Mestrado em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas (EA)
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Item Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de linhagens de arroz de terras altas por meio da lógica fuzzy(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-12-05) Maciel, Douglas de Oliveira; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Ramos, Paulo Henrique; Botelho, Flavia Barbosa SilvaThe selection of lines for characters of agronomic interest is done with evaluations in different environments. As the environments are diversified and several lines are evaluated, it is expected that the interaction between genotypes by environments will occur, and that it will play an important role in the manifestation of the phenotype. Adaptability and stability studies have been used in breeding programs to help the selection process where the interaction of genotypes by environments has been reported. The evaluation is based on parameters provided by methodologies and requires the breeder's experience, making it difficult as the number of evaluated genotypes increases. Fuzzy logic stands out for allowing the automation of decision making, and also classifying how much a genotype belongs to each set. The objective of this work was to evaluate the genotypes in terms of adaptability and stability through fuzzy logic, using data on agronomic characters of upland rice from the breeding program of UFG and partners. Eight lines from the UFG breeding program, ten from UFLA and two commercial cultivars were evaluated for grain yield, plant height and number of days to flowering, in VCU trials at six locations in the state of Goiás in four agricultural years, in the 2017/18 to 2020/21 harvests. The trials varied between locations over the years, totaling thirteen environments for grain yield and plant height, and eight environments for number of days to flowering. The design was complete randomized blocks, with three replications, and plots of four lines of 4 meters, spaced by 0.45 meters. The useful area considered was 3 meters from the central lines. The adaptability and stability analyzes considered a fuzzy controller based on the Eberhart and Russell (1966) method, and a hybrid controller, based on the Lin and Binss (1988) methods, modified by Carneiro (1998) and associated with Eberhart and Russell (1966). Both controllers classified the lines into four sets in terms of performance relative to adaptability and stability (general, poorly adapted, favorable environments, unfavorable environments). The CSD 08004 line showed broad adaptability and stability for plant height and grain yeld, in addition to a pertinence value close to classification as adaptability and general stability for the number of days to flowering. Thus, the CSD 08004 line can be recommended for cultivation in the region of the State of Goiás.Item Análise comparativa de sequências completas de genomas de cloroplasto de Pterodon emarginatus e Pterodon pubescens (Leguminosae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-11) Freitas, Juliana Borges Pereira Brito; Taquary, Adriana Maria Antunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8869318023800691; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Dias, Renata de OliveiraFREITAS, J. B. P. B. Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genome sequences of Pterodon emarginatus and P. pubescens (Leguminosae). 2020. Dissertation (Master in Genetics and Plant Breeding) – School of Agronomy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, 2020.¹ The chloroplast is a cellular organelle that has its own genome. Several projects of chloroplast genome sequencing have been developed with species of the legume group, family to which the species Pterodon emarginatus and P. pubescens belong. These two species of the genus Pterodon are native to the Cerrado biome, are popularly known as sucupira branca or faveira, and have potential for medicinal use and lumber. The present work aimed to know and compare the structure and organization of the chloroplastidial genomes of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens, in order to collaborate with the knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships between these species. Sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The genomes were assembled using a de novo strategy associated with reference genome guided assembly. Annotation of genes and repetitive regions of the genomes was performed. In addition, nucleotide diversity was estimated and phylogenetic relationships of these species with other species of the Leguminosae family, whose chloroplastid genomes are available in databases, were analyzed. These diversity and phylogeny analyses were performed based on the gene sequences of the chloroplastidial genomes. The complete sequence of the chloroplastidial genome of P. emarginatus is 159,823 bp, while that of P. pubescens is 159,818 bp. Both genomes have a quadripartite structure, composed of two inverted regions (IR) with 25,584 bp in both species, separated by a short single copy region (SSC), with 19,359 bp and 19,367 bp, respectively, for P. pubescens and P. emarginatus and a long single copy region (LSC), with 89,291 bp in P. pubescens and 89,288 bp in P. emarginatus. A total of 127 genes were predicted in the chloroplast genome in both species, among which, 109 single copy genes and 18 duplicated genes in the inverted regions. A total of 143 microsatellite regions were identified in P. emarginatus and 141 in P. pubescens. The gene content was similar to that of other chloroplastidial genomes of legume species, with an emphasis on similarity with Dipteryx alata and Styphnolobium japonicum, with few exceptions of gene losses and gains. Nucleotide diversity estimates of gene regions were 0.062 in LSC, 0.076 in SSC, and 0.036 in IR. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the proximity between the genera Pterodon and Dipteryx, both from the clade Dipterygeae as well as the close relationship between the clades ADA and Cladrastis. The genetic information obtained on the chloroplastidial genomes of P. emarginatus and P. pubescens in this study reinforces the similarity and evolutionary proximity between these species. These results may contribute to other studies, such as molecular systematics and population genetics and phylogeography.Item Análise da diversidade e divergência genética em clones de Eucalyptus spp. potencialmente importantes para Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-09-03) Maciel, Kelly de Jesus Silva; Novaes, Evandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0568272239145336; Novaes, Evandro; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Vianello, Rosana PereiraThe success of the Brazilian forestry is due largely to the excellent adaptability of the Eucalyptus genus to our climate and soil conditions. The recent expansion of eucalypts to the North and Midwest regions of Brazil presents challenges such as the need for clones adapted to drought, high temperatures and nutrient deficient soils of Cerrado. Three clonal trials were installed in different regions of Goiás State to evaluate the adaptability and growth of 113 elite clones of Eucalyptus spp. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity and divergence among 90 of the clones used in three clonal trials installed in different regions of Goiás State. The clones were genotyped with nine microsatellite loci organized into four "multiplex" systems for PCR. The amplified fragments were separated on the ABI–3100 platform (Applied Biosystems). The genotyping was performed using the GeneMapper software (Applied Biosystems). Genetic diversity parameters were estimated using the GDA and Fstat programs. The parameters number of alleles (A), expected heterozygosity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho), intrapopulation fixation index (f) and allelic richness were estimated for each microsatellite locus. The results showed that all loci used in this study were highly polymorphic, with an average of 16.78 alleles per locus. The EMBRA28 and EMBRA3 loci showed the highest number of alleles (24 and 22). In general, for most markers, the observed heterozygosity had similar estimates when compared to the expected heterozigosity under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. As a result, the fixation index (f) did not differ significantly from zero. Analyses of genetic structure of the clones was performed using the software Structure (version 2.3.4), with K values ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 interactions each. Results indicated presence of three distinct genetic groups (K = 3). However, there was no clear relationship between the populations obtained and the different species of Eucalyptus used in the study. This result can be explained by the clone sample is originated from breeding programs where crosses may have admixed populations, disrupting some genetic structures. Most importantly, the molecular analyses indicate extraordinary genetic diversity within the clonal trials installed in Goiás. This genetic diversity can be exploited for breeding new genetic material adapted to the Cerrado conditions.Item Análise de qtl para produtividade no cruzamento de arroz epagri 108 (indica) x irat 122 (japonica) por marcadores SNPs.(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-08-12) Silva, Daniany Rodrigues Adorno; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Torga, Paula PereiraThe rice (Oryza sativa) is a staple food for the majority of the world's population. One of the main challenges for the breeding programs of this crop is the increase of the yield potential of commercial cultivars. For the development of superior lines and cultivars is necessary to identify and incorporate superior alleles in genetic breeding programs. One of the alterna-tives for the identification of useful genetic variability is the crossing involving genetically unrelated parents, as well as genotyping and phenotyping the segregating populations de-rived from these crossings, and posterior analysis of QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus). This study aimed to identify genes associated with yield of grains in rice through Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS), field experiments and a posterior analysis of QTL involving 232 RIL’s (Recombinant Inbred Lines) derived from the inter-subspecific crossing Epagri 108 (indica) x IRAT 122 (japonica) in two locations (Goianira - State of Goias and Boa Vista - State of Roraima). For the QTL analysis it was mapped 2,382 SNP markers, which identified two QTLs for yield, both located on chromosome 6, exclusively for the experiment of Goianira. The average effects of allele substitutions were 1,365.20 kg.ha-1 and 1,075.49 kg.ha-1, and the proportions of the phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs were 18% and 29%, clas-sified as QTL of large effect. All favorable alleles for yield were derived from genitor IRAT 122. One of the QTL identified to the productivity showed interaction QTL x E, which was expected due to the high significance of interactions G x E detected in the joint analysis. For the experiment of Goianira was also analyzed the trait hundred grain weight, and it were found three QTLs on chromosomes 5, 6 and 12. The average effects of the allelic substitution for the hundred grain weight ranged from 0.12 to 0.14 grams. The proportions of the pheno-typic variance explained by the QTLs ranged from 6 to 8%. Approximately 84% of the QTLs for the hundred grain weight were obtained from the parent IRAT 122. In chromosomal regions identified QTLs for grain yield are contained two genes: the LOC_Os06g16870, a transposon En/Spm, and the LOC_Os06g33320 whose function remains unknown, but whose expression was almost exclusively found in the inflorescences of rice. For the hundred grain weight, the chromosome region of the QTL located on chromosome 5 is located in a linkage block with 82 genes that co-segregate, and whose putative functions include, among others, the adjustment of tillering, pollen formation, grain filling and resistance to abiotic stress. For the QTL located on chromosome 6 it was identified the gene LOC_Os06g16160, which the function still unassigned, but whose expression is located almost exclusively in the root. On chromosome 12, the QTL containing the gene LOC_Os12g41956 expresses a protein of the galactosyl-transferase family, which participates in the synthesis of the RFO’s (Raffinose Family of Oligosaccharides), regulating the levels of reserve oligosaccharides in seeds.Item Antagonismo entre Magnaporthe oryzae e o fungo micorrízico Rhizoctonia sp.(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-03-25) Carvalho, Jacqueline Campos Borba de; Kato, Lucília; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; Kato, Lucília; Lobo, Valácia Lemes da Silva; Filippi, Marta Cristina da Corsi diRice blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch [anamorfo - Pyricularia oryzae Cav.] occurs in all rice growing regions of the world. The sustainable agriculture requires the introduction of biological control as one of the components in the integrated disease management. The microorganisms associated to plants are capable of producing secondary metabolites such as alkaloids which may have a role in biological control. The objective of the present study consists, isolation and identification of secondary metabolites of the micorrhizal fungus Rhizoctonia sp. obtained from Epidendrum nocturnum and evaluate in vitro and in vivo antagonism to M. oryzae. Ten fungal isolates were used to test the antibiosis against M. oryzae. The isolate En07 of Rhizoctonia sp. exhibited a greater halo of inhibition and consequently was considered the best in vitro antagonist to M. oryzae. Crude, mycelial and lyophilized extracts of micorrhizal isolate were obtained. The analysis by CCD of these three extracts showed positive results in relation to Dragendorff, indicating the presence of phenolics. The analysis of RMN 1H and masses showed the presence of aromatic hydrogens and phenolics. Five concentrations of each extract were prepared and utilized in the studies on in vitro mycelial inhibition of M. oryzae and observed 77.86% of pathogen reduction by crude extract (700 μg/mL). Two crude extract treatments (520 μg/ml and 120 μg/ml) significantly reduced the radial growth of the pathogen compared to control. The crude extract showed best results for mycelia inhibition of the pathogen, followed by lyophilized and mycelial extracts. In two trials, the crude extract at 0.52 μg.μL-1 also reduced the formation of appressoria of M. oryzae by 100%. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on leaf blast suppression with the cultivar Primavera, using completely randomized design with three replications. In both these trials, the mycelial extract (1860 μg/ml and M.o 3x105) showed marked reduction of leaf blast severity in relation to control by 59.27% and 77.58% respectively. In the second trial, the second treatment (1040 μg/mL and M.o3x105) of crude extract reduced AUDPC by 64.63% compared to control. The results showed that the metabolites of Rhizoctonia sp. posses great potential for biological control of rice blast.Item Associação genômica ampla para conteúdo de proteína, óleo e ácidos graxos em soja(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-12-18) Gonçalves, Bianca Muriel; Vidotti, Miriam Suzane; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0285845278783380; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Martins, Saulo Muniz; Vidotti, Miriam SuzaneThere has been growing interest in breeding programs with the aim of the development of superior soybean genotypes for specific purposes, such as human feed. Therefore, traits such as protein, oil, and fatty acids content are important to achieve these purposes. The aim of this research was to identify genomic regions associated with the protein, oil, and fatty acids contents (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) in seed, in 416 soybean accessions through genome-wide association studies. The phenotypic data were obtained through a field trial carried out in augmented blocks of Federer at the experimental unit of Seagro-GO, in Senador Canedo-GO, in 2007/2008 growing season. The contents of protein, oil, and fatty acids was quantified by specific methods from the seeds. The accessions were genotyped with the Illumina Infinium SoySNP50K Bead Chip with 52.041 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. It was found that there are no genetic structure patterns or kinship in the panel, an ideal condition for the analysis. Following broad genomic association analysis, twelve significant SNPs located on seven chromosomes were identified: three significant SNPs for oil and protein content in seed, two SNPs for stearic acid content in seed and one SNP for each of the remaining traits. Candidate genes included transcription factors and enzymes related directly or indirectly to the characters analyzed. Detected markers can support identify genotypes with traits of interest.Item Avaliação da ocorrência e dos padrões de fluxo gênico contemporâneo em uma coleção de germoplasma de Hancornía specíosa Gomes (Apocynaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-03-22) Olivatti, Ana Maria; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Chaves, Lázaro José; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Martins, KarinaHancornia speciosa Gomes is a fruit species inhabiting different regions of Brazil. It's kind of great importance for the fauna of the regions in which it occurs and has a high economic potential. Toe species is divided into six botanical varieties and to distinguish these varieties are mainly morphological characteristics. However, no further work was done to identify genetic differences between these varieties. Furthermore, little is known about the mating system and pollen flow pattems ofthis species. Accordingly, the general objective of the study was to evaluate the contemporary gene flow and the reproductive system in a reproductive station in the germplasm collection in vivo and ex situ of H. speciosa, maintained by the Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goiás. It sampled every 274 adults in the collection, 28 trees (matrices) were selected and each of these 20 fruits was collected. A seed of each fruit was planted in a greenhouse, totaling 560 seeds, 57% of the seeds germinated and these leaves were collected for analyzes of patemity. All subjects were genotyped with seven microsatellite loci developed for the species. For the set of loci analyzed was possible to find an average of 18.6 alleles per locus in adults and 15.7 for the progenies. There was no significant difference between the observed and expected heterozygosity found in adults and progenies. When the botanical varieties were evaluated separately, we could not find significant differences between the number of alleles, and observed and expected heterozygosity for each variety. The battery of loci used is capable to discriminating individuais and exclude the patemity of a false pollen donor (CI = 3.34 x10-11 and QC = 0.9999). Multilocus outcrossing rates (tm) and single locus outcrossing (ts) were high and equal to 0.990 and 0.899, respectively. Toe difference of multilocus outcrossing rate and single locus outcrossing combined for all families analyzed was significant, indicating the occurrence of 9 .1 % crossover between related individuais. The correlation of selfing was negative indicating no occurrence of the formation of seeds produced by selfing and this corroborates the hypothesis be selfincompatible species. The patemity correlation was very low, 0.076, and this means that only 7.6% ofthe seeds of each mother are daughters of the sarne pollen donor. Patemity was determined for 71.56% (229) of the analyzed seeds, all botanical varieties of H speciosa contributed to the events of crossing, without thereby restricting the gene flow between varieties. The pollen dispersai distance varied from 5 m between neighbors, 165.6 m, averaging 53 m and 64% ofpollination events occurred at distances of60 m. Toe effective neighborhood area of pollination, considering all patemity assignments, was equal to 8702 m. Among the events crossing, 29% involved pollen donors that are not in the collection, showing that there is contamination of pollen in germplasm collection.Item Avaliação da tecnologia Oxford Nanopore para análise de identidade genética de clones de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-31) Borges, Sâmella de Souza; Bandeira, Ludmila Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5329718658913234; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Novaes, Evandro; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Taquary, Adriana Maria Antunes; Vianello, Rosana PereiraBrazil is currently the world's largest producer of sugarcane, which is the raw material for two important products for the Brazilian economy: sugar and ethanol. Aiming both to assess the Oxford Nanopore technology for genotyping applications for sequencing (Genotyping By Sequencing - GBS), with the differential to obtain a high sequencing coverage (> 1,000x), how to develop a GBS platform to to identify sugarcane clones, safely and conveniently, this work used the MinION platform to perform genotyping based on the sequencing of 48 individuals. For this, using the genome of Sorghum bicolor as reference and a set of libraries of sugarcane transcripts, 20 pairs of primers were designed, which were used to obtain amplicons, in which SNPs molecular markers were identified (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms). Six sequencing libraries were built, the first two being used in pilot trials. The alignment of the sequences obtained in the reference genome was performed using the BWA program. The identification and genotyping of the SNPs was performed using the SAMtools software. The identification of the sugarcane clones was done by calculating the genetic distance between individuals. The cluster analysis was performed using a script written in software R. The sequencing resulted in approximately 841 thousand sequences. The average size of the amplicons was 1.6 kb. High sequencing coverage (average 10,498X / amplicon) was obtained. Nine amplicons were selected, in which 356 SNPs sites were identified. The percentage of mismatches between the obtained and the reference sequences varied from 8% to 20% and the percentage of indels remained homogeneous (~ 6%). The duplicates of the same individual used as biological control formed a knot with a consistency of 94% in the obtained dendrogram, however they did not present perfect genetic identity between them. It is suggested that this fact is mainly associated with the high rate of sequencing error of the Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology, evidencing the difficulty of its use in applications that require a genetic identification with a high degree of security, as occurs in problems involving clonal identification in sugar cane.Item Capacidade de combinação de híbridos simples de milho e interação com épocas de plantio(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-07-30) Castro, Laís Lopes de; Guedes, Márcio Lisboa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8695921024674566; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; Reis, Edésio Fialho dos; Souza, João Cândido de; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães SantosThe high yield obtained in the corn crop and the increases in world production are due to the advances obtained with the genetic breeding. The high productivity obtained in the corn crop and the increases in world production are due to the advances obtained with the genetic improvement. Within the breeding programs, one of the most important decision-making is the formation and choice of the base populations used in the breeding, as they are the ones that will extract the superior strains, so they must gather favorable alleles for characteristics of interest, and for that it is necessary to include several parents in the genealogy of a population. A good strategy for the formation of base populations is the identification of simple high-performance hybrids with high combining capacities for the characteristics of interest. The objective of this study was to identify promising parents and crosses for population formation for the UFG maize breeding program, considering four planting seasons. For the identification of the best parents to compose the new base population, they were evaluated in Goiânia-GO in four planting seasons during the 2018/2019 harvest under a complete diallel genetic design, 6 parents (simple hybrids) and 15 crosses (double hybrids) totaling 21 treatments in the diallel scheme and 5 other controls for comparison purposes. As the behavior of the genotypes is greatly influenced by environmental variations, the analysis of genotype interaction with environments like GGE Biplot was performed. The plant height and ear height characters can be used for selection in the four environments based on the CGC values. There was no pattern of behavior for the determination coefficient estimates (R2) over the four experiments. Parent G1 was better for decreasing the corn cycle with negative flowering values, but in general it presented poor values for CGC and CEC. Parents G2, G3 and G4 showed the best CGC values for the primary production components, and parent G5 as the most stable, although with CGC below the general average. The G1 x G2 cross obtained the highest CEC and at the same time was the most unstable. The G1 x G4, G3 x G6 and G1 x G6 crosses were the most stable and with CEC values higher than the general averagItem Caracterização da região Bru1 no genoma da cultivar RB867515 (Saccharum spp.) utilizando sequenciamento de nova geração(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-09-25) Souza, Isabela Pavanelli de; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0840926305216925; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Novaes, Evandro; Carneiro, Monalisa SampaioSugarcane is known as one of the most important crops of the word for its sub products utilization. Four countries, led by Brazil, supply the sugar international trade. Ethanol is other important sugarcane sub product, recognized as an alternative product to sugar, and had great demand in Brazilian trade, for its utilization as non-fossil fuel. The sugarcane genome is one of the most complex among crops, with 10 Gb. Its complete genome is not available, but the recent innovations in genomics tools open up new possibilities for the investigations about the sugarcane’s genome. We did a genome assembly and annotation of a Brazilian sugarcane cultivar (RB867515) genome region, correspondent to eight R570 homologous sequences already published. We use high qualities paired-ends libraries produced by Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform. The reads were aligned against eight R570 BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) sequences stored in NCBI using Bowtie2. We used MaSuRCA to assemble the aligned reads de novo, and the consensus sequences were obtained with SAMtools mpileup option. The transposable elements were identified using RepeatMasker and the gene regions were annotated with Blastx against the GenBank non-redundant protein database. After that, the consensus sequences were aligned with the matching reference (R570) using ClustalW in Mega software, to look for the percentage of mismatches and conserved sites between them. We obtained the number of scaffolds bigger than 1 kb ranging from 607 to 2,884, and the longest scaffold had near 21 kb. The consensus sequence length ranged from 81 to 142 kb, and the recovery rate relative to the reference ranged from 82% to 97%. The sequences amounted 1 Mb of RB867515 cultivar genome. We identified 5,145 repeated elements, which 4,662 were microsatellite and 460 were transposable elements, amounted 225 kb of repeated sequences. Among the mobile elements, the retrotransposons comprises 15% of nucleotide composition, ranging from 8% to 29% among BACs. The 134 genes identified on the eight BAC consensus sequences comprised a total of 243 kb, resulting in a density of one gene per 7.2 kb. The average number of genes per BAC was 16, with an average gene length of 1,841 bp. The percentage of mismatches between the RB867515 and R570 BACs ranged from 0.27% to 1.32%. The sugarcane BACs correspond to homeologous genomic regions, with this alignment we can suggest high divergence inside an homeologous group.Item Caracterização da variabilidade patogênica e interação diferencial de isolados de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens em feijoeiro-comum(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-03-27) Lima, Stella Cristina Dias Valdo; Wendland, Adriane; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; Lourenço Júnior, Valdir; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Wendland, AdrianeThe common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is cultivated throughout the year in many regions of Brazil, in three different growing seasons, resulting in a estimated harvest (2012/2013) of 3,4 million tons. As a consequence of being cultivated in many ecosystems, this crop is exposed to many abiotic factors, accentuating losses and making it more susceptible to pathogens. Among the economically relevant diseases, the bacterial wilt, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens can cause production losses of up to 90%. The Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens colonizes the xylematic vessels, blocking the transport of water and nutrients to the upper part of the plant and causing mosaic, flaccidity, wizen leaf board, wizen leaf burn, wilt and death. In Brazil, C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens was found for the first time in 1995, during the “rainy season” in the State of São Paulo. Currently, it is found in many other States, Parana, Santa Catarina, Goiás, Distrito Federal and Mato Grosso do Sul. For identifying C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, morphological and biochemical methods were efficient, as well as the iniciators CffFOR2-CffREV4 were specific in PCR reaction for the 24 isolates. The preservation methods Castellani, filter paper and phosphate-glycerol buffer were efficient to maintain the viability of Cff isolates (Multifunctional Microorganisms Collection, Embrapa Arroz e Feijao) innoculated in Ouro Branco, BRS Esplendor and CNFP10132. According to the Scott & Knott test (1974), four groups of different aggressiveness were formed. Among these, eight isolates were chosen, two from each aggressivity group, for “race” identification, diferential interaction studies and identification of resistant genotypes. The innoculation of 30 genotypes of common bean enabled the identification of a differential interaction between the C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens isolates and the genotypes of the common bean. The genotypes IPA 9, Ouro Branco and Michelite were the most resistant ones, and the genotypes CNFRS 11997 and Frijólica 0-3-1 were the most susceptible ones. The isolates CNPAFCff25 and CNPAFCff 04 were the most aggressive ones, and the isolates CNPAFCff33 and CNPAFCff11 were the least aggressive ones. The methodology of partial diallel Melo & Santos (1999) allowed the classification of eight races and fifteen differential cultivars. After innoculation with the most aggressive isolate CNPAFCff 25 and the least aggressive isolate aggressive CNPAFCff 31, the analysis of scanning electron microscopy images revealed the formation of tangled structures resistance structures in genotypes Ouro Branco and IPA 9, whereas no such structures were observed in the moderately resistant genotype Diacol Calima and the susceptible genotypes CNFRS 11997 and CNFC 10429. Employing the methodology of stability Wricke was possible to identify genotypes which contributed most to the interaction effects, so the genotypes indicated to compose the differential series. The methodology of Lin and Binns possible to analyze the behavior of genotypes demonstrating that they have followed the principles of gene-gene theory.Item Caracterização de híbridos e associação entre caracteres para produção de silagem em milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-18) Ciappina, Angelina Luzia; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4582215859105753; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Silva, Adelmo Resende da; Silva, Wilton Ladeira; Resende, Marcela Pedroso MendesThe corn hybrids available on the market do not have all the desired traits for making silages with good nutritional value and high productivity. To carry out an improvement breeding program achieve these objectives, it is necessary to characterize the genotypes that can form the base populations of the programs and to understand the interrelationship between the various characters of interest to draw up the best strategies improvement. The objectives of the present work were: i) to perform the agronomic and bromatological characterization of maize hybrids, aiming at the identification of superior genotypes that may comprise base populations of maize breeding programs for silage; ii) to study the interrelationship between characters agronomic and bromatological conditions in maize. Twenty one commercial maize hybrids were evaluated at the Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO, in the 2017/18 harvest, in two experiments, using the conventional planting density of 55,500 plants.ha -1 , and with a density of 111,000 plants.ha -1 . The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications, of a 4.00 m line with twenty plants spaced at 0.20 m. The line spacing was 0.90 m for the standard density and 0.45 m for the densified experiment. The evaluated characters were: male flowering; female flowering; range of flowering; plant height; ear height; ear placement; kernels per ear; number of grains per row; ear diameter; corncob diameter; grain length; ear length; ear weight; weight of one hundred grains; acidity (pH); dry matter content; mineral content; organic matter content; crude protein; neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); total digestible nutrients (TDN); green matter productivity and yield of matter dry. For the experiment with conventional planting density, genetic and phenotypic correlations between the two-to-two traits were estimated, and the direct and indirect effects of these traits on dry matter yield and TDN content. Subsequently, a canonical correlation analysis was performed between the group of characters related to productivity and the group of characters related to silage quality. The increase in density resulted in increase in plant height and a reduction in the size of the ear and biomass produced per plant, however, resulting in higher production per hectare. The AS1596 and AG1051 hybrids presented the best performance, and can be used in the formation of base populations in maize breeding programs for the production and quality of silage, along with hybrids DKB310, BM3061, SHS7920, DKB390, P4285 and RB 9110. A strong relationship was identified between ear components and biomass productivity, and plants with higher grain yields can be used in the indirect selection for dry matter yield. The fiber contents presented a negative correlation with the digestibility of silage and positive with plant height. Knowledge of the indirect effects of the characters between them is important so that the breeder does not make hasty decisions based solely on the correlation estimate. Finally, it is possible to improve maize to simultaneously increase the productivity and the quality of the silage.Item Caracterização de microssatélites e desenvolvimento de marcadores SSR em khaya grandifoliola C. DC(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-26) Sousa, Rodrigo Carlos Batista de; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Novaes, Evandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0568272239145336; Novaes, Evandro; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Guimaraes, Rejane AraujoAfrican mahogany (Khaya spp.) cultivation attracts increasing interest from producers, since their wood has similar characteristics to those of Brazilian mahogany with high commercial value in the European market. Despite its timber value throughout the world and its ecological importance in Africa, where it is classified as vulnerable to extinction, little is known about the species' levels of genetic diversity. Thus, this work aims to identify and characterize microsatellite regions in the transcriptome of Khaya grandifoliola, as well as to develop markers for studies of the genetic variability of the species. From the transcripts developed by Soares et al., (2019), microsatellite regions were identified and PCR primers were designed. Microsatellite sequences were classified according to the type and number of repetitions, as well as their location within transcripts. Using the microsatellite loci genetic parameters were estimated, such as the number of alleles per loci (K), expected and observed heterozygosity (He and Ho), intrapopulational fixation index (f), probability of exclusion of paternity and of identity (PE and PI). Within the African Mahogany transcripts, 37,925 microsatellite regions were detected, with 54% being mononucleotides, 29% dinucleotides and 15% trinucleotides. From 40 microsatellite loci, 12 were selected for labelling with fluorophores (6-FAM and HEX), forming two multiplex panels. The genotyping performed with the individuals identified an average of 3 alleles per locus. The expected (He = 0.53) and observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.50) values used to estimate the genetic diversity in K. grandifoliola individuals were reasonable, given the low number of alleles per locus. The values found for PE (0.96) and PI (4.70x10-6) were similar to those found in studies of the same genus. Thus, these estimates indicate that the set of microsatellite markers is efficient in discriminating individuals. The SSR markers were also successfully transferred to other Khaya species. Therefore, these markers can be efficiently used in population studies with K. grandifoliola and other Khaya species.Item Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli e Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans procedentes de regiões produtoras de feijoeiro-comum no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-02-25) Paiva, Bruna Alicia Rafael de; Wendland, Adriane; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7196405181790361; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Coelho, Gesimária Ribeiro Costa; Wendland, AdrianeThe Common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans (Xff), is one of most important bacterial etiology diseases from the common bean plant. This pathogen causes a great loss in the production, mainly in the “water” harvest, when the environmental conditions are helpful to the development of this disease and to its dissemination. Among the strategies about integrated handling of diseases, the genetic resistance is the main measure of control and, for obtaining some cultivate with lasting resistance and of notorious specter, it is important to the know the genetic pathogen diversity. The present work has the goal of studying the diversity and the genetic structure around and inside the population of Xap and Xff using the markers rep-PCR; to connect the genetic pathogen diversity with its geographical distribution inside Brazilian producing common bean plant regions. There were obtained 42 Xap and Xff isolated and four Xanthomonas isolated not pathogens of to the bean plant, originated in the States of São Paulo, Goiás, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. The genetic profiles obtained by primers BOX, ERIC and REP produced 12 haplotipes matched (HC), where the HC 3, specific xff, was more frequent in PR and GO, and was not found in RS. The dendrogram produced through the analysis showed that Xap, Xff and isolated not pathogens are genetically different. In the analysis of genetic structure, the total genetic diversity (Ht), among three populations was 0,2385 revealing that there was variability from a population to the other one. Higher values of the Shannon rate (0,3648) show that Xap population is more different genetically. From a total of 51 locos, 94,12 % are polymorphic, inside Xap population they are all polymorphicand inside Xff, only 18,18 % are polymorphic. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst = 0,5194) revealed diversity inside and among the patogenic populations, confirming AMOVA’s result, where 51,98 % of the diversity was among the populations and 48,06 % inside them. Then, the technique helped how to find differences between Xap and Xff and measure the values of genetic diversity among and inside populations. The results of this study give us much information about the pathogens diversity, which is considered useful to identify and to characterize the resistant germoplasm in a more efficient way.Item Caracterização fenotípica e variação genética quantitativa em Dipteryx alata Vog. (Barueiro) do cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-03-27) Mota, Elias Emanuel Silva; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Nabout, João Carlos; Ganga, Rita Maria Devós; Sano, Sueli Matiko; Chaves, Lázaro JoséThe Cerrado biome is the second largest in Brazil, occupying 23% of the national territory, has several vegetation types, and has the richest flora among the world's savannas. The baru tree, due to its wide geographic distribution, is a species with the ability to display high levels of genetic diversity, thus providing the ability to occupy different habitats. The species in question has a multitude of uses, constituting a key species for studying domestication and cultivation. This study aimed to obtain information about the patterns of phenotypic variation for some traits of fruits, seeds and seedlings of baru and to estimate the genotic variability among and within 25 natural subpopulations of Dipteryx alata Vog., based on quantitative data. Fruits were collected from plants of 25 regions in the Cerrado biome, sampling six plants per subpopulation and, at least, 25 fruits per plant. The data were submitted to descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and correlation between traits. There was significant variation for all variables at all levels evaluated; among fruits within plants, among plants within subpopulations and among subpopulations for the fruits and seed traits evaluated. There was variation among progeny within subpopulations and among subpopulations for initial and final height, number of leaves, total leaf size, number of internodes and root length of seedlings. A greater proportion of variability was observed between plants within subpopulations. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations for most pairs of characters of fruit evaluated at different hierarchical levels. The heritability found for final height, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots indicates possibility of gains from selection for these characters.Item Caracterização genética de atributos do desenvolvimento radicular em algodoeiro herbáceo (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-02-28) Ribeiro, Victor Alves; Brito, Giovani Greigh de; Duarte, João Batista; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4117228759548186; Duarte, João Batista; Morello, Camilo de Lelis; Oliveira, Jaison Pereira de; Giband, MarcThe objective of this study was to evaluate and characterize root growth in cotton genotypes, and identify the most appropriate time to evaluate the related traits in rhizotrons systems. It was also tried to estimate the genetic parameters inherent in these traits, among which were included the total length, surface area, total volume and average diameter of roots. Thus, two different studies were developed. The first consisted in an experiment to characterize ten cotton genotypes, in rhizotrons. This experiment was conducted in randomized block design with split plot in time, and four replications. Six evaluations were made per plots, at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after seedling emergence. Each measure was resulted of the image captured from a rhizotron (experimental unit). The variance analysis was made, and Scott & Knott test was used to cluster the genotype means. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the time effect within genotypes. The phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations between each pair of traits were also estimated. The daily root growth per genotype was also observed, applying the same method of mean grouping for the genotypic discrimination. The second study was also conducted in rhizotrons system, in order to estimate the genetic parameters related to the same traits. Two crosses were performed involving contrasting parents: CD 408 x CNPA GO 2008-1265 and CD 408 x CNPA GO 2007-423. Each cross was assessed in a different experiment conducted as completely randomized design with six treatments (parents, and F1, F2, RC1 and RC2 generations). The data analysis allowed identifying outstanding genotypes for each trait, as well as the most appropriate time for the respective assessment. It was found high correlations among the evaluated traits. The estimation of genetic parameters allowed approximate inferences about the minimal number of genes involved in the genetic control of these traits. The main conclusions were: i) there is genetic variability in the evaluated characters related to development and growth of root in cotton upland; ii) the evaluation of these traits at 35 days after seedling emergence enables better genetic discrimination for selection purposes; iii) the lines CNPA GO 2008-1265 and CNPA GO 2002-2043 are predominantly superior than other genotypes, especially in the total length root; iv) CNPA GO 2007-423 genotype is outstanding in relation to others by its higher total volume of roots; v) there are high genetic associations among the traits total length, total area, total volume, and total diameter of roots; and vi) the estimated number of genes involved in the genetic control of these traits indicate oligogenic inheritance, although there is also evidence of strong environmental influence, suggesting also the possibility of polygenic or mixed inheritance (major genes and polygenes).Item Caracterização genética de uma população base do programa de melhoramento de cana-de-açúcar da Ridesa/UFG(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-12-21) Carneiro, Karla da Silva; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4723538Z2; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Nunes, Camila de Marillac Costa; Lopes, LorennaIn Brazil, the history of sugarcane is related to the social, economic and politic country development. Sugarcane cultivation is considered as the first organized economic activity in the country. The main purpose of sugarcane cultivation is for sugar and biofuel production, but in recent years the energy production from its biomass has also been explored, increasing the attention for this crop. Modern cultivated sugarcane varieties are hybrids from interspecific crosses between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The genetic breeding has given many contributions to sugarcane production and exploration, by the development of superior genotypes. The main sources of variability used in breeding programs are the germplasm banks. However, to explore these resources efficiently it is necessary to have basic information on the available levels of genetic diversity and on its structure, to support decisions on how they can be used in breeding programs. The purpose of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of a base population from the Ridesa/UFG sugarcane breeding program. A sample of 160 sugarcane clones were genotyped using 37,914 SNP markers. The population showed medium levels of genetic diversity. The average Nei’s gene diversity index was estimated to be 0,173, while the medium observed heterozygosity was a little higher (0,236). The genetic divergence, estimated by Roger’s modified distance varied from 0,20 to 0,30. SNP markers were efficient to identify individuals that are genetic divergent or similar, even without genealogy information. The population structure analysis, performed with the software Structure, suggested the existence of two clusters. Each clone had a fraction of its genome inside these two clusters, corroborating the fact that modern sugarcane cultivars are essentially hybrids. Our results suggest that, given the low level of genetic structure among clones, from the breeding programs standpoint, the evaluated population can be managed as weakly structured, although some small groups, including a small number of clones, had been detected. Among the evaluated clones, the least divergent pairs were those formed by the genotypes 023 and 011, and 066 and 036. The most divergent pairs were formed by the clones 131 and 084, and 131 and 063.Item Caracterização genética por modelos mistos de uma população de linhas puras recombinantes de arroz irrigado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-30) Garcia, Ana Letcycia Basso; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Souza, Thiago Livio Pessoa Oliveira de; Castro, Adriano Pereira; Brondani, ClaudioImproving rice yield has been a big challenge for rice breeding programs around the world. One alternative to identify inbred lines with high yield potential, and discover genes related to yield and its components is to explore the genic pool of the population originated from crosses between cultivars not regularly used, as those introduced from another country. The objective of this study was characterizing a recombinant inbred lines population from the cross between Maninjau and Epagri 108. There were evaluated 296 RILs in experiments conducted in Goianira (GO), Boa Vista (RR) and Pelotas (RS), in 2016. In the experiments in GO and RR, the alpha lattice design (17x18) with two replications were used, and in Pelotas was applied the BAF design. Data were collected for yield (PD) and plant height (AP) in the three places, days to flowering (DF), in RR and GO, 100-grain weight (PG), in RS and GO and leaf blast resistance (BS), in GO. The data were analyzed by a mixed model with the deviance analysis. Variance components were estimated by REML/BLUP and the genetic parameters and correlation coefficients were calculated. The statistics parameters as CV e , CV g , CV r and selective accuracy were also estimated. The G x E interaction analysis was processed by the MHPRVG method. Also, the genetic distances between the progenies that had highest breeding values in each place and their relatives (Maninjau and Epagri 108), was estimated, using a 24 SSR markers panel. For Boa Vista and Goianira, most of the highest yield RILs were like the parental Epagri 108. Most of the random effects of the statistic model used in this study were significant. The RILs population showed genetic variability inside (σ g2 significant). The experimental precision in RR and GO was from good to excellent with accuracy over 90% and in RS it was moderate (~50%), probably because of the environmental effect action. Yield showed moderate heritability (0,67) and the characters DF, AP and PG showed high heritability (>0,90). Positive significant correlation was observed between the characters PD and PG, and DF and AP, however the last one showed negative correlation with yield. Nine RILs had the best performance by the MHPRVG, and it was above 30% of the general mean. They are recommended for the breeding program use. The RIL 105 were ranked as the best for stability, adaptability and yield, simultaneously. These results suggest that there is a significant genetic variation between the RILs evaluated. Therefore, this population might be used either in selection of high yield performance genotypes or for QTL mapping foragronomic traits in many environments.Item Caracterização morfoagronômica da coleção de germoplasma de jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne) da UFG(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-02-22) Gonzaga, Lamartine Nogueira; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Chaves, Lázaro José; Reis, Cristiane Aparecida Fioravante; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesHymenaea stigonocarpa is classified as a priority for research and sustainable exploitation, with potential for fruit production. There is a phenotypic variation in the species that allows the distinction of three botanical varieties based on leaf characters. The present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the magnitude and distribution of the genetic variability of a germplasm collection of the species. The experimental material consisted of 336 accessions of 120 maternal families, from 24 subpopulations sampled in the Brazilian Cerrado. Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and number of leaves were measured. Later, they were measured the morpho-agronomic variables: leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, petile diameter, leaf angle, leaflets angle and chlorophyll index. Growth dynamics and analysis of variance were performed to estimate genetic and statistical parameters and selection gain, for growth traits. Data from 113 progenies were used to estimate phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients. It was also determined the relative importance of the variables for genetic divergence. The dynamics of growth were different in different periods, which is attributed to the formation of the root system in the initial phase of growth. The effects of progeny and subpopulation explain considerably part of the total variation, being significant between and, predominantly, not significant within subpopulations for the growth variables. The morpho-agronomic traits showed significant variation within subpopulations. The cluster analysis showed the formation of two distinct groups which corroborates a population study previously carried out with molecular markers. There is significant variation between subpopulations for growth trais, with possibility of selection for these variables. Based on morphological agronomic variables, the genetic variability is structured among subpopulations. Plants with high growth rates in height have a high growth rate of stem diameter. The variables petiole length (CP), petiole diameter (DP) and final stem diameter (DF) were the most determinant in the discrimination of accessions.Item Caracterização morfológica de fungos para a germinação in vitro de sementes de Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum Rchb. f. e Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq.(Orchidaceae), ocorrentes no bioma cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-06-28) Sousa, Kellen Cristhina Inácio de; Filippi, Marta Cristina Corsi de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0029536556461484; Araujo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Araujo, Leila Garcês de; Filippi, Marta Cristina Corsi de; Pereira, Marlon Corrêa; Gonçalves, Letícia de AlmeidaIn Brazil, 2500 to 3000 species of orchids have been reported to occur, of which 300 are found in the “cerrado” region. The orchids Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum (epiphyte) and Epidendrum nocturnum (rupicola) occur in areas anthropized of cerrado and cerrado rupestre, respectively. The orchids posses mycorrhizal association with rhizoctonia-like and endophytic fungi. The identification of these fungi can be done by microscopic and morphological characters. Root infecting fungi also are utilized for in vitro symbiotic germination of orchid seeds, aiming the conservation of plant species and fungi. The objective of the present investigation was isolation and morphological characterization of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi originating from roots of C. saintlegerianum and E. nocturnum, as well as symbiotic in vitro seed germination. Three isolates of Epulorhiza sp. from each one of C. saintlegerianum, and E. nocturnum and two of Rhizoctonia sp. from E. nocturnum were obtained. Also, two isolates of Xylaria sp. were obtained from roots of C. saintlegerianum. There were, however, differences among isolates Epulorhiza sp. of C. saintlegerianum and of the E. nocturnum, in relation to morphological and enzymatic characters. The fungus was localized in root tissues of both species by optical and scanning electronic microscopes. The seed viability was tested by tetrazolium chloride and found 80.3 and 32.33% viable embryos of C. saintlegerianum and E. nocturnum, respectively. There was no in vitro symbiotic germination of E. nocturnum due to low seed viability. Two experiments of symbiotic germination of C. saintlegerianum seeds were conducted, both under photoperiods of 16/8 h (light/dark) at 26°C ± 2°C. The treatments were two isolates of Xylaria sp., three plant pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani of common beans and R. oryzae of rice ), and three mycorrhiza of C. saintlegerianum, two of Cyrtopodium vernum, and one ofE. nocturnum. Of three culture media tested, germination was obtained only in oat meal agar culture. The isolate En07 of Rhizoctonia sp. from E. nocturnum was found better for seed germination with 81.64 and 90.73% of germination of experiments 1 and 2, respectively. One non-specific isolate, two plant pathogenic isolates and one specific isolate were efficient for seed germination of C. saintlegerianum. On the other hand, for symbiotic in vitro seed germination of C. saintlegerianum, there was no specificity between this orchid and only one rhizoctonia-like fungus. These results showed that C. saintlegerianum can be propagated utilizing different root infecting fungi, which facilitates future programs of reintroduction and commercialization of species.