Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas (EA)
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Item Análise comparativa dos métodos de avanço por Bulk e SSD na identificação de QTLs para produtividade de grão de arroz no cruzamento Epagri 108 X Irati 122(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-12) Ramos, Mariana Rodrigues Feitosa; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Brondani, Claudio; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Coelho, Gesimária Ribeiro Costa; Ramalho, IvanildoA relevant aspect of all rice breeding programs is the extensive genetic variability available and stored in germplasm banks. A major challenge is precisely how to select the most appropriate genotypes to meet the objectives of these programs. An interesting alternative is the assembly of core collections. Besides the characterization per se, the accessions that stood out for their genetic variability or productive performance were crossed in a diallel scheme. The resulting hybrids were self-fertilized to obtain generation F2, which was advanced by Bulk and SSD until F7. Among the most productive crosses, one in particular was interesting due to the genetic distance between the parents (RW = 0.91), and the high value of specific combining ability - Epagri 108 (Oryza sativa spp. Indica) x Irat 122 (Oryza sativa spp. Japonica). This study aimed to perform QTL analysis for plant yield and height using two populations of Epagri 108 x Irat 122 cross, advanced by SSD (generation F8) and Bulk (generation F7:8) methods. The 158 recombinant inbred lines of each method (SSD and Bulk) were evaluated for two years (2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons), in a 18x18 double lattice design with two replications, consisting of four-line plots of three meters in Palmital Farm (Goianira, GO). The RILs were genotyped by the DArTseq® methodology, which generated about 6,000 SNPs. The statistical model adopted for the grain yield data analysis was mixed linear model (MLM) through the R program. For the first and second year evaluations (2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons) and joint analysis (two years/seasons), the RILs-Bulk group presented higher grain yield averages when compared to the RILs-SSD and testers group. However, regarding the genetic variance component, the SSD group presented the highest estimate followed by Bulk and testers. Bulk-RIL yields ranged from 4,010.75 kg ha-1 to 5,815.42 kg ha-1, while SSD-RILs ranged from 3,321.76 kg ha-1 to 8,096.27 kg ha-1, both exceeding the testers group, which ranged from 2,754.30 kg ha-1 to 3,643.73 kg ha-1.For the plant height trait (ALT), in the first year, the plants ranged from 116 cm to 165 cm for RILs-Bulk. On the other hand, RILsSSD ranged from 91 cm to 177 cm, while the testers ranged from 100 cm to 104 cm. In the second year, RILs-Bulk ranged from 101 cm to 130 cm, while RILs-SSD ranged from 81 cm to 132 cm, while the testers presented heights from 96 cm to 117 cm. In the joint analysis, the testers presented the lowest heights. For QTL analysis, multiple interval mapping was used, with a total of 2,115 SNPs, and 3 QTLs were identified in the SSIL-RILs for the grain yield (PG) traitr, of which 2 QTLs were located on chromosome 6 (qGYLD6.1 and qGYLD6.2), one for the second year of experiment, with a phenotypic variation of 23.56%, and the other for the joint analysis, explaining 9.45% of the phenotypic variation. The other QTL was identified on chromosome 9 (qGYLD9) for the second year, with a phenotypic variation of 7.45%. For the trait height (ALT) a QTL on chromosome 1 (qPTHT1) was identified, with a phenotypic variation of 14.01%. For RILs-Bulk, with a total of 2,354 markers, 3 QTLs were identified for the PG character, two QTLs mapped on chromosomes 6 and 9 (qGYLD6 and qGYLD9), referring to the second year of evaluation, presenting a phenotypic variation of 21.65. % and 3.71%, respectively. In the joint analysis a QTL was mapped on chromosome 7 (qGYLD7), with phenotypic variation of 12.9%. For ALT no QTL was found in the RILs-Bulk. From the identification of these QTLs in haplotypic blocks, the next step will be the validation of markers in Embrapa germplasm bank accesses before being incorporated into the assisted selection routine, in order to identify materials with higher grain yield potential. For the Epagri 108 x Irat 122 cross, the SSD method was the most efficient in the generation of superior rice lines for grain yield, but at a higher operating cost than the Bulk method. RILs derived from both Bulk and SSD identified QTLs for the PG character; however, SSD identified a higher number of QTLs with greater effect on trait variation.Item Avaliação da eficiência da rede experimental da Embrapa em dez anos do programa de melhoramento do feijoeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-02-25) Pontes Júnior, Vilmar de Araújo; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Pereira, Helton Santos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Chiorato, Alisson Fernando; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Melo Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Torga, Paula PereiraThe assay of VCU (Value of Cutivation and Use), called of final trials, are in network conducted and are systematized in an organized manner which includes the states responsible for over 90% of national production of common bean. The final trials are realized in different locations, seasons and years, aiming of superiors line selection: productive, stable, adapted and with disered agronomic attributes. The genotypes environments interaction (GE) in plant breeding program has implications numberless, mainly in phase of lines final evaluation. In this case, alternatives to minimize the effect of the GE interaction should search. Among them stand out: identification of predictable behaviors of the cultivars, stratification of recommendation regions in homogeneous subregions and decomposition of GE interaction, aiming at identifying of the factors whose interaction is more expressive. The aim of this study was realize environmental stratification of network final trials and decompose the genotypes interactions with environment factors (locations, seasons and years), during ten years of common bean program at Embrapa of grains "carioca" and black, in main three producing regions in brazilian (R1-South-Central, R2-Central, R3-Northeast). In study of environmental stratification also was evaluated representativeness of base locations of this program. Data for grain yield of the conducted trials in random blocks, with three replications, during 2001 until 2012, 670 trials total (292 in R1, 250 R2 and 128 R3). During all period were evaluated 88 genotypes of “carioca” group (76 lines and 12 checks) and evaluated 71 genotypes in black group (58 lines and 13 checks). In all regions the local effect were considered as random and genotypes fixed. Environmental stratification was separately realized in the main crop seasons of each region, utilized factors analysis methodology and ecovalence. For simultaneously utilization were estimated redundance index joint: redundance percentage (RP), redundance fraction (RF) and redundance percentage in season (RPS). The elimination local was established based observing the three index redundancy values (RP ≥ 15%, RF ≥ ½ e RPS ≥ 50%). To R1, Candoi-PR, Palma-SC, Catanduvas-PR, Campos Novos-SC, Laranjeiras do Sul-PR, Roncador-PR e Dois Vizinhos-PR in rainy seasons and Passo Fundo-RS, Prudentópolis-PR e Dourados-MS in dry seasons were considered redundant, should be eliminated of the trials network. The new evaluation network would be formed by 29 municipalities in rainy and twelve municipalities in dry, considered informative at final trials network. In R2, Morrinhos-GO, Inhumas-GO, Urutaí-GO, Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, Cristalina-GO e Planaltina-GO e Sinop-MT in rainy and Porangatu-GO, Goiatuba-GO, Urutaí-GO, Senador Canedo-GO, Cáceres-MT, Primavera do Leste-MT e Brasília-DF in dry were redundantes and should be eliminated of the network. This region stayed with 12 municipalities available for realization of the rainy season assays and ten in winter season. To R3, should be eliminated of the network Coronel João Sá-BA, Poço Redondo-SE, Nossa Senhora das Dores-SE, Simão Dias-SE, because, no aggregate in informations to evaluation of the lines, it was uninformative. For this region remained 14 municipalities to composition of the network. Can be concluded than evaluation network at Embrapa represented efficient form variation of the cultive with common bean in Brazil and than environments base of the breeding program in regions South-Central and Central, are consistentes and informative, except during in the rainy season in that Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO is not mandatory enter the assays network. Especially, Ponta Grossa and Santo Antonio de Goias-GO, than are evaluation strategic points of the segregation populations and initial lines, of the common bean breeding program genetic at Brazil. To check with which environmental factors (locations, seasons and/or years) of the common bean genotypes interaction was more expressive, the GE interaction was decomposed in genotypes x years, genotypes x seasons and genotypes x locations. Were utilized grain yield of data 501 trials, 207 in R1, 202 in R2 and 92 in R3. For the fisrt two regions the analysis were partially balanced, this is, only utilized trials data of the locations had evaluation at least one season and in two years each cycle. In R3 the joint analyses were balanced, considered just assays data of the locations with evaluation in two years of the each cycle. In all regions genotype effects, local, season and year were considered fixed. To identify importance of the each variation source from joint variance analyse was estimated contribution of each in relation overall variation, used estimated determination coefficient (R2). The contribuition average over years for genotypes effect in all regions, at “carioca” and black group was important less, followed followed year and season. However, local with interaction was more pronounced in all regions. The interaction GxL was more important in the three regions for both groups, compared with intractions GxS and GxY. Thus, in the R1, R2 and R3, priority should be given of locations increment number evaluation, over seasons and years, aiming at more efficient and safe recommendation of new cultivars to the main producer regions common bean of Brazil.Item Caracterização parcial e tamanho do genoma de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-01-25) Souza, Ueric José Borges de; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Rodrigues, Flávia Melo; Taquary, Adriana Maria Antunes; Pinto, Rafael BarbosaUsing the massively parallel sequencing data generate from two individuals of the Stryphnodendron adstringens, it was possible to structure this thesis in two chapters. The first describes the assembly and annotation of the S. adstringens chloroplast genome and their comparison between species belonging to the mimosoid clade from Caesalpinoideae-Leguminosae subfamily. The second chapter describes the estimate genome size, assembly and annotation of repetitive elements and genes in the nuclear genome of the S. adstringens. Genomic libraries were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Approximately 10 million reads were filtered and used to assemble the chloroplast genome using a combination of de novo and reference-guided strategies. The complete chloroplast genome of S. adstringens was assembled in a single circular molecule containing 162,169 base pairs, contained 111 different genes, with 77 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer tRNA and 4 ribosomal rRNA. A total of 137 microsatellites and 42 repeats structures were identified, with the highest proportion in the LSC (Large Single Copy) region. The average nucleotide variability among the five chloroplast genomes of Mimosoid species was estimated to be 0.01771. The Ka/Ks ratio indicated positive selection for three genes analyzed, rps16, psbH and clpP. The comparison of the structural characteristics in chloroplast genome among Mimosoid species demonstrated that gene coding regions are highly conserved. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on 73 protein-coding genes indicated that the Leguminosae- Caesalpinoideae subfamily was paraphyletic. The size of the nuclear genome of S. adstringens was estimated as 1C = 0.684 pg, which corresponds to a haploid genome of 669 Mpb. The nuclear genome was made of 63.320 contigs with a total size of approximately 495 Mbp. A total of 20.124 microsatellite regions were identified in the nuclear genome, with AT/TA repeats being the most frequent (44.16%). It was possible to identify that 44.58% of the nuclear genome of S. adstringens is composed of transposable elements. The most common class were retroelements, among these, the long terminal repeats (LTR) the most abundant family. 31,636 genes and 95,811 transcripts were predicted with an average of 3.03 per gene. From the total number of predicted transcripts, 60,798 were classified functionally, according to Gene Ontology. Around 1,521 transcripts (1.58%) were similar with protein sequences involved in the tannin biosynthesis pathways. This work represents a great advance in the knowledge on the structure and organization of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of S. adstringens. In addition, the results obtained provide genomic resources for future genetic and biotechnological investigations on the species.Item Distribuição da variabilidade genética e fluxo de pólen em subpopulações de Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-12-21) Almeida Júnior , Edivaldo Barbosa de; Soares , Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Chaves , Lázaro José; Borba , Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Collevatti , Rosane GarciaThe Annona crassiflora Mart. species (Annonaceae) is a fruit plant native from Cerrado, widely distributed throughout the biome. The goal here was evaluate the spatial distribution of genetic variability in natural subpopulations of the species, geographically, and relate the genetic diversity levels with climatic and landscape profile, furthermore the pollen dispersal within a subpopulation. We used here six pair of microsatellite primers. To evaluate thedistribution of genetic variability we sampled 25 natural subpopulations, 30.6 plants per subpopulation, on average. We estimate the genetic diversity (He), allelic richness (Ar), fixation index (f), genetic structure, using coancestry coefficient (θ) and inbreeding coefficient of overall population (F). The spatial pattern the genetic variability was evaluated by Mantel test, Moran's I index and linear regression of genetic parameter with two spatial dimensions (latitude and longitude). We correlate He, Ar and f with climate suitability and the percentage of Cerrado vegetation around subpopulations. Furthermore we evaluated the pollen dispersal by paternity analysis, using 572 plants, including 460 seeds, 20 mother plants and 92 pollen donors candidate, within a natural subpopulation. The outcrossing rates were also evaluated in maternal families using the mixed mating model. The outcrossing rates indicate mating system with prevalence of allogamy. The assignment of paternity indicated that gene flow mainly occurs in short distances, until 360 meters, in the subpopulation evaluated. The 25 subpopulations have moderate genetic diversity levels and strong genetic structure. We found inbreeding due to the subdivision, but not in mating within subpopulations. The demes belongs to two consistent groups with genetic discontinuity between the northwest and southeast subpopulations distribution. The genetic diversity and allelic richness showed strong relationship with longitude, suggesting a range expansion in the southeastern direction. We noted that spatial distribution of genetic diversity and allelic richness are related to suitability at the last glacial maximum, by an indirect effect of geographical distances, whereas no relationship was observed regarding present suitability. The percentage of cover natural vegetation, in turn not explain the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, allelic richness and inbreeding coefficient.Item Divergência genética e predição de valores genotípicos em soja(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-07) Godoi, Cláudio Roberto Cardoso de; Duarte, João Batista; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4117228759548186; Duarte, João Batista; Silva Filho, João Luis da; Toledo, José Francisco Ferraz de; Chaves, Lázaro José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesSoybean breeding programs practice selection of high genetic value genotypes with two main objectives: a) to use them as parents in the hybridization process (first stage of the program), and b) to indicate them as new cultivars (final stage of the program). In this context, a first study used microsatellite markers (SSR) to assess the genetic diversity of soybean germplasm adapted to the Brazilian conditions. The experimental material consisted of 192 accessions, which included both introductions and Brazilian germplasm. The genetic divergence was assessed by descriptive analysis and the Rogers-W genetic distance. A total of 222 alleles were identified in the 37 genotyped loci, with an average of six alleles and a range of 2 to 14 alleles per locus. The genotypes were clustered according to the origin of the germplasm, and resulted in two groups: one group formed by introductions and other by Brazilian genotypes. Eighty five percent of the genetic distances estimates were above 0.70, suggesting that the assessed germplasm has good potential for hybridization in soybean breeding programs. It was concluded that the SSR markers are useful to identify divergent genotypic groups, as well as genotypic combinations with high genetic variability. It also became clear that the use of introduced germplasm ensures the incorporation of alleles necessary to increase the genetic base of soybeans and, consequently, the variability needed for the selective process. In a second study, the mixed model approach was used to assess some strategies of estimation and prediction of genotypic values for grain yield in the soybean regional yield trials. A total of 111 genotypes classified into three maturity groups were sown in up to 23 experiments in Central Brazil. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block designs, with three replications. The biometrical analyses followed the fixed model and mixed model approaches, in the latter case assuming the genotypic effects as random. In the mixed model approach, analyses were made with or without information from the relationship estimates obtained either by genealogy or SSR markers, arranged in a genotypic covariance matrix (G). Also, in a context of spatial analysis, different structures were used in the residual covariance matrix (R) for each mixed model adjusted. The following conclusions were obtained: i) the fixed model analysis is adequate to estimate genotypic values in soybean trials with balanced data and orthogonal design; ii) under such conditions and intermediate to low heritability, the inclusion of relationship information associated to G matrix, although does not ensure the best fit models, improves the precision in predicting genotypic values; iii) the use of spatial structures associated to R matrix, in presence of the residual autocorrelation, improves the goodness of model fit to the data; and, iv) the choice of model for the analysis does not change the ranking of the genotypes in high heritability situations and, therefore, does not impact significantly on the selection of superior genotypes.Item Diversificação e radiação recente de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae) no cerrado: consequências genéticas frente às mudanças climáticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-27) Braga, Ramilla dos Santos; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari Abreu; Chaves, Lázaro José; Lima, Jacqueline de Souza; Pinto, Rafael BarbosaThe species Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) is considered a valuable genetic resource of the Brazilian Cerrado, mainly due to its medicinal properties. It has been exploited in an extractive manner in its natural habitat, requiring studies of conservation and management plans. Species of this genus had recent diversification in the Cerrado, becoming interesting models for evaluating intraspecific genetic patterns in the biome. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phylogeographic patterns of S. adstringens, in order to infer about the hypotheses of diversification of their lineages in time and space. Beyond to measure the impact of future climate changes on the geographic distribution of the genetic variation of this species. For this, the DNA polymorphism of chloroplastid (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) and nuclear (ETS) regions was quantified in individuals from 17 localities in the Cerrado. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity levels were evaluated to verify the population genetic differentiation. Coalescence analyses were performed to estimate historical demographic parameters and to identify divergence time among populations of S. adstringens. The environmental suitability of S. adstringens in the past, present and historical refuge was used to identify spatial patterns on population genetic diversity. Current and future genetic clusters were simulated from climatic scenarios. Low genetic diversity was found for cpDNA and ETS and the geographical distribution of haplotypes reflects an incomplete lineage sort. There are discordant patterns of interpopulation genetic differentiation between regions of the genome, with greater effect for cpDNA. Historical demographic equilibrium was evidenced for S. adstringens, contrary by ENM, indicating retraction of range. Most recent common ancestor was dated to 1.7 Ma ago, dividing into two main clades with most of the diversification events dating to the Middle Pleistocene. The spatial structure is stronger for ETS, suggesting the existence of isolation by distance and environmental isolation due to temperature variations. Populations closer to the edge of the historic refuge have greater genetic diversity that can be associated with multiple historical refuges and ecological transition from forest to savanna environments. Genetic clusters modeled under current and future climatic conditions, indicate losses and homogenization of genetic variation for the species. The data corroborate the recent population diversification of S. adstringens in the Cerrado, reinforcing the phylogenetic pattern in species of this genus. Beyond, low levels of genetic diversity, reflecting the effects of glacial and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene, suggesting multiple refuges formation. The impact of climate change and the disorderly exploitation of the natural populations of this genetic resource indicate the need for management and conservation plans of the species.Item Escurecimento de grãos em feijão: parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos, associação com tempo de cocção, seleção assistida por marcadores e obtenção de linhagens elite(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-31) Alvares, Renata Cristina; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Bruzi, Adriano Teodoro; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Ganga, Rita Maria DevósThe breeding of common bean cultivars with Carioca grain, slow grain darken-ing, upright plant architecture, and high yield has become a growing challenge. Slow grain darkening will increase the storage time, providing flexibility for producers for the time of sale, and consequently increasing profitability. Studies have demonstrated the existence of genetic variability for this trait, allowing the selection of lines with slow grain darkening. The objectives of this study were i) to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of lines of four segregating common bean populations; ii) select those with slow grain darkening, upright plant architecture and high yield; iii) seek an association between slow darkening and cooking time of grains after storage; iv) evaluate two induction methods of grain dark-ening and v) validate the markers Pvsd-1158 and PVM02TC116, associated with grain darkening. The tested lines were derived from four segregating populations resulting from crosses between the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola with slow grain darkening and the par-ents BRS Estilo, BRS Cometa, BRS Notável, and CNFC 10429. Three trials were installed with 220 lines (55 per population), and 5 parents in a 5x15 triple lattice design, with plots of two 3-m rows, at three locations. The experiments were conducted in the winter grow-ing season 2012, one in Santo Antônio de Goiás and two in Brasilia. The traits grain yield, plant architecture, grain darkening, 100-grain weight, and cooking time were evaluated. The variance components and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated, and the phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlation coefficients between grain darkening and cooking time, 90 and 180 days after harvest. Induction methods of accelerated and slow darkening were compared. From the markers Pvsd- 1158 and PVM02TC116, identi-fied as previously linked to the gene that controls grain darkening, the frequency of recom-bination and selection efficiency of the markers was estimated for each population and environment and in the mean of the environments. For slow grain darkening, the estimates of heritability, genetic variance and expected gain with selection were high, indicating good chances of successful selection. For yield, plant architecture and commercial grain size, the estimates of heritability and genetic variance were high, but indicated no high gains with simultaneous selection. Lines with slow grain darkening were obtained from the four populations; the highest number of lines that combined slow darkening with upright plant architecture, high yield, and commercial grain size were derived from the crosses BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo and BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Cometa. No im-portant genetic correlation between grain darkening and cooking time was identified, there-fore, light-colored grains do not indicate a short cooking time. The induction methods of slow and accelerated darkening, provide similar information in the discrimination of lines with slow and regular darkening. The estimates of the recombination frequency for marker Pvsd-1158 were always low, indicating the close linkage of this marker to the gene that controls slow darkening, and were stable in the different environments and populations. Marker PVM02TC116 however was not polymorphic in three of the four populations. The recombination frequency of this marker in the polymorphic population was high, showing that it is unsuitable for marker-assisted selection for grain darkening.Item Estratificação de ambientes visando otimização da rede de ensaios de híbridos de milho para primeira e segunda safras(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-11) Lepre, André Luiz; Morais Júnior, Odilon Peixoto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5190558264625516; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Duarte, João Batista; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Santos, Rodrigo Sampaio dos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães SantosThe environmental stratification process consists of subdividing heterogeneous regions into more uniform sub-regions with similar ecological characteristics, so that the genotype by environment interactions (GE) it is predominantly of single nature. Environmental stratification procedures can be used to verify whether information generated at the testing locations used for breeding is complementary or redundant. This study was carried out with the objective of stratifying environments used to select corn hybrids in the final stage of breeding in the Central region of Brazil, to optimize the multi environment yield trials, in the first and second growing seasons. Yield data were obtained of 99 and 125 corn hybrids, tested across four years, in 55 and 49 locations, in the first (normal season) and in the second (“safrinha”) seasons, respectively. All yield trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. The yield data were submitted to individual and joint analyzes of the experiments, within each year. The components of variance were estimated and were tested through the Likelihood Test Ratio. The effect of GE interaction it was significant in all evaluated years, except for “safrinha” 2013. For the stratification process, two univariate approaches were used; intraclass correlation and prediction model based on reaction norm; and two multivariate approaches, GGE biplot and Factor Analysis. The most efficient method for eliminating redundant locations it was one chosen for the final stratification. Genetic correlation between pairs of location it was estimated by the univariate approaches. These correlations were used in cluster analysis, applying a SAHN algorithm (Sequential, Agglomerative, Hierarquic, Nonoverlapping clustering), associated with complete linkage method, which established the environmental stratification for the both planting seasons. In the multivariate approaches the environmental stratification were established according to the “who-won-where” approach and the factor loading established within each factor, for GGE Biplot and Factor Analysis, respectively. The verification of the established environmental stratification allowed to identify pairs of locations that were grouped in the same environmental strata, indifferent years of tests, which means redundancy. To optimize the target population of environments, the GGE Biplot method it was chosen which eliminated 12,5% of yield test locations in the both seasons.Item Estrutura genética e sistema de cruzamento em Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Mvrtaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-28) Barbosa, Ana Clara de Oliveira Ferraz; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Martins, Karina; Figueiredo, Lúcio Flávio de Alencar; Chaves, Lázaro José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesThe genetic structure of a species corresponds to the amount of genetic variability and its distribution within and among local populations and individuals. The patterns of variability among individuals in a local population are highly dependent of mating system. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mating system, the diversity and genetic structure in populations of E. dysenterica in local and regional scale. The assessment of the mating system and the analysis of genetic structure at the local scale were performed in a population of Mimoso – GO and for the analysis of genetic structure at the regional scale were analyzed 23 natural populations of E. dysenterica derived from six Brazilian states (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Piauí). For all studies seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were used. Considering the 20 families analyzed, the multilocus outcrossing rates (tm = 0.918) and single locus (ts = 0.797) were high and significant. From a total of 399 seeds evaluated, it was possible to determine the pollen donor to 218 seeds (55%) with confidence level of 90%, 174 seeds (44%) with confidence level of 95% and 65 seeds (16%) with confidence level of 99%. In 15 families evaluated were possible to verify the occurrence of multiple paternity, with the number of pollen donor per fruit ranged from one to three. The results presented show that the species E. dysenterica presents mixed mating system and that there is multiple paternity in this species. The intrapopulational spatial genetic structure was positive (R2 = 0.01646, p < 0.001), which was expected since species generally have spatial restriction to disperse. The spatial genetic structure was significant (Sp = 0.0143) and genetic neighborhood (Nb) was equal to 69.93 km. On average, about 30 individuals were analyzed by subpopulation for all loci. The average number of alleles per locus was equal to 9, the genetic diversity was high (0.725) and the observed frequency of heterozygotes (Ho) was 0.610. Were found 18 private alleles in 10 subpopulations. The results for the fixation index ((f) in the subpopulations ranged between -0.058 and 0.338, with an overall value of 0.162, indicating excess of homozygotes in relation to the expected under HWE. The genetic differentiation between subpopulations can be considered relatively high (FST = 0.161). The Mantel test indicates that the genetic divergence of 24 subpopulations evaluated is structured in geographic space (r = 0.427, p < 0.001), suggesting that the model of isolation by distance or stepping-stone are adequate to explain the spatial pattern of genetic divergence among subpopulations of E. dysenterica evaluated.Item Estrutura genética, fluxo gênico e sistema reprodutivo de Anacardium occidentale L. do cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-11-22) Oliveira, Leciane Karita de; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Rodrigues, Flavia Melo; Almeida, Luciane Madureira de; Chaves, Lazaro José; Soares, Thannya NascimentoBecause constant degradation of the Cerrado the persistence of long-term populations in their natural habitat may be compromised, as a result of loss of genetic variability. To gene-rate useful information for the implementation of conservation programs in situ and ex situ to Anacardium occidentale L. ecotype from Cerrado, species popularly known as cajuzinho-do-campo. This work had the objective: evaluate, based on microsatellite markers, the ma-ting system, spatial pattern of gene flow intra-population, genetic structure of spontaneous populations and the germplasm collection of the Federal University of Goiás and the landsca-pe influence the genetic structure of populations. For the difference in scale and type of analysis of populations, the work was separated into three chapters. In the first, titled "Ma-ting system, space genetic structure and contemporary gene flow in Anacardium occidentale L ", analyzes were made to answer questions related to the reproductive system and evoluti-onary processes that occur within a population of the species, individuals were sampled three stages of life. As a result it was observed that the species has mating system predomi-nantly outcrossing, the difference between multilocus and single locus outcrossing rate was positive and significant, indicating 16.4% of outcrossing between related individuals. Only 0.05% of the seeds were from selfing. Was assigned paternity to 45% of the seeds. In all ma-trices multiple paternity was observed with 6.7 effective number of pollen donors in each matrix. The pollen pool received by matriz had significant difference (фFT = 0.124). The pol-len dispersal occurred in greater proportion to short distances (41 m), but may reach distan-ces greater than 130 m. The effective area of pollination was 9410 m2 and the effective size of the neighborhood of 18 individuals. The seed dispersal probably occurs at distances grea-ter than the sampled area, which limited the powers of parents of juvenile individuals. Found high genetic diversity within the populationwith reduction the values of adults for seeds and increased inbreeding. The adults showed high genetic neighborhood (262 individuals), re-sulting from weak spatial genetic structure. In the second chapter, titled "Diversity and gene-tic structure of spontaneous populations and germplasm collection of Anacardium occiden-tale L. ecotype from Cerrado", populations were analyzed distributed in the Cerrado to as-sess the genetic variability and its structure between populations, was also analyzed the germplasm collection as the variability and its representation compared to the population. Was observed that the populations have high genetic variability and significant inbreeding. The geographical distribution of genetic diversity and allelic richness showed pattern central - peripheral. Genetic differentiation was weak and significant (RST = 0.095), with a pattern of isolation by distance. Populations with distance of up to 140 m are more similar than expec-ted by chance. There were no significant signs of genetic bottleneck. Individuals in the germ-plasm collection showed high genetic similarity, genetic differentiation was higher among offspring than between populations (θS = 184 and θP = 0.014, respectively). The variability of the collection is representative as the existing variability in spontaneous populations. Fi-nally, in the third chapter titled "Effects pattern of landscape on the variability and genetic structure of populations Anacardium occidentale L. ecotype from Cerrado", we analyzed the genetic structure at the landscape scale to Goiás state populations. Was observed that the main type of matrix around the populations are remaining natural vegetation and pasture, with great variation in the remaining percentage. There was a relationship between the change in allelic richness and remaining percentage of natural vegetation and predominant matrix around the populations in the lowest values were found when the predominant type of matrix is the pasture. Inbreeding was related to landscape when characterized for 2 km scale, where there was a higher inbreeding when the predominant type of matrix is the pas-ture. Due to anthropogenic changes in the landscape there was genetic discontinuity between eight pairs of populations. These results indicate that the fragmentation and change in land use are influencing the genetic variability and gene flow of populations.Item Estudo de associação genômica ampla para produtividade em arroz (Oryza sativa L.)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-04-06) Pantalião, Gabriel Feresin; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Brondani, Claudio; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Vianello, Rosana PereiraCultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal for feeding. It is estimated that the demand for rice grains increases considerably in a reduction scenario of cultivable area and scarcity of water resources, which will require an increase in production compared to current levels. To solve this problem, a viable alternative would be the exploitation of genetic diversity available in rice germplasm banks. Rice breeding programs should prioritize the search for new strategies to increase yield in a variety of environmental conditions. The exploitation of genetic diversity allowed the identification of favorable alleles not present in the germplasm of rice varieties used in breeding programs, as well as obtaining new allelic combinations of genes related to important agronomic traits and that could significantly contribute to the achievement of more productive cultivars. In this context, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are designed to analyze variations in the DNA sequence of the entire genome in an effort to identify associations with phenotypic traits of interest. It is expected, therefore, that the results of the GWAS analysis, together with the improvements obtained with the next generation sequencing technologies (NGS) in search of a large number of SNPs, such as genotyping by sequencing (GBS), be used to investigate the genetic control of traits related to yield. This study aimed to identify genomic regions of rice related to yield from the GWAS methodology using genotypes of Embrapa Rice Core Collection (ERiCC). The GWAS analysis was conducted from a panel of 550 accessions of the ERiCC, and after the imputation of raw data, were accounted 445,589 SNPs distributed along the 12 rice chromosomes. The molecular information was integrated with phenotypic data derived from yield evaluation experiments conducted in nine essays, divided into two cultivation systems (irrigated and rainfed) and three agricultural years (2004/2005, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007). From the joint analysis in all experiments, 31 SNPs were significantly associated with yield, but only three had the lowest frequency allele with positive effect. The joint analysis of irrigated experiments identified three SNPs associated with yield, of which one with lower frequency allele with a positive effect, whereas in the rainfed experiments was identified only one SNP with lower frequency allele associated to positive effect. Subsequently, a stepwise regression analysis was performed to keep in the model only SNPs without overlapping effects, so being selected 15 SNPs markers. After in silico analysis, it was found that the most productive accessions showed 80 to 100% of favorable alleles while the less productive showed 27 to 33% of favorable alleles. For this set of markers to be used in an assisted selection routine, they should also be validated in the laboratory. In the total joint analysis, from 44 genes identified, 14 had no particular function, while from the joint analysis of experiments irrigated and rainfed, from the six genes, only one had no particular function. The search for Arabidopsis homologues genes in the 15 unknown function rice genes resulted in four genes with known function. The expressed products of the set of genes were related to metabolic processes, response to biotic, abiotic, endogenous and external stimulus, post- embryonic multicellular development, growth and morphogenesis, which influence the number of grains, grains weight and photosynthetic capacity, all related to rice yield and be useful in indicating candidate genes to cloning and transformation, enabling the development of genetically superior rice cultivars. Among the genes identified as associated to productivity, nine were previously described in the literature, and of these, six were related proteins that influence the number and seed weight, and photosynthetic capacity: LOC_Os02g44290.1, LOC_Os04g35370.1, LOC_Os02g44260.1, LOC_Os02g44280 .1 LOC_Os09g36230.1 and LOC_Os01g66160.1. These genes are considered as candidates for cloning and transformation of rice, in order, through its overexpression, enable the development of higher yielding rice cultivars.Item Estudo de resistência à murcha-de-fusarium e identificação de QTLs em feijeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-04-27) Valdo, Stella Cristina Dias; Wendland, Adriane; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7196405181790361; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Wendland, Adriane; Gonçalves, Fábio José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Filippi, Marta Cristina Corsi; Araújo, Leila Garcês deThe common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop plays an important role in the culture and economy of Brazil. It is cultivated in all Brazilian regions and is affected by several diseases like fusarium wilt which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (soil-born fungus). This disease brings significant losses in common bean culture and genetic resistance is the primary form of control. One of the core goals of breeding programs is the development of resistant cultivars, therefore the objectives of this work are: i) To select F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli resistant F5:7 lines resulted from the crossing between Ouro Branco X CNFP10132, under controlled field and environment conditions ii) To identify SSR markers and QTL-linked SNPs associated with the resistance of common bean to fusarium wilt using 92 recombinat inbred lines(RILs) resulted from the crossing between Ouro Branco x CNFP10132. In the first study, 140 lines, the breeders Ouro Branco and CNFP10132, BRS Esplendor (resistant) and BRS Supremo (susceptible) as controls were evaluated. Field trials were conducted in a center pivot area where natural infestation of the pathogen occurs. The treatments were evaluated in summer and winter crop and the experimental design used was 12x12 triple lattice. The two controlled environment trials were conducted in a completely randomized design. The treatments were inoculated by cutting and immersing the roots in a conidial suspension, which was adjusted to 1x106 conidia/ml for five minutes. The evaluation was performed using a scale of nine grades that represent the severity of the disease: 1 – absence of symptoms and 9 – over 75% of foliage with wilt symptoms. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Scott-Knott test for both environments. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and genetic parameters were estimated for controlled environment tests. Significant differences were observed for crops and for controlled environment trials, indicating that environment influences directly the severity of the disease. Highly significant differences were found for lines in all environments evaluated, demonstrating the existence of genetic variability, which allows the selection of resistant lines resistant to fusarium wilt. Treatments were classified in different groups according to the Scott-knott test. When considering the lowest averages in field, controlled environment and AUDPC, the strains Ouro Branco x CNFP 10132.140, Ouro Branco x CNFP 10132.49, Ouro Branco x CNFP 10132.12, Ouro Branco x CNFP 10132.90 and Ouro Branco x CNFP 10132.48 were prominent and are candidates to produce a breeding program. Heritability estimates were high for all environments, mean of 85.48% for field and 95.47% for controlled environment. Therefore, selection for resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli of these lines, will be successful. In the second study it was extracted DNA from 92 lines and from genitors for genotyping with SSRs and SNPs. In order to obtain the localization of these markers, sequences of the primers were aligned to the andean genome of the common bean. The method of single marker (analysis of QTLs based on linear regression) was used to identify QTLs associated with fusarium wilt resistance. These markers were considered significant when brought up p-value <0.05. Ninety-three markers were linked to 104 QTLs associated with fusarium wilt resistance and among these, were considered significant in more than one environment PV 115, PV 251, BARC-PV-0004089, BARC-PV-0004548, BARC-PV-0003450, BARC-PV-0006051, BARC-PV-0003368 , BARC-PV-0005477 and BARC-PV-0004897. However only the BARC-PV-0003450 marker was highly significant in the two environment controled trials (p <0.001) and winter crop (p <0.01) and explained up to 21.5% of the phenotypic variance. Subsequently, the gene annotation was made considering the location of all markers that were significant at p <0.01 comprising 500 kb before and after the localization. 960 coded transcripts were annotated. It was observed in gene annotation that BARC-PV-0003450 marker is located on the chromosome 8, 338.54 kb distant of the gene Phvul.008G014700 which is associated with the putative protein RPP13 related to disease resistance, identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. This protein belongs to the third class of resistance genes that encloses the domain called Leucine-Rich Repeats (LRR). This domain is involved in the recognition of the pathogen by the host during the infection process. Therefore, this marker is suitable for marker- assisted selection aiming the development of cultivars resistant to fusarium wilt.Item Filogeografia de populações naturais do buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f., Arecaceae) do Brasil Central(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-04-23) Lima, Natácia Evangelista de; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Figueiredo, Lúcio Flávio de AlencarMauritia flexuosa, popularly known as buriti, is a large palm that occurs especially in association with wetlands (veredas) in South America. It is distinguished because of its economic importance for local populations from Central Brazil, and as source of food, breeding site and haven for the terrestrial and aquatic fauna. The effect of historical demographic events and climatic fluctuations in the current distribution of buriti can provide clues about the responses of this species to anthropic pressures and to future climatic changes. For this purpose we studied the phylogeography of M. flexuosa. The results were based on the differences of sequences from the following chloroplast intergenic regions: psbA-trnH, trnC-ycf6 and trnS-trnG. We sampled 170 individuals from 14 localities throughout Central Brazil, including populations in the Amazon, Araguaia/Tocantins, Paraná and São Francisco Basins. Since the distribution of M. flexuosa is restricted to wetlands, which are surrounded by large areas of dry lands that may act as barriers to gene flow, we hypothesized that populations are highly differentiated and that River Basins act as phylogeographic breaks. The combined data from the three sequence regions generated a fragment of 1205bp, with 11 haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.005314 +/- 0.002800) and haplotipic diversity was high (h =0,791) for the combined data. The population parameter θ, and nucleotide and haplotype diversity per population, shows a pattern where populations from different geographic regions have a relative genetic uniformity, separated by steep losses on the diversity; what characterizes colonization by sectors. Differentiation among populations was significant (P< 0.001), but no sign of recent bottleneck on population size followed by expansion was found (D Tajima=-1.955 p = 0.00210; Mismatch Distribution=0.034 p=0.7467 and growth parameter g=402. 402, 95% = -334.961 ICredi, ICreds 95% = 999.91). We could group populations by location in the phylogenetic analysis (Network software), but they do not support the initial hypothesis that the major basins act as important phylogeographic breaks for the distribution of maternal lineages of M. flexuosa. The studied populations showed ancient time of coalescence. This research provided more details on the dynamics and genetic structure of the remnant of buriti populations, helping to elucidate the evolutionary history of this neotropical palm.Item Filogeografia de Pterodon emarginatus e Pterodon pubescens (Leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-12-06) Lima, Stefany Lorrayny; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Telles, Mariana Pires De Campos; Rocha, Dulce Maria Sucena da; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari AbreuThe species Pterodon emarginatus and P. pubescens, known as sucupira, occur in the Cerrado and have potential for medicinal and wood use. The comparative phylogeography of these species can help in understanding the historical pattern of distribution of genetic diversity, generating information for use and conservation. The objective of this work was to identify the phylogeographic structure of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens, and the comparative phylogeography of these species. The sample consisted of eleven populations for P. emarginatus and nineteen for P. pubescens, distributed in the states of Goiás, Tocantins, Bahia, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais. The chloroplast regions sequenced were trnLE-trnLF and psbA-trnH, and the nuclear ribosomal was ITS101-102. In P. emarginatus, haplotypic and nucleotide diversity are high in chloroplast, as there is a high polymorphism in this region, with a high number of indels. The population structure is relatively low (FST = 0.10). In this species the populations Alvorada do Norte-GO, Cariri-TO, Luiz Eduardo Magalhães-BA and Monte Alegre de Goiás-GO stand out for genetic diversity and are located in an area of climate stability, influencing the evolutionary dynamics of the Cerrado. The dispersal has long distance potential (500 km). The demographic pattern has shown population growth for less than 150 a thousand years. In P. pubescens the haplotypic and nucleotide diversity are high in chloroplast and nucleus, with a high number of haplotypes. The population genetic structure is considerable (FST = 0.24), with a phylogeographic pattern marked by the divergence of populations of the Araguaia basin region, an area of influence on the Cerrado evolutionary dynamics, mainly Araguapaz-GO and Araguaiana-MT. Demographic history has shown population growth from 1.67 million years ago. Finally, P. emarginatus showed a higher diversity pattern in chloroplast, while in P. pubescens there was a high complexity of the phylogeographic pattern, and the population of Araguaiana-MT showed a high genetic distance. Despite the species separation, there is a highlight for populations that exhibit high haplotype sharing, mainly Araguaiana-MT and Araguapaz-GO. The species tree showed no distinction between species, corroborating the hypothesis of recent diversification. Comparative analysis of species suggests ancestral introgression or polymorphism, considering the high sharing of haplotypes. These species are possibly in the process of recent separation, and P. emarginatus is the species in the process of speciation.Item Implicações da interação de genótipos com ambientes na recomendação de cultivares de feijoeiro comum: validação de regras e importância de fatores ambientais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-14) Barros, Matheus Souza de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9132553601896172; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Mello Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Pereira, Helton Santos; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima BarbosaThe genotypes by environments interaction (GxA) can be defined as the differential phenotypic response of genotypes in different environments. This phenomenon is the main complicating factor in recommending broadly adapted cultivars in common bean and others crops. The value of cultivation and use (VCU) tests are required for registration of new cultivars. These tests are intended to generate agronomic information about the performance of candidate lines for new cultivars in the various cultivation environments. The rules for conducting VCU tests were very restrictive as they require many tests to register the new cultivar. This step in the development process of new cultivars is the most costly for common bean breeding programs for logistical and operational reasons. Because of this, the standard rule has been relaxed since 2010 and was considers the regionalization of Brazil in edaphoclimatic regions. Thus, ten environments are currently accepted for regions I (South) and II (Central), and six environments for Region III (Northeast). Of which three environments are required per sowing season for the season in which the cultivar is to be indicated. The sowing seasons are for region I “waters” (águas) and “drought” (seca); and for region II "waters" and "winter" (inverno). The tests must be conducted for two years. Thus, this work aims to: validate the number of environments (VCU assays) currently accepted for registration of new cultivars, through computer simulations with real data, and; to evaluate environmental factors to determine their relevance to the phenotypic variation of candidate lines. Grain yield data were used for the study. Data were obtained from 406 VCU trials during 17 years of the common bean breeding program of Embrapa Rice and Beans. During this period 101 candidate lines and 19 commercial cultivars were evaluated as control. The trials were distributed among the three edaphoclimatic regions that contribute most for of the common common bean grain production. For the simulation study an algorithm was built to randomly sample the environments in various combinations. The combinations represent several scenarios, which vary in the number of environments. 288646 simulations were performed and the five best classified genotypes were compared, by coincidence, with the five classified in the complete joint analysis. This analysis uses all available environments in each VCU cycle (two years). Nonlinear modeling was used to adjust estimates to the asymptotic curve to obtain the adjusted averages of coincidence. The curve equation was derived to obtain the instantaneous rate of change. For the criterion of determining the minimum number of environments, the mean value theorem was used to estimate the average rate of change (∆dM) between scenarios, where the x value for the average rate represents the minimum number of environments. For the study of environmental factors two approaches were used: the modeling by mixed models to estimate the variance components and; the classical approach to analysis of variance with decomposition of GxA interaction. In addition to these analyzes, the GxA interaction was decomposed into the simple and complex parts. The results of the simulation study indicated high average coincidence between genotypes even in scenarios with few environments. The elevation of the coincidence was progressive until the scenario with eight environments in regions I and II, which represents the point of ∆dM. However, the number of currently accepted environments (ten) for these regions was more appropriate. For region III, the ∆dM occurred 6.25 indicating that the minimum number of environments for this region is capable of detecting the genotypes most adapted to this region. For sowing seasons, three environments resulted in estimates of over 60% of average coincidence, except for the winter season (53.4%). Thus, it is concluded that the number of environments currently accepted for registration of new cultivars is capable of indicating the superior genotypes. The mixed model evaluation of the environmental factors analysis by region indicated that the GxLxExA interaction is the component of variance that contributes most to the total variance, followed by the effect of locations for regions I and II. In region III the effect of sites was the most important of the components. The analysis of variance of the factors and their partial decompositions indicated that in region I that the isolated effects of times and places together with the GxL interaction were more relevant. In region II, GxE interaction was the most significant componet involving genotypes. The isolated environmental components varied in importance between cycles in the region II. The local effect and GxL interaction are the most expressive components in region III. The decomposition of the interaction was predominantly complex in all studied cycles for all regions. It is concluded, therefore, that in region II the environmental factors sowing seasons, years and location were the ones that participated with most of the total variation. GxE was the most significant among the interactions of environmental factors involving genotypes in region II. In region III the main sources of variation for the isolated effects were location and years, in that order. The variance components indicated that the interaction of genotypes with the environmental components were more important for regions I and II, and for region III the location effect was more relevant. The location effect is the isolated variance component that most contributes to the total variation in all regions. The type of complex interaction was predominant among the combined assays in all regions.Item Interação de genótipos com ambientes para qualidade de grãos carioca e caracteres agronômicos em feijoeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-10-07) Silva, Fernanda de Cássia; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Mello Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Silva, Kaesel Jackson Damasceno e; Rodrigues, FabrícioIn the common bean crop, environmental influence and the differential behavior of genotypes to environments they have been reported for various important traits, and not restricted to grain yield. Initially, the producers crave for cultivars with high grain yield, early, maturing, upright plant architecture that is conducive to direct mechanized harvesting, commercial grain size and disease resistant. Unlike, the other segments of the production chain crave for grains with other attributes. For industry it is important that new cultivars present grains with high technology quality and processing and for consumers higher nutritional, cuisine and functional quality. Thus, these characteristics need to be combined to meeting the demands of the entire chain and enable the adoption of a new cultivar. And for this, the factors that influence the phenotypic expression of these traits require more studies. The objetive of this study were i) to study the effect of the genotype x environment interaction (GxE) in the grain yield associated with agronomic and grain quality traits and ii) identify carioca common bean genotypes that have simultaneously high adaptability and stability for these traits. Were conducted 79 trials Cultivation Value and Use (CVU) with carioca common bean lines, distributed in Distrito Federal and States of Goiás, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas and Sergipe. These experiments were conducted in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, the sowing times of dry, winter and rainy. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications and plots of four lines, with 4 m row. The experiments consisted of 17 carioca common bean genotypes: thirteen elite lines and four controls (BRS Estilo, Pérola, BRS Sublime e CNFC 10762). The agronomic traits were evaluated: grain yield, plant architecture, lodging and reaction to anthracnose, angular leaf spot, common bacterial blight and wilt bacterial wilt, in addition to grain quality traits: visual aspect of grain, sieve in yield, 100 100 weight, cooking time and crude protein concentration. Individual and combined analyses of variance were realizedand analysis of adaptability and stability, the Nunes graphical method, for all characters. The index posts sum was used for the selection of genotypes favorable phenotypes for most traits, in addition to adaptability and joint stability. High environmental influence and interaction GxE in phenotypic expression for agronomic traits and traits related to grain quality was detected. It was possible to select genotypes with superiority for each character set. The use of the estimates of adaptability and stability combined with selection index was useful in evaluating genotype performance against the environmental variations. The lines CNFC 15033, CNFC 15070, CNFC 15025, CNFC 15049 and CNFC 15086 combined phenotypic good sized, high adaptability and stability for most agronomic traits. The genotypes who stand out for grain quality characters were CNFC 15097, CNFC 15038, CNFC 15025, CNFC 15033 and BRS Estilo. From these results, CNFC 15025, CNFC 15033, CNFC 15097 and CNFC 15038 line highlighted by to associate traits of agronomic interest the high quality of grain, as well as being stable and adapted to different cropping regions. Thus, these breeding lines have potential to be indicated as new cultivars and/or used as parents in breeding programs aimed at improving these phenotypes.Item Melhoramento de feijão preto para resistência à murcha de fusário: identificação de marcadores moleculares e seleção de populações segregantes e linhagens(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-10) Torres, Mário Henrique Rodrigues Mendes; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0729719587905292; Pereira, Helton Santos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Bruzi, Adriano TeodoroFusarium wilt, caused by the fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) is one of the most important diseases affecting bean culture (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Among the methods of controlling this disease, genetic resistance is the most efficient. However, there is little information on the genetics of the fusarium wilt reaction (FOP). Three studies were carried out with the objectives of: i) selecting promising parents and the segregating populations for reaction to fusarium wilt, grain productivity and 100 grain mass; ii) estimate genetic parameters and select breeding lines resistant to fusarium wilt, with high productivity and greater mass of 100 grains; iii) check if there is a genetic relationship between these traits; iv) study genetic control and identify SNP molecular markers linked to QTLs for reaction to fusarium wilt in the bean cultivar BRS FP403. In the first study, 25 segregating populations obtained from crosses in the partial diallel scheme between two groups of the five parents were evaluated: group I with breeding lines resistant to fusarium wilt and group II with susceptible breeding lines, but with superior agronomic characteristics. The populations were evaluated in Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen, in the winter / 2016 (generation F2), winter / 2017 (generation F3) and winter / 2018 (generation F4). The evaluated traits were the reaction to fusarium wilt, productivity and mass of 100 grains. Significant differences between populations were detected for all traits. The joint diallel analysis showed the existence of additive and non-additive effects, with a predominance of additive effects, for the three traits studied. The gi estimates revealed that the parents BRS Esplendor (-0.13) and CNFP 15207 (-0.76) are indicated to form populations with greater resistance to fusarium wilt. The CNFP breeding lines 15194 is indicated to form populations with greater resistance to fusarium wilt (-0.59) and greater mass of 100 grains (0.69). The cultivar BRS FP403 is indicated as the parents for increasing productivity (218) and mass of 100 grains (1.46). Among the susceptible parents, CNFP 11995 stood out for forming populations with high productivity and a mass of 100 grains, simultaneously. The populations BRS FP403 / CNFP 11995, CNFP 15194 / CNFP 11995 and CNFP 15194 / CNFP 11976 are the most promising for the extraction of superior breeding lines for the three traits simultaneously. In the second study, breeding lines from two populations were evaluated (BRS Esplendor / BRS Expedito and BRS Expedito / CNFP 15867), selected for their high resistance to fusarium wilt, high productivity and greater mass of 100 grains. Two experiments were conducted in the winter crops of 2015 and 2016, in Santo António de Goiás-GO, with 116 breeding lines from these two populations and five witnesses in a triple 11x11 latex experimental design, in an area infested with the pathogen. Reaction to fusarium wilt, yield and mass of 100 grains were evaluated. Analysis of variance and estimated genetic parameters were performed. Differences between lineages were identified in all environments for all traits. The estimates of heritability and expected gain with direct selection indicated the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for each traits in isolation. In the simultaneous selection of the breeding lines for the four traits, based on the joint analysis, the expected gains with the selection of the 31 best breeding lines were 22.1% for reaction to fusarium wilt, 6.6% for productivity and 7.7% for mass of 100 grains. Five breeding lines have high potential to be indicated as new cultivars, as they showed resistance to fusarium wilt, high productivity and a mass of 100 grains, being superior to the cultivars available on the market today. In the third study, genotyping of SNPs and SilicoDArT markers was performed using the DArTseq technology of a population mapping in the F2 generation obtained from the crossing between the cultivars BRS FP403 (resistant) x BRS Horizonte (susceptible). 165 progenies were obtained and evaluated in generations F2: 4 and F2:5, together with four controls. The experiments were installed in a 13x13 triple lattice design, in an area infested with the pathogen, in the winter/2016 (F2:4) and winter/2017 (F2:5) harvest in Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO. Evaluation of the reaction to fusarium wilt was performed. A genetic map was obtained comprising 702 markers with a total length of 3069 cM and an average distance between marks of 4.9 cM. The analysis of phenotypic data showed the presence of variability between the progenies and the possibility of success with the selection, with high estimates of genetic variance, heritability (90%) and expected gain with the selection (37%). Considering the two years and the joint analysis, 6 different QTLs were identified associated with the reaction to the fusarium wilt and there was an interaction between the QTLs and the years. Based on the joint analysis, four QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 4, explaining from 5.8 to 40.5% of the variation, indicating that the inheritance of the reaction to fusarium wilt is complex. The QTL FOP2.3403H stood out for explaining the greater proportion of the phenotypic variation (40.5%) and being stable in the different years. The QTL FOP3.2403H explained 6.3% of the phenotypic variation and was also stable over the years. These markers have great potential for use in assisted selection.Item Melhoramento genético do feijão-comum assistido por marcadores moleculares: identificação, caracterização, mapeamento e piramidação de alelos de resistência a doenças(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-10-11) Messias, Lucas Matias Gomes; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Oliveira, Bruna Mendes de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Pereira, Helton Santos; Vianello, Rosana PereiraThe common bean's yield and commercial grain quality are constantly challenged by more than 45 diseases and post-harvest biochemical changes like grain darkening. The productivity, nutritional quality, and minor post-harvest changes (slow darkening) are of great importance for the acceptance of the product in the market. The aims of this study were: 1) mapping the genomic region associated with anthracnose resistance from a population (BRSMG Realce x BRS FC104) with 161 F2 plants that were phenotyped for reaction to race 475 of the fungi Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and genotyped with SNPs markers using the DArTseq technology; 2) Validation of SNPs markers previously identified as linked to anthracnose and angular leaf spot resistance alleles using a set with 376 genotypes, including elite lines, cultivars, and common bean landraces; 3) Establish an allele pyramiding program by marker-assisted selection for anthracnose, angular leaf spot, and fusarium wilt in common bean of carioca type with slow darkening of grains. The results shown that anthracnose resistance in BRSMG Realce is controlled by a single locus (R2=54,6%) with complete dominance, provisionally designated as CoPv04R, and mapped in a genomic region with 704,867 bp comprising 44 putative genes related to the pathogen-host interaction. The SNPs markers snp12782 (1,182,123 bp), snp3308 (505,696 bp) and snp1327 (477,285 bp) were indicated to monitor the CoPv04R allele introgression with a selection efficiency of 99,0%. Based on these results and the usefulness of CoPv04R for breeding purposes, it is proposed that the locus be officially nominated in accordance with the rules established by the Bean Improvement Cooperative Genetics Committee. Regarding the validation of markers previously identified as associated with bean diseases, of the nine evaluated SNPs, seven showed the potential to be incorporated into the assisted selection routine along with Embrapa's common bean breeding programs (snpPV0025-Phg-2; snpPV0027-Phg-5; snpPV0046-Co-u; snpPV0068-Co-42; snpPV0070-Co-42; snpP8282v3-817-Co-42; snpPV0079-Phg-5). The SNP markers snpPV0025 and snpPV0079 are indicated to monitor the Phg-2 and Phg-5 allele introgression, respectively. The genotyped system based on TaqMan™ assay in qPCR for the SNP markers snpPV0070, snpP8282v3-817, and snpPV0025 were specific for target-alleles Co-42, Co-42, and Phg-2, respectively. The markers snpPV0070, and snpP8282v3-817 show a selection efficiency of 99,0%. The target-allele pyramiding assisted by SNP markers snpP8282v3-817, and ANAAJK6 allowed the early selection of nine progenies combining the alleles Co-42 and FOP2.3403H in homozygosis, respectively. The selection with the marker PvbHLHp12804 (sdsd) was 100% coincident with the grains' slow-darkening phenotype after 140 storage days. Our results showed that the identification and validation of molecular markers identified as associated with target alleles for traits of agronomic importance in the common bean is essential to guide the choice of superior genotypes and improve selection efficiency, attributing speed to the genetic improvement program.Item Melhoramento genético para altos teores de ferro e zinco em feijoeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-30) Di Prado, Poliana Regina Carloni; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4763166D1; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4763166E8; Pereira, Helton Santos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4766267Z4; Pereira, Helton Santos; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira; Rodrigues, Fabrício; Silva Filho, João Luiz daThe iron and zinc deficiency reaches millions of people worldwide, generating public health problems. One of the most viable alternatives to minimize this issue is the biofortification and the common bean stands out as a crop with wide potential to be biofortified. The objectives of this work were: i) to verify the importance of genetic (G), environmental (E) and G x E interaction effects for iron content (FeC) and zinc content (ZnC) in common bean grains and to identify the cultivars/lines that associate high potential for FeC, ZnC, protein content (PtC), yield and weight of 100 grains (W100); ii) to verify if exists genetic relation between these traits; iii) to obtain, evaluate and select promising common bean segregating populations for high FeC and ZnC, yield and W100; iv) to estimate parental general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability for FeC and ZnC, aiming the understanding of genetic control and the selection of parental lines; v) to estimate genetic parameters and to select lines for FeC, ZnC, yield and W100; vi) to validate microsatellites molecular markers (SSR), previously identified as linked to QTLs for FeC and ZnC in common bean, in breeding populations, with high mean. On the first study, to verify the importance of G x E interaction, 34 genotypes were evaluated at 19 environments, assessing the FeC, ZnC, PtC, yield and W100. Combined analyses of variance, adaptability and stability analyses by Nunes graphical method were performed, in addition to the estimation of genetic correlations between the traits. There were significant differences between genotypes for all traits. The environment and interaction effects were significant, and the environment represented the most of total variation, 63% (FeC) and 65% (ZnC), followed by G x E interaction effect, 18% (FeC) and 15% (ZnC). The cultivar BRS Sublime, with carioca grains type, combined high FeC, ZnC, PtC, yield and grains with commercial size, in addition to wide adaptability and stability. The genetic correlations between FeC x ZnC, FeC x PtC and ZnC x PtC were significant and positive, indicating, likely, the occurrence of pleiotropy or that some genes that control these traits are linked. It is concluded that, due to the great environmental effect influencing FeC and ZnC the evaluation trials of these traits should be performed in multiple environments. On the second study, 15 segregating populations were obtained and evaluated from crosses on complete diallel design between six parental lines selected for high FeC and ZnC. The populations were assessed at Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, on winter/2012 (F2), winter/2013 (F3) and rainy/2013 (F4) seasons, and at Brasília-DF, on rainy/2013 (F4) season. The traits evaluated were FeC and ZnC, yield and W100. Significant differences were detected between the populations for all traits. Based on the combine analysis, for FeC additive effects were more important and the line G 2358 stood out by its high GCA (5.63). For ZnC, both additive and non additive effects were important, however no parental line showed significant GCA. The populations selected simultaneously for all four traits, based on combined analysis, were Porto Real x G 2358, BRSMG Majestoso x G 2358, BRS Requinte x BRSMG Majestoso, Porto Real x BRS Requinte and Porto Real x BRSMG Majestoso. The population BRS Requinte x G 2358 is indicated for extraction of lines with high FeC and ZnC. It is concluded that the parental G 2358 has great potential and must be used in new crosses to increase FeC in common bean grains. The population BRS Requinte x G 2358, that presented excellent performance for FeC and ZnC, and the population BRS Requinte x Porto Real, selected simultaneously for all traits, must follow on the breeding program for lines extraction. On the third step of this work, 116 lines of these two populations and five controls were assessed, in a triple lattice experimental design 11x11, at three environments and FeC, ZnC, yield and W100 were evaluated. Analyses of variance and the estimation of genetic parameters were performed. It was also performed the genotyping of the parental lines and lines of these populations with 20 SSR previously identified as linked to FeC and ZnC QTLs and, later, it was performed the single marker mapping analysis. Differences were identified between the lines at all environments for all traits. The estimates of heritability and expected gain from selection indicated the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for each trait individually. On simultaneous selection of lines for the four traits, based on combined analysis, the expected gains from selection of the best 24 lines were 4.7% for FeC, 2.8% for ZnC, 3.9% for yield and 0.9% for W100. Only the marker BM 154 was polymorphic and only on population BRS Requinte x Porto Real. The single marker mapping analysis showed association only between BM 154 and FeC, at one environment, explaining 14.5% of the phenotypic variation. It is concluded that there is possibility on selecting lines that combine desired phenotypes for the four traits of interest and that, likely, the QTLs linked to the tested markers are already fixed and that there is the presence of QTLs x environments interaction.Item Melhoramento molecular do feijão-comum para resistência múltipla a viroses(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-06-14) Silva, Rodrigo de Souza; Faria, Josias Correa de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5616359873902028; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9650183308779143; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Pinheiro, Patricia Valle; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Oliveira, Bruna Mendes deAmong the diseases that affect the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), viruses deserve to be highlighted, since they are difficult to control and cause partial or total yield and grain quality losses. In Brazil, the main viruses of beans are: the common mosaic, caused by the Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), the golden mosaic, whose causal agent is the Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and the soybean stem necrosis disease, caused by Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV). The symptoms of CPMMV emerged in common beans more recently in agronomic performance tests with the transgenic cultivar BRS FC 401 RMD, which presents effective resistance to BGMV (event Embrapa 5.1). The symptoms of CPMMV were confused or hidden by the more severe symptoms of BGMV, and both viruses occur simultaneously in the field and are transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), mainly in Central region Brazil. Thus, two studies were carried out with the objectives of: i) develop, evaluate and select transgenic common bean progenies, second generation, with carioca market class, good agronomic performance and with multiple resistance to viruses BCMV, BGMV and CPMMV, and ii) to investigate genetic inheritance of the CPMMV and to genetically map loci of resistance to CPMMV in the carioca seeded cultivar BRS Sublime. In the first study, elite progenies were developed from crosses using the carioca seeded cultivars BRS Estilo and BRS Sublime (both showing resistance to CPMMV and BCMV), with the transgenic line CNFCT 16206 (event Embrapa 5.1; effective resistance to BGMV) and resistant to BCMV. The recovery of elite progenies with a greater proportion of parents was performed through the analysis of backcrosses assisted by SSR and SNP markers. Thus, 39 elite progenies were evaluated in field condition, in the rainy (2016) and dry (2017) growing seasons, and in an insect-proof screenhouse. The evaluated traits were the seed yield and mass of 100 seeds, plant architecture and tolerance to lodging, seed appearance, and virus disease severity (VS). The elite progenies in addition to the controls were mechanical inoculated at eight days after planting with the strain (CPMMV: BR:GO:14 – GenBank MK202583), and were evaluated, at 35 days after inoculation, for severity of CPMMV. These progenies and the controls were also evaluated for the presence of the event Embrapa 5.1 (marker Ahas) and gene I (marker SCAR SW13). The result of the joint analysis showed variability between the progenies for all characters evaluated, especially SV, except for ARQ, considering the two environments, with P × E interaction (P ≤ 0.01). All elite progenies showed effective resistance to BCMV and BGMV, with the exception of progeny 336-3.1 (BGMV), whereas the conventional controls were susceptible to BGMV, and the transgenic control (cv. BRS FC401 RMD,) and the progenies were susceptible to CPMMV. Thus, the severity of CPMMV was assessed in progenies and transgenic controls. Twelve elite progenies showed mean scores ≤ 3.0 for VS. Of these, the progenies 184-12.1, 356-5.1, 398-3.1, 417-22.1 and 422-39.1 showed resistance to BCMV, BGMV and CPMMV. Therefore, the use of conventional breeding strategies and marker-assisted selection (SAM) enabled the development and selection of elite transgenic carioca-seeded cultivars, second-generation, with carioca-seeded market class, better plant architecture and allowing direct mechanical harvest, with multiple resistance to viruses and presenting potential to be evaluated in agronomic performance tests. In the second study, the genotyping of SNP and SilicoDArT markers was performed using the DArTseq technology, in a mapping population in the F2 generation obtained from the crossing between the cultivar BRS Sublime (resistant) e transgenic line CNFCT 16207 (susceptible). All F1 plants were tested with molecular marker linked to the event Embrapa 5.1 to confirm the hybrid nature. The plants were conducted in an insect-proof screenhouse. Thus, a total of 180 F2 individual plants and 180 F2:3 progenies (2160 seedlings; 12 seedlings/progeny), in addition to the parents, were mechanically inoculated with the same CPMMV isolate, at eight days after planting. At 35 days after inoculation, the plants were evaluated for severity of CPMMV. The phenotypic data were subjected to the chi-square test (ꭕ2) (P ≤ 0.05), considering the expected mendelian segregation ratio for each generation. The complete genetic map was obtained with 1.695 markers segregated according to the expected frequency and distributed in the 11 chromosomes of the bean, with total length of 2.864 cM and average distance between marks of 1.8 cM. The results indicated that a single dominant gene controls the inheritance of CPMMV resistance in the cultivar BRS Sublime. The QTL – single Gene (CPMMV. Pv08) was identified in the final region of chromosome 8, associated with resistance to CPMMV and explaining ~77% of the phenotypic variation. This is the first report to study genetic inheritance and genetically map locus to CPMMV resistance in BRS Sublime. The construction of the genetically map and the QTL analysis approach generates new perspectives for common bean breeding programs, with the potential for development and validation of molecular markers to be used through SAM for reaction to CPMMV in common bean genotypes.