Mestrado em Filosofia (FAFIL)

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Autointegração jurídica: uma reconstrução formal do problema das lacunas no direito
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-28) Barbosa, Matheus Gabriel; Schang, Fabien Georges Jacques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7692539246816433; Schang, Fabien Georges Jacques; Serbena, César Antônio; Leite, Alexandre Fernandes Batista Costa
The concept of a legal gap is studied from various semantic methods and both formal and informal perspectives. Observing that heterointegrable legal gaps are the ones that effectively generate problems of incompleteness in law, the study investigates the use of closure rules as a tool to ensure the completeness of legal systems, starting with Bobbio’s idea of exclusive general norms. Considering that jurists envision two classical closure rules, the principle of permission and the principle of prohibition, Woleński’s work is used to evaluate these principles in light of SDL, concluding that this logic is unable to formally differentiate these two principles. From there, research is conducted on how various renowned authors (Raz, Alchourrón, Bulygin...) have formalized legal gaps, observed the completeness problem, and applied closure rules. Finally, a proposal to use the logic AR4L , along the lines of truth-logic of Von Wright and Fabien Schang’s epistemic justification criteria, is presented. This consists of a four-valued system, where normative sentences Sp are read as promulgations, and the deontic interpretation depends on which legal system the legal proposition was promulgated. In summary, a multivalued formal treatment of closure rules will be proposed after reviewing the available literature in the logic of legal systems.
O conceito do mal: uma investigação a partir de Hannah Arendt
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-07-31) Oliveira Filho, Valério Luiz de; Silva, Adriano Correia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7465568204123045; Silva, Adriano Correia; Moscateli, Renato; Giacoia Júnior, Oswaldo
This dissertation focuses on Nazi totalitarianism, and on the events that took place in the Third Reich's concentration and extermination camps, in order to establish, inductively, an order of phenomena that can epitomize what is assigned the value evil. For this investigation, the work of Hannah Arendt is used as a theoretical reference, as it relates precisely Nazism and its death camps to the problem of evil in philosophy. In the first chapter, the dissertation defends the hypothesis of “good” as any being in the sensible world, with its respective foundations, and of “evil” as the violation of beings and their conditions of possibility. It is shown that Arendt's “radical evil”, in the sense of extreme evil, is an assessment of the intensity of these violations. The second chapter analyzes some of the thinkers with whom Hannah Arendt engaged in dialogue and, in the course of her work, she identified as representatives of the “tradition of our thought”. We will work with the hypothesis that this tradition, namely, the one that starts from Ancient Greece, passes through Augustine and arrives at the Kantian “radical evil”, has always been anchored in the presupposition of a moral order originally present in the world and in human beings, from which the phenomenon of evil can be interpreted as deviation. In the third chapter, it is argued, based on the metaphor of the “web of relationships” present in the work The Human Condition, that evil is not a mere deviation in relation to some rationally and cosmologically pre-established harmony, but, on the contrary, it is the state towards which human experience and spirit tend when beings do not recognize each other, the different “goods”, in the space of plurality. It demonstrates how the “good” of each being is fragile in the face of a potential confrontation with those of all others, and that, therefore, the plural balance and mutual recognition between these “goods” constitute what makes humanity, as humanity, possible. Such a balance, argues the dissertation, is not natural, as it weakens with the lack of political care; or, in Arendt's words, of “care for the world”. And to the extent that the very formation of the human as a person capable of moral judgment, and also the formation of the conscience of evil as the violation of the other, depend on a worldly arrangement balanced and plural enough to make possible the presence of this other in the self, the “banality of evil” would be the other side of the fragility of good.
Tocqueville e os caminhos da igualdade: da democracia na América aos porões de Manchester, os liberalismos em conflito
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-28) Palma Junior, Carlos Stuart Coronel; Reis, Helena Esser dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1045681574037243; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Limongi, Maria Isabel de Magalhães Papaterra; Silva, Adriano Correia
This dissertation seeks to understand the influences of liberalism in political and economic philosophy on the work of Alexis de Tocqueville. In order to contextualize and evaluate the author's adherence to the liberal canon, we sought, through references and bibliographies that study his thought, to survey those authors from the liberal current who influenced his work. Furthermore, due to Tocqueville's particular method for analyzing social phenomena – the object of his study –, which is not restricted only to his theoretical framework, but rather through the direct study of the reality of social facts, we also evaluate the liberal influences on societies and institutions in the countries that served as the subject of their studies; nominally: the United States of America, England and Ireland. Finally, we also collected observations about the author's parliamentary performance, to assess whether Alexis de Tocqueville's political action, as a statesman, reflected or was in line with orthodox ideas related to current liberal thought. Thus, after scrutinizing these three elements, we were able to bring together arguments to answer the question proposed in the theme that guided the research.
Da cultura afirmativa à dessublimação repressiva: a dialética da sublimação em Herbert Marcuse
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-11-29) Schang, Renata Aparecida Martinussi; Almeida, Fábio Ferreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3543790024810464; Damião, Carla Milani; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2366404598683251; Almeida, Fabio Ferreira de; Oliveira, Robespierre de; Kangussu, Imaculada Maria Guimarães
This work is dedicated to the dialectic of sublimation present in the work of Herbert Marcuse. This project is carried out through the so-called Freudo-Marxism, whose trajectory is considered here in three typical steps of dialectical materialism. The first step highlights the separation between art and the material conditions of existence, from Antiquity to the transcendent character of the affirmative culture of the 19th century. The second step introduces Freudo-Marxism and, through it, Marcuse's attempt to improve the Marxist program by locating possibilities for emancipation in the instinctual and sensitive spheres, as well as presenting his project for a self-sublimation of sexuality. The third step shows how the repressive desublimation of culture and sexuality has weakened the sensitive functions of the human being and compromised the political objective of happiness under the laws of the performance principle.
“Senso de probidade” na Aurora de Nietzsche: para o estilo de um contraideal formativo
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-06) Silva Neto, Hercules Garcia da; Dalla Vecchia, Ricardo Bazilio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9476600097405010; Dalla Vecchia; Dalla Vecchia, Ricardo Bazilio; Garcia, André Luis Muniz; Lopes, Adriana Delbó
The research aims to investigate the philosophical-argumentative role of the expression “sense of probity” in Nietzsche’s thought, published in Dawn. The methodology consists of source analysis and contextual reconstruction of the published work. The investigative question, which constitutes the hypothesis of the work, can be formulated in the following terms: what are the implications of Nietzsche’s use of the “sense of probity” regarding his style and ideals acquired since the classical training in philology? The main result achieved is that of probity as a formative counterideal, meaning an exercise for characteristic self-styling.
Genealogia e dispositivo de guerra: uma interpretação da produção foucaultiana no período entre 1970 e 1976
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-03-06) Silva Neto, Ildo Corrêa da; Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6269509018217934; Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues; Sugizaki, Eduardo; Silva, Adriano Correia
La publication intégrale des cours de la petite enfance de Foucault au Collège de France permet d’explorer la thèse de Daniel Defert selon laquelle la période entre les cours Leçons sur la volonté de savoir (1970) et l’écrit Histoire de la sexualité : La volonté de savoir (1976) présente des informations susceptibles de modifier le Regard que l’on a sur la production intellectuelle de Foucault. A cette époque, la généalogie s’annonce et s’adapta comme méthodologie d'analyse du pouvoir ; le dispositif de guerre apparaît comme une technologie qui traite de forces qui fonctionnent sous l’ordre de l’affrontement, de la lutte des une avec des autres. Defert affirme que l’écrit Surveiller e punir (1975) est une synthèse de tous les travaux qui ont été développés dans la période em question (1970-1976) quelle est le période de guerre ; ce qui permet de penser que l’analyse était consacrée à la présentation du prototype du dispositif de guerre qui imprègne les institutions disciplinaires. Il cherche à identifier le degré de similarité entre le prototype et les dispositifs dérivés ; discuter de l’objet cible des dispositifs disciplinaires que sont les forces du corps ; déduire la dynamique qui opèrent um appareil et le corps d’um individu ; rechercher dans quelle mesure généalogique, les dispositifs de guerre et les forces belliqueuses du cops son liés, et comment l’individu peut participer activement à ce conflit et inverser ses pertes d’autonomie. Os suppose que la discipline des corps passe historiquement par une déclaration de guerre aux dégénérés sociaux et des forces organisées et dirigées contre les forces du corps pour le soumettre et progressivement aliéner la liberté des individus. Ainsi, Surveiller e punir est centré sur la présentation des dispositifs nés de la guerre, fabriques em temps de guerre et orientes vers la guerre. Les institutions disciplinaires, avec l’intention d’utiliser le moins de violence possible, ont migré au niveau micropolitique du traitement de la subjectivité des individus.
A irracionalidade numérica na filosofia da matemática de Wittgenstein
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-05-17) Silva, Diogo Conceição da; Porto, André da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3598537464598916; Porto, André da Silva; Tranjan, Tiago; Velloso , Araceli Rosich Soares
The objective of this work is to understand “numerical irrationality” from the perspective of Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics. In the Wittgensteinian conception, an irrational number cannot be understood as just one other type of number within the set of Real Numbers. For Wittgenstein, we can even use “numerical irrationality” for calculation, the mistake is in giving the same treatment similar to that of an integer to a “number” which would be “irrational”. To introduce theses questions, it was necessary to understand how Wittgenstein construes mathematical rules, separating them into geometric mathematical rules and arithmetic mathematical rules, in order to point out the main themes involved in this approach. We emphasize the Greek way of understanding the issue, as it is precisely the Greek understanding which comes closest to the way Wittgenstein understands “numerical irrationality”. The example which shows the entire problem of our work is the relationship between “the side of the square” and the “diagonal of the square”, which, after applying the Euclid algorithm, does not yield a common standard, as the algorithm enters into a loop. This looping of Euclid's algorithm is both a demonstration of “numerical irrationality” and provides a method of approximation of , which does not produce an integer in its result but pairs of upper and lower bounds to the geometrical magnitude.
A idade da representação: a relação entre a arqueologia e a genealogia em Foucault
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-17) Soares, Matheus Henrique Borges; Ternes, José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4963109088070313; Ternes, José; Silva, Adriano Correia; Sugizaki, Eduardo
This research aims to demonstrate the mode of the historical conception of the French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) from his modus operandi, that is, I do not pay attention only to his analytical assumptions in comparison with other historical conceptions that he criticizes, but part of the archeology carried out by the French philosopher. At first, I work with the rupture between the 16th century epistemes with that of the 17th and 18th centuries, the focus of the research is to analyze what Foucault calls the Age of Representation that links the sign to the role of representing, such linking conditioned the emergence of general grammar, natural history and richness analysis. In a second moment, I approach the Foucaultian genealogy that works in complementarity with archeology, in order to link the emergence of a new regime of penalties that arises in the break with the torture, so this new regime of penalties is responsible for establishing a new code criminal law that articulates the advantage of the crime with the disadvantage of the penalty, thus demonstrating that there is a transversality in what became known as classical representationism in the work of Michel Foucault.
O árduo percurso do vir-a-ser da democracia
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-10-03) Tavares , Gustavo Lenza Kuhn de; Reis, Helena Esser dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1045681574037243; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Chaves , Rosangela Almeida; Costa, Marta Rios Alves Nunes da
The political history of men unveils the complex journey towards equality of conditions, as masterfully illustrated by Alexis de Tocqueville in his works. Skillfully intertwining the Old Regime, the French Revolution, and American democracy in his polyphonic narrative, Tocqueville guides us as a keen observer, aiming to comprehend the turbulent rise of democracy through diverse sociopolitical and economic events. Along this path, the crucial importance of the dialogue between tradition and innovation for a deeper understanding of the upward trajectory of democracy is emphasized. Tocqueville views the French Revolution as a turning point, confronting a decadent aristocracy with the emergence of a democratic society that would help shape the Western world with its values of freedom and equality. Through Tocquevillian analysis, we explore this transition in France, highlighting the ethical-political and economic challenges in transforming unequal structures into a society founded on freedom and equality that is still under construction. Our text not only encompasses the French Revolution but also the unique construction of democracy in the United States, examining administrative decentralization, civic participation, and local politics as vital elements of a democratic political and social system. Furthermore, we will present possible challenges in building a genuine democracy, such as individualism and the potential rise of a "capitalista aristocracy." The research underscores the ongoing relevance of Tocqueville's ideas in understanding the unfolding of democracy in the West, highlighting how each event contributed to its rise in various historical contexts.
Abstração, pensamento e crítica: Espinosa e o mais materialista dos começos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-01) Teixeira, Rafael Arcanjo; Rezende; Rezende, Cristiano Novaes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3387128026616467; Rezende, Cristiano Novaes de; Itokazu, Ericka Marie; Vieira Neto, Paulo
In our study, we explore the issue of abstraction in Spinoza, emphasizing his critique and its relation to the understanding of the mind as an integral part of Reality. Spinoza oscillates between a radical and moderate anti-abstractionism, recognizing that the same cognitive process can be both abstraction and another form of thinking, depending on the level of consciousness involved. Through Spinoza's analysis of abstraction, we find a critique of what we call "self-abstraction" — a form of thinking that places the individual as a detached entity from Reality, observing it from the outside as if not effectively participating in it. Despite critiquing abstraction, Spinoza does not completely reject it. For him, the dangers of abstractions are amplified when the mind is alienated from its own action and reifies its modes of thinking into concrete ideas. Finally, we argue that Spinoza's critique of abstractions is grounded in his materialism, in which the mind can only understand itself by understanding its participation in the Whole. Thus, Spinoza's proposed reflective approach as an epistemic method does not lead to the individualistic solipsism that separates us from the world, but guides us to the intricacies of the reality in which we participate
Um estudo introdutório sobre a relação entre esquemas conceituais e a(s) realidade(s)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-21) Tinoco, Sérgio Neves Mateus; Vieira, Filipe Lazzeri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5679661993939839; Vieira, Filipe Lazzeri; Leclerc, André; Silva, Guilherme Ghisoni da
This dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between reality and conceptual schemes from two different perspectives: 1st) one that considers reality as being unique, absolute and equal for all human beings, playing science and philosophy the role of discovering how it works and of expressing it through an adequate linguistic system; 2nd) another that considers we do not have direct access to a single reality, but rather need previously constituted conceptual schemes, schemes that determine certain cuts in the multiplicity of sensitive data and conform, from this, different realities. Therefore, according to the second perspective, language does not mirror reality, but rather is one of the instruments that build it. We will study the first view in Chapter 1 and the second in Chapter 2. In this study we will see that the most important theses on the subject are: i) ontological relativity; and ii) incommensurability of conceptual schemes. In Chapter 3, we study Donald Davidson’s article “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,” and we present his criticisms of the notion of conceptual schemes conditioning different realities. We will see that his theoretical attacks are not directly directed at the thesis of ontological relativity, but rather at the thesis of the incommensurability of conceptual schemes, a prerequisite for establishing ontological relativism. Although Davidson establishes the category “conceptual schemes” and unifies Quine’s and Kuhn’s proposals, we will demonstrate that his criticisms are directed more specifically at Kuhn’s. We then restructuct Kuhn’s proposal, and how the author of the Structure of Scientific Revolutions re-signified his theses, in his final writings, in the light of philosophy of language, in particular using reflections that have the aim of focusing on the translation process. Thus, as the subject under study is quite broad, we will place our introductory study of the relations between conceptual schemes and reality(ies) in the discussions established between three great American philosophers of the 20th century: Quine, Kuhn and Davidson
O conceito de somação e os termos nomeadores de indivíduos, no artigo identidade, ostensão e hipóstase, de Quine
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-22) Xavier, Caio Bismarck Silva; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8203061798953795; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; Imaguire, Guido; Porto, André da Silva
The general goal of this dissertation is to explain the influence of the concept of “summation”, that came from the nominalist work developed by Quine together with Goodman, in the way in which Quine proposes to discuss the identity and the role of general and singular terms in the article Identity, ostension and hypostasis (1950). Our dissertation aims to show that in this article, Quine suggests a critique of the distinction between singular terms and general terms based on the concept of “summation”. Our hypothesis is that the philosopher would consider that this distinction could be set aside, if the conception of language as a theory of reference were replaced by another conception that used, in place of the concept of “reference”, the concept of “summation”. In the course of our argument, we will try to show what Quine can and what he cannot recover concerning the conception of language as a theory of reference using only the concept of “summation” and an act of ostension, linguistically represented by the demonstrative pronoun.

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