptibility of adults of T. Limbativentris to the fungus M. anisopliae. In fact, this strategy consists in a control method effective and feasible to combat this stink rice bug in the field from a viewpoint of an integrated pest management and sustainability.Item Contribuição ao estudo de espécies da família Rubiaceae: gênero amaioua(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-07) Oliveira, Pollyanna Laurindo; Oliveira, Cecília Maria Alves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3152041311943092; Oliveira, Cecília Maria Alves de; Garcez, Walmir Silva; Foglio, Mary Ann; Lião, Luciano Morais; Sabino, José RicardoThe Amaioua genus (Rubiaceae) is included in the subfamily Ixoroideae. The genus comprises 10 species, ranging from Panama to Peru, Venezuela and Brazil, and four of these species are found in Cerrado (DELPRET et al., 2004b). There are no records in the literature on the popular use of the Amaioua genus. Amaioua guianensis Aulb is a shrub up to 3 m or a 10-20 m tree, popularly known as marmelada-brava ou marmelinho-vermelho. Phytochemical studies of leaves and twigs of this species led to the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, such as coumarins, a cyclopeptide alkaloid, pentacyclic triterpenes, proanthocyanidins and chlorogenic acids (OLIVEIRA,2009). Amaioua intermedia Mart, popularly known as carvoeiro, pau-carvão, cinzeiro, canela-de-veado, guapeva-forte or marmelada-brava, presents itself as shrubs up to 3 m or 15 m trees. Until the moment there are no records in the literature about a phytochemical study of A. intermedia,. As part of our phytochemical research for new compounds from higher plants, we studied the ethanolic extracts of A. guianensis and A. intermedia, and evaluated the antioxidant activity of such extracts and fractions obtained from them. Herein we describe the isolation and structural elucidation of a new kaurane diterpene (compound 8), a new cyclopeptide alkaloid (compound 19), two new secologanin iridoid (compounds 24 and 25, and seventeen known compounds: a cyclopeptide alkaloid (compound 7), five iridoids (compounds 1, 13, 14, 15 and 16), a ent-kaurane diterpene (compound 22), two dimeric proanthocyanidins (compounds 11 and 12), three pentacyclic triterpenes (compounds 9, 20 and 21), a sugar (compound 10) and four steroids (compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6). The antioxidant activity analysis of the raw extracts obtained from fruits, roots, leaves and twigs of A. guianensis, as well as the raw extracts from the leaves and twigs of A. Intermedia, showed that they reacted to the DPPH radical, leading to a loss of 50% in its absorbance, on the following concentrations of 71.87, 7.55, 5.30, 7.48, 46.83 and 57.42 mg/mL.Item Saberes profissionais para o exercício da docência em química voltado à educação inclusiva(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-18) Field's, Karla Amâncio Pinto; Benite, Anna Maria Canavarro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8433607360245647; Benite, Anna Maria Canavarro; Silva, Rejane Maria Ghisolfi da; Silveira, Helder Eterno da; Guimarães, Simone Sendin M.; Echeverría, Agustina RosaThis study investigated the construction and mobilization of teaching knowledge to train chemistry teachers for school inclusion. The research was especially guided by aspects intrinsic to qualitative approach. We chose an action-research, given the purpose of providing to those involved the conditions to think, reflect and discuss the nature and complexity of real problems we are experiencing. This research was developed in two spiral cycles of action-research. The first cycle included the planning and development of the free core subject entitled Foundations of Inclusive Education (FIE) in 2010, and the second cycle was the development of supervised training at the Brazilian Center for Support and Rehabilitation of the Visually Impaired (CEBRAV) in 2011. The participants were students of the subject FEI, trainees of the Education Degree in Chemistry who have developed their internships at CEBRAV and visually impaired students of CEBRAV. The instruments for data collection were, for the 1st cycle, the collective diaries and in the 2nd cycle, we use the collective diaries and transcripts of audio and video recordings of pedagogical interventions (PI) performed in CEBRAV. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis technique (CA) and through the transcripts of PI. The narratives produced in collective diaries indicated that students of the subject FEI have appropriated the discussions promoted in groups, through reflection by confrontation with that provided by law for the reality of public schools in the state of Goiás. The initial training should encourage and enable future teachers to take part of researches in the area of inclusive education, which seek to understand the circumstances and dilemmas of the school context, so that they can appropriate experiential and professional knowledge, which are related with community, dialogue and partnership in building a school for everyone.Item Influência ambiental, especial e genética na composição química dos óleos essenciais de Eugenia dysenterica DC (Myrtaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-28) Vilela, Eliane da Costa; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2129799749473005; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Alves, Sueli Martins de Freitas; Costa, Maísa Borges; Kato, Lucília; Seraphin, José CarlosThe chemical composition of essential oils was used to study the spatial structure of eight E. dysenterica populations in central Brazilian Cerrado. Variation partitioning using spatial and environmental data sets as predictors was highly significant and explained 8.2% and 11.1% of oil chemovariations, respectively. The data suggested wich essential oil polymorphism was genetically rather than environmentally determined. Furthermore, the intercept of the multivariate Mantel autocorrelogram between the distance matrices of oil constituents and sampling sites suggested that the populations differ chemically whenever geographical distance exceeds 120 km. The spatial chemometric methods using variograms and probability maps detected and characterized the spatial chemical structure among populations, as well as the environmental factors responsible for them. All these strategies indicated that the populations differ chemically whenever the geographical distance exceeds 120 km, an indicator of the minimal distance between samples required for conserving the genetic diversity of populations. Although being scarcely used with secondary metabolites, these methodologies may be used in a wide range of applications in species management and may lead to an effective integration of genetic, chemical and ecological perspectives.Item Nanoesferas magnéticas: estudo do sistema maghemita/sílica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-20) Caiado, Kely Lopes; Sartoratto, Patrícia Pommé Confessori; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9777959525393785; Sartoratto, Patrícia Pommé Confessori; Skeff Neto, Kalil; Mazali, Italo Odone; Coltro, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli; Lima, Emília Celma de OliveiraIn this work, we synthesized core/shell magnetic composite type consisting of maghemite nanoparticles covered with a coating layer of amino-functionalized silica. The experimental procedure was based on four steps: i) synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and subsequent oxidation to maghemite, ii) preparation of aqueous colloidal dispersions (ferrofluids), from maghemite nanoparticles with modal diameter of 8.4 nm or 7.2 nm functionalized with citrate ion, iii) preparation of silica magnetic nanospheres (NMS) by the modified Stöber method using different amounts of ferrofluids and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and iv) functionalization of silica nanospheres with amino groups using aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS). Sample characteristics of NMS were determined from the iron content measurements, from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and from vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and they were evaluated on the basis of the synthetic parameters employed, these being the content of magnetic material (nFe/nTEOS = 0.05, nFe/nTEOS = 0.01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0.002) and the type of used ferrofluid; a freshly prepared ferrofluid or an aged ferrofluid. The study of ferrofluids by static magnetic birefringence (SMB) showed that both had aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, although higher for the aged ferrofluid. Samples of NMS were heterogeneous, showing fractions with different amounts of magnetic material embedded. Samples obtained from the aged ferrofluid, especially those prepared from smaller ferrofluid volumes (nFe/nTEOS = 0.01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0.002), showed the presence of magnetic silica particles and "empty" silica particles, that is, free from magnetic nanoparticles. This fact was attributed to xxvii the greater degree of maghemite nanoparticles aggregation in aged ferrofluid and therefore to fewer available magnetic cores in the reaction environment for the deposition of silica by heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. The NMS particles sizes ranged from 140 to 700 nm, and most particles were larger than the expected average size (150 nm), according to the molar ratio of reagents used in the Stöber synthesis. The presence of silica particles with spherical morphology was also observed, as well as coalesced silica particles. These morphological characteristics were attributed to the size and to the arrangement of magnetic nanoparticles in the cores (compact or dispersed), which were present in the reaction mixtures. After coating with silica, nanoparticles of maghemite remained superparamagnetic at room temperature, although there was a reduction in the value of saturation magnetization. The saturation magnetization value of maghemite within the ferrofluids was 62.1 or 68.7 emug-1, whereas saturation magnetization values of maghemite within the NMS ranged between 9.5 and 37 emug-1. Nanostructured magnetic materials obtained in this work, especially the NMS prepared from the higher ratio Fe/TEOS, have greater potential of use as magnetic beads due to higher values of saturation magnetization and the possibility of being quickly attracted by the magnetic field of a permanent magnet.Item Avaliação da degradação do sistema isolante óleo-papel usando análise de imagens e técnicas espectroscópicas combinadas com métodos de calibração multivariada e resolução de curvas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-06-27) Godinho, Mariana da Silva; Sena, Marcelo Martins de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7050638697696950; Oliveira, Anselmo Elcana de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0369339073291948; Oliveira, Anselmo Elcana de; Ferreira, Márcia Miguel Castro; Ribeiro, Cacilda de Jesus; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Lião, Luciano MoraisThe lifetime of a power transformer is determined by the state of degradation of its insulation system. This system consists of Kraft paper immersed in insulating oil (IMO). In order to prevent an abrupt crash transformer its oxidation state should be monitored. This monitoring is performed using physico-chemical and chromatographic assays. The physico-chemical parameter of greatest importance is the interfacial tension (IT), which is a measure for assessing indirectly the oxidation state of the Kraft paper. The objective of this thesis to propose analytical methodologies to evaluate the oxidation process of the insulation system, both in naturally and accelerated degraded oil samples, using Image Analysis and spectroscopic techniques combined with methods of Multivariate Calibration (Partial Least Squares - PLS), Resolution Multivariate Curve and Data Fusion. Spectra of Moleculular Fluorescence (MF), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 1H (1H NMR), Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) and RGB images were obtained for a set of 268 oil samples provided by CELG Distribuição S.A. (CELG D). Subsequently, spectra in the Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) region, FM and RGB images were obtained for a set of 24 oil samples subjected to an accelerated degradation. PLS models were obtained in order to predict the IT and color parameters for the set of samples provided by CELG D. For the set of degraded samples PLS models were obtained for prediction of degradation time. PARAFAC and MCR-ALS models were obtained to evaluate the oxidation process of the insulating system and too identify the pure spectra of possible compounds formed during this process. Furthermore, low level data fusion combined with variable selection using the Variables Importance in the Projection (VIPs) was used in this study to obtain PLS models. The best PLS model for the set of samples provided by CELG D was obtained for the fused spectroscopic data using variable selection by VIPS. This model provided a mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.9 mN/m for IT and 0.3 for the color parameter (dimensionless units). PARAFAC and MCR-ALS models allowed to assess the process of system degradation. The proposed methodologies are fast and non-destructive, showing great advantages over traditional methods, which take a long time, and generate a lot of waste. This work opens perspectives for an online monitoring to assess the degradation of the insulating system besides having permitted a more detailed study on the compounds formed during the degradation process.Item Síntese e caracterização de materiais do sistema ternário SiO2-ZnO-TiO2 obtido por sol-gel/Pechini(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-09-24) Fógia, Michelly Patrícia Santana de Almeida; Maia, Lauro June de Queiroz; Nunes, Liliane Magalhães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6591210839894513; Nunes, Liliane Magalhães; Maia, Lauro June de Queiroz; Caires, Anderson Rodrigues Lima; Bernardez, Andréa Simone Stucchi de Camargo A.; Santana, Ricardo Costa deIn this work the structural and optical properties of SiO2-ZnO-TiO2 system doped with of Eu3+ (1% in mol) or Er3+ ions (0,2% to 2,0% in mol) were investigated. The compositions xSiO2-([100-x]/2)ZnO-([100-x]/2)TiO2 with x ranging from 40 to 80 were synthesized and studied. A mixed methodology using the traditional sol-gel process and Pechini method was employed to prepare stable and transparent sols, homogeneous gels, powders and transparent thin films without cracks. The prepared powders were heat treated from 100°C to 1100°C. The optical “band gap” values, the lifetime of Eu3+ 5D0 level, the R/O ratio of Eu3+ emissions and refractive index are dependent on the composition and thermal treatment of the powders. Multilayered thin films were deposited onto silica substrates using the “spin coating” technique. Afterwards, the as-prepared thin films were calcined at 500°C followed by annealings from 700°C to 1000°C. The X-ray diffraction of powders showed that the crystallization starts at 800°C with a mixture of zinc titanate phases (ZnTiO3, Zn2TiO4) and titanium rutile (TiO2). In compositions with low silica content (x = 40 or 50) the formation of zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) occurs at high temperatures. The optical properties were evaluated for both powders and thin films. Particularly, thin films exhibit transmittance above 80% in the visible region. The refractive index at 632.8 nm and thickness of thin films were estimated using the envelope method and m-Line spectrocopy. Furthermore, morphological analysis of the thin films surface was performed by scanning electron microscopy. The characteristic emission peaks of Er3+ or Eu3+ doped powders and thin films were measured. The photoluminescent emission of Eu3+ ions, obtained the highest intensities for the powders treated at 800°C, for films treated at 700°C, under excitation at 394 nm, where the system remains primarily amorphous. The photoluminescent emission of the Er3+ ions was more intense for the powders treated at 1100°C under excitation at 980 nm, mainly due to reduction of hydroxyl groups which act as photoluminescence quenchers. In the film the highest intensity occurred at a temperature of 700°C under excitation at 378 nm and showing only one guided mode. Thus, the obtained thin films can be suitable for application as waveguides in integrated optical systems. Moreover, the Eu and Er doped powders can be used as phosphors in displays.Item Influência espacial, edáfica e do teor de fenóis na diversidade da entomofauna foliar de Caryocar brasiliense(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-11-28) Costa, Deomar Plácido da; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2129799749473005; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Ferreira, Gislene Auxiliadora; Costa, Maísa Borges; Alves, Sueli Martins de Freitas; Souza, Paulo Sérgio deLeaf entomofauna variation in eleven Caryocar brasiliense populations from central Brazilian Cerrado was analyzed based on total phenolic contents, as well as edaphic and spatial parameters of the sampling sites. Insects of the order Coleoptera had low occurrence in leaves that showed high levels of total phenols and tannins. However, they were found in leaves of plants growing on soils with higher micronutrient contents. Insects of the orders developed galls on plants with high levels of total and hydrolysable tannins. Hemiptera showed a homogeneous distribution, whereas species of the orders Neuroptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera behaved as visiting insects, without establishing any relationship with C. brasiliense during field observations. Approximately 97% of the entomofauna variability was explained by edaphic, chemical, and spatial data sets as predictor variables, whose contributions were 64.5%, 22.7%, and 60.6% of the total variation, respectively. Most of the residual variance (2.9%) was attributed to the anthropization of sampling sites.Item Síntese e caracterização de polímeros biodegradáveis para liberação controlada de dexametasona(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-12-01) Coltro, Monise Cristina Ribeiro Casanova; Lima, Eliana Martins; Rabelo, Denilson; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4961539278604455; Rabelo, Denilson; Lima, Eliana Martins; Barbosa, Danns Pereira; Lião, Luciano Morais; Costa, Marcos Antônio da SilvaBioabsorbable and biodegradable polymers are extremely importante in medical applications such as sutures and controlled drug realease systems because they do not produce toxic products. In this sense, several researches prepare and characterize polylactic acid but do not apply it or vice-versa. The present work aimed to prepare and characterize polylactic acid and perform in vitro and in vivo tests in inflammaded knees of sheeps. In this work, the polymers PLLA and PDLLA were sinthesized by melt policondensation method. In order to reach a higher molecular weight of polymers, catalysts were used based on zinc and tin supported on sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) copolymers. The Sty-DVB copolymer was synthesized through suspension polymerization in the presence of inert diluents. The Sty-DVB copolymer was sulfonated with concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of dichloroethane. The original and sulfonated copolymer, as well, the supported catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physical adsorption, FTIR, EDS, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. PLLA and PDLLA were characterized by inherent viscosity measurements, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance of 1H and 13C. PDLLA nanospheres were prepared through nanoprecipitation method without and with the incorporation of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory drug. The polymeric nanospheres were characterized by dynamic light scattering to measure medium diameter and polydispersity index, as well, zeta potential The encapsulation efficiency, the drug loading, the yield as well as controlled release drug profile in dialyses membrane were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography analyzes. Tin was supported on sulfonated Sty-DVB copolymer as SnO2, while zinc was detected by EDS analysis without the possibility of compound type identification. Tin supported catalyst was more efficient than zinc containing catalyst. PDLLA nanospheres containing encapsulated dexamethasone with medium diameter of 80 nm and polydispersity index near 0.110 were obtained with excellent reproducibility. Encapsulation efficiency, dexamethasone load in PDLLA and yield were 75 %, 3.5 % and 78 %, respectively. In vivo tests showed the visual apparence on recuperation of inflamed sheep knees treated with PDLLA nanoespheres were excelente compared to the ones treated with comercial dexametasone.Item Planejamento, síntese e avaliação farmacológica de novos candidatos a protótipos de fármacos antitumoral análogos ao composto LQFM 030(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-10) Carvalho, Flávio Silva de; Menegatti, Ricardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8354030864254626; Lião, Luciano Morais; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2647529909397336; Lião, Luciano Morais; Pinto, Ângelo Cunha; Villar, José Daniel Figueroa; Lacerda, Elisângela de Paula; Queiroz Junior, Luiz Henrique KengNeoplasmas have been a major cause of death worldwide, with that the search for new candidates for prototypes of more effective anti-tumor drugs, safe and with fewer side effects when compared to those already available already in therapy, it is essential and fundamental importance. With this research goal, we developed the design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation in order to obtain new candidate of heterocyclic antitumor drugs prototypes (46a-46Q, 48a-48s, 51a-51m, 50m-50a, 53b, 54b, 56b and 58b) and vectorized micronutrient (60) and nanostructures (63) drawn from LQFM 030 (37) prototypes, in that it (37) was obtained by simplifying molecular strategy nutlin from compound (34) . The route chosen to obtain the heterocyclic compounds (46Q-46a, 48a-48s, 51a-51m, 50m, 50a, 53b, 54b, 56b and 58b) resulted in yields ranging from 32-77%, where all synthesized compounds were elucidated through the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance dimensional and two-dimensional (NMR) and Infrared (IR). Two methodologies have been developed (A and B) for the synthesis of intermediate pyrazole compounds and formylated acid, wherein the first method was conventional and the second was by heating with microwaves, which have obtained gain in time and / or increasing the yield of these synthetic steps when comparing with the conventional method (A). The synthesized compounds were tested for cytotoxicity assays by MTT method on the cell line K562 leukemic ie, and B16F10 melanoma ie, where the cytotoxic profile was evaluated using the IC50 = 70 uM for K562 cells and IC 50 = 64, 7 uM to line B16F10, both using an exposure time of 48 hours. K562 cells for six compounds LQFM ie 88, 108, 165, 166, 168 and 169 showed higher cytotoxic profile when compared to the prototype LQFM030 compound (37). Regarding the B16F10 line, six other compounds LQFM ie 126, 127, 165, 166 and 169 showed a better cytotoxic profile when compared to the prototype compound LQFM030. Given the results, we can conclude that the planning strategy employed to obtain the study compounds was validated, and against the cytotoxic research profile of 46a-46Q, 48a-48s, 51a- 51m, 50m-50a, 53b, 54b , 56b and 58b, and have a perspective vectorization and nanostructuring of the best compounds evaluated for each type of cell line K562 and B16F10 ie, aiming at optimizing the antitumor activityItem Contribuição ao estudo químico de espécies da família Cucurbitaceae juss. e Rubiaceae juss. gêneros: Cayaponia Silva Manso e Psychotria L.(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-06-12) Lemes, Geralda de Fátima; Klein, Vera Lúcia Gomes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6477452328378345; Kato, Lucília; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1362891438631386; Kato, Lucília; Klein, Vera Lúcia Gomes; Paula, Joelma Abadia Marciano de; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Santos, Suzana da CostaThis work describes the chemical evaluation and, in parallel, the investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of four medicinal species of Brazilian Cerrado, Cayaponia espelina (Silva Manso) Cogn., C. citrullifolia (Griseb.) Cogn., C. weddellii (Naudin) Gomes-Klein (Cucurbitaceae) and Psychotria trichophora Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae). The study of ethanol extracts of the species mentioned above led to the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of them presenting biological activity. Evaluation of ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves of C. espelina and n-butanol and hydromethanol fractions of C. citrullifolia led to the isolation and structural elucidation of seven compounds: luteolin (CE- 1), luteolin 4'-O-glucoside (CE-2), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (CE-3), kaempferol 3,7- O-α-L-dirhamnoside (CC-1), benzyl-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-Dglucopyranoside (CC-4), salicylic acid 2-O-β-glucopyranoside (CC-3) and vicenin-2 (CC-2). The glucosides CE-2 and CE-3 found in C. espelina were also found in ethyl acetate fraction from C. weddellii leaves, indicating that there might be a chemical similarity between these species. The fourth species investigated in this study was P. trichophora and the chemical study of ethyl acetate fraction of its leaves led to the isolation and structural elucidation of six compounds: camelliaside B (PT-3), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-Dxylopyranosyl-( 1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (PT-4), kaempferol-3-O-[β-Dxylopyranosyl-( 1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (PT- 5), kaempferol-3-O-robinoside (PT-2) and 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (PT-6). Coumarin scopoletin (PT-1) were identified from its roots. Structural identification of compounds was performed by spectroscopic analysis including IR and 1H and 13C NMR, in one-and two-dimensions. Flavonoids PT-4 and PT-5, previously isolated in the Fabaceae and Leguminosae families, were described for the first time in Rubiaceae. Furthermore, CCDA analysis of acid-base fractions obtained from P. trichophora leaves did not result positive for alkaloids against the Dragendorff reagent. Preliminary tests in Escherichia coli showed that the ethyl acetate fraction from C. espelina presents pharmacological potential, inhibiting 74 % of bacterial growth at a 82 μg/mL concentration. This fraction also exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with IC50 value of 5.40 ± 0.16 μg/ml, being comparable to that of the commercial antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Extracts from C. espelina and C. weddelli were the most promising antioxidants with IC50 values of 131 ± 0.31 and 13.14 ± 0.57 μg/mL, respectively. In preliminary bioassays against Sarcoma 180 tumor cell line, all tested samples presented low activity despite the literature data for antitumor activity of the isolated flavonoids.