ICB - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas
URI Permanente desta comunidade
Navegar
Navegando ICB - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas por Por Tipo de Defesa "Tese"
Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 178
Resultados por página
Opções de Ordenação
Item Padrões geográficos e temporais na riqueza de espécies de quirópteros: mecanismos ecológico-evolutivos e incertezas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-04-10) Alves, Davi Mello Cunha Crescente; Villalobos, Fabricio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9691616509605593; Diniz-Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Teresa, Fabrício Barreto; Quental, Tiago Bosisionão consta.Item Dieta hiperlipídica e hipernatremia: alterações autonômicas e cardiovasculares(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-02-02) Amaral, Nathalia Oda; Colombari, Débora Simões de Almeida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1684467594359403; Pedrino, Gustavo Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1155446449250341; Pedrino, Gustavo Rodrigues; Oliveira, André Henrique Freiria; Gomes, Rodrigo Mello; Amaral, Vanessa Cristiane de Santana; Rebelo, Ana Cristina SilvaHypertension is the most common pathologies which affect population. Of the factors that can promote hypertension, food behavior is highlighted in relation to unhealthy eating habits present in western diet. Thus, present study sought to evaluate some aspects of this pathology in several situations, and themes were discussed separately in two chapters. In the first moment, effect of maternal hyperlipidic diet on metabolic and autonomic parameters in offspring was evaluated. It is known which obesity induced by maternal diet can modify central regulatory pathways of the fetus, mainly long-term regulation of appetite, but no work sought to evaluate the influence of the maternal hyperlipidic diet (HD) on cardiovascular and autonomic parameters in the offspring . Female Holtzman rats (280-300 g) were divided into two groups. One group received standard diet (SD) and other HD. The animals had free access to SD or HD for 6 weeks prior and during gestation and lactation period. All pups were weaned after 21 days of life and had free access to SD. After one week some offspring and mothers were submitted to glycemic test and later euthanized for removal of adipose tissue and blood. Other offspring were submitted to in situ preparation. DH increased adipose tissue in all females, but was able to change only metabolic triacylglycerols concentration. Offspring of HFD dams (OffHFD) showed an increase in adipose tissue and total cholesterol and HDL levels. Offspring of SD dams (OffSD) showed decrease in sympathetic activity after pre-colicular transection. This effect was not observed in males offspring of mothers with HFD (OffHFD). KCN infusion caused similar increases in abdominal activity (ABD), in phrenic nerve frequency (PNA f) and sympathetic activity (SNA), but in OffHFD this increase in SNA was smaller. KCN caused increase in phrenic nerve amplitude (PNA) and was higher in OffHFD. Hypercapnia resulted in increase in SNA, ABD and PNA and decrease in PNA f in both groups. The decrease in PNA f was more pronounced in OffHFD and increased PNA was higher in OffHFD. Phenylephrine caused in both groups decrease in SNA, ABD and PNA, and generated an increase in PNA f. The reduction of SNA was higher in OffHFD. These results suggest that maternal HFD during fetal development alters central connections in offspring. In second moment oxytocin effects on vascular reactivity and its role in hypernatremia-induced responses were evaluated. Changes in volume and/or extracellular compartments composition are known to evoke various autonomic, cardiovascular and hormonal responses that to modulate renal excretion of water and sodium. The main vegetative adjustments are: renal vasodilation and oxytocin secretion. Regulation of osmolarity and volume is critical for survival. Despite knowledge, no study evaluated interaction between renal sympathetic activity and oxytocin secretion on renal and cardiovascular responses induced by sodium overload. Male Wistar rats (280–350 g) were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (40 mg/kg, i.v.). Animals were also instrumented for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal blood flow (RBF). Renal vascular conductance (RVC) was calculated as the ratio of RBF by MAP. In anesthetized rats (n = 6), OT infusion (0.03 μg/kg, i.v.) induced renal vasodilation. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated that OT caused renal artery relaxation. Blockade of OT receptors (OTR) reduced these responses to OT, indicating a direct effect of this peptide on OTR on this artery. Hypertonic saline (3 M NaCl, 1.8 ml/kg b.wt., i.v.) was infused over 60 s. In sham rats (n=6), hypertonic saline induced renal vasodilation. The OXTR antagonist (AT; n=7) and renal denervation (RX) reduced the renal vasodilation induced by hypernatremia. Atosiban with renal denervation (RX+AT; n=7) completely abolished renal vasodilation induced by sodium overload. Intact rats excreted 51% of the injected sodium within 90 min. Natriuresis was slightly blunted by atosiban and renal denervation (42% and 42% of load, respectively), whereas atosiban with renal denervation reduced sodium excretion to 16% of the load. These results suggest that OT and renal nerves are involved in renal vasodilation and natriuresis induced by acute plasma hypernatremia. The understanding of regulatory mechanisms activated both during obesity and during hyperosmolarity allows greater possibility development new therapeutic tools for hypertension prevention and treatment.Item Efeito da estrutura da paisagem na diversidade genética neutra e adaptativa de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-10-26) Amaral, Tatiana Souza do; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4158685235743119; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Lima, Natacia Evangelista de; Chaves, Lázaro JoséUnderstanding how the human-caused impacts and environmental heterogeneity caused by these changes affect genetic variability is essential for the preservation and planning of animal and plant species management. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of landscape changes on diversity and on the adaptive and neutral genetic differentiation of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), an endemic species and tree symbol of Cerrrado. To do so, we selected five landscapes in regions near Goiânia, in the state of Goiás. Within each landscape, we selected two sample sites. To measure the structure of the landscape, we calculated metrics related to the amount of habitat, connectivity and heterogeneity in buffers of 2km, 4km and 6km that delimited the landscapes and in buffers of 500m around the sampling sites. In each site, we collect fruits of, on average, 10 mother-trees. The seeds of these fruits were measured (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and mass) and planted in a greenhouse. Afterwards, we performed character measurements of that were known to be important for the early stages of the plant, such as: percentage and germination time, initial and final heights, height growth rate, initial and final diameters, growth rate of diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and width, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot, root and shoot length. The experiment carried out in the greenhouse allowed us to access the quantitative genetic variability and the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in the sampled sites. Thus, in the first chapter, we evaluated the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in each sampled site and the effects of landscape structure on quantitative genetic variability. In the second chapter, we analyzed the effects of landscape structure on the diversity and genetic differentiation of adults and juveniles of C. brasiliense and verified if there is a time-lag of the effects of habitat change on the loss of genetic diversity in these landscapes. For this, in the same sites where we sampled the fruits, we collected leaves of adults and juveniles for DNA extraction. From the genotypes obtained using nine microsatellite loci, we access the neutral genetic diversity of C. brasiliense and relate it with the landscape metrics and the population effective size. From these analyzes, we found that functional connectivity was an important variable to explain the patterns observed in the quantitative genetic variability of most of the characters studied, such as those related to seeds, seedling diameter and leaf characters. The amount of habitat (%) was the variable that determined the patterns of genetic-quantitative differentiation for the growth rates of height and diameter, as well as being important to explain the neutral genetic diversity of juveniles. Intermediate levels of the amount of habitat had the highest values of allelic richness and heterozygosity expected for juveniles, while loss of genetic diversity, measured as the difference between adult and juvenile genetic diversity, was influenced by functional connectivity. The reduction of the genetic diversity detected mainly in juveniles evidences a time-lag effect, and corroborates with studies that affirm that species of long life, as C. brasiliense, require a long period of fragmentation so that the changes in heterozigosity are detected. In general, the movement of the pollinators and dispersers, and consequently the gene flow, is an important process in the maintenance of the evolutionary potential and genetic diversity of this species since functional connectivity was the most important variable influencing the neutral and adaptive genetic diversity of C. brasiliense. In this way, our results demonstrate that restoring or conserving habitat areas in key places that allow the connectivity of the landscape are essential for the conservation of this species.Item Invasões biológicas: indo além dos modelos de distribuição na busca de predições realistas sob restrições energéticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-25) Andrade, André Felipe Alves de; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Silva, Alessandra Bertassoni da; Vieira, Marcus Vinícius; Paglia, Adriano PereiraBiological invasions are one of the mains threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The introduction of new exotic species might have serious consequences to native communities, being responsible for modifications to the established biotic relations up to the extinction of native species. Apart from serious ecological consequences, invasive species are also relevant form the economic point of view, as many species reach high populational levels which can lead to losses for several economic activities, such as agriculture and hydroelectric energy generation. Given the relevance of invasive species, an essential aspect to reduce the losses caused by biological invasions is to get ahead of the invasion process and prevent a potential invasive species from ever reaching a new region. In order to reach this goal, the different methods should be effective in anticipating possible invasions, by accurately defining target regions and also how the invasive species will interact with the native community. In this thesis we built and tested several models that seek to improve our capability to anticipate the results of an invasion process in its several stages. In the first chapter we explored the capability of ecological niche models (ENMs) in identifying suitable areas for the occurrence of a potential invasive species. ENMs are commonly used for establishing areas of interest, based on species’ suitability. However, as we demonstrate in this first chapter, mismatches between the realized and the fundamental niche may lead to patterns of consistent under-or overprediction of the areas considered as harbouring suitable climatic conditions for an invasive species. At the second chapter we explored how the interaction between the different life-history strategies of invasive species and the native community determine invasion success. We’ve built a realistic system in which individuals compete for energy and have priorities for allocating the obtained energy. The whole system is regulated by allometric relations and energetic budgets. We found that invaders that share a common life-history strategy with the native species were more successful in establishing in the system, being that the strategy with the higher gains was of living longer, accumulating reserves while reducing the reproductive output (less offspring with longer gestation periods). At the third chapter we explored how those life-history strategies behave under a realistic landscape, with a real land-use and fluctuations in the energy within the system. In this chapter we’ve improved the chapter developed at the chapter 2 and focused on answering questions related to the landscape configuration and invasive-native co-occurrence under different levels of landscape heterogeneity. We also evaluated our model under classical hypothesis related to the invasion process. We’ve evaluated invasion success over 18 years in a landscape undergoing a rapid agriculture expansion and found that invasion success was highest at the end of this period, when the landscape is with its highest agriculture coverage. Agriculture expansion, by itself, was responsible for the extinction of native species, besides increasing invasion success and the co-occurrence between invasive and native species. There was also a difference in successful life-history strategies, in a way that the spatial configuration plays a big role in determining invasion success.Item Sobre a ecomorfologia de girinos: as implicações funcionais da variação nas estruturas orais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-26) Annibale, Fabiane Santana; Rossa-Feres, Denise de Cerqueira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863776138321135; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Nomura, Fausto; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Prado, Cynthia Peralta de Almeida; Pezzuti, Tiago LeiteThe role of morphology on animals’ ecology helps us understand the adaptive significance of variation in anatomical structures among species. However, for tadpoles the implications of variation in species morphology on resource use and partitioning among species are poorly understood. This thesis was elaborated in order to better understand tadpoles’ ecomorphology, and is divided into three chapters. The first chapter consists on a bibliographical review and a scientometric analysis on tadpoles’ ecomorphology. Through the data survey we described the tadpoles’ ecomorphological trajectory, quantified the scientific knowledge produced in this study area, and identified the main gaps that may guide future studies. We verified that ecomorphological studies on tadpoles have been increasing over time, with modifications in methodologies and new perspectives to understand the ecology and evolution of tadpoles. However, many of these studies are descriptive or investigate the phenotypic plasticity of larvae in response to predators. Thus, there are still many environmental factors to be explored, as well as the necessity of studying beyond inferences. As such, tadpoles’ ecomorphology will be able to help us understand the diversity of anuran larvae (i.e., ecology and evolution) and with conservation of these animals. Aiming to fill some of these gaps in knowledge, the second and third chapters correspond to researches on how variation in external oral morphology influences tadpoles’ ability to feed on substrates with different properties. In the second chapter we tested the performance of tadpoles feeding on substrates at different orientations. We found that species with similar oral morphology also have similar performances when feeding on substrates positioned at different orientations. Only species that occur at different depths in the environment varied in performance at a specific orientation (i.e. vertical). Among tadpoles that occur in the same place, but vary in terms of external oral morphology, whereas some species have high performances feeding on substrates regardless their orientation, other species are more efficient feeding at specific orientations of substrates. We concluded that these differences in performance may determine how tadpoles select and/or share resources in the environment. In the third chapter, we studied with more details the influence of variation in external oral morphology, testing the species performance when feeding on substrates with different textures. Differences in the number of labial tooth rows and in the marginal papillae configuration affected tadpoles’ grazing performance on substrates with different textures, indicating specializations of feeding behavior. In addition, we verified that tadpoles with the most common oral morphology among anuran larvae had the best performances in comparison to all the other species. This result may help explain the adaptive significance of morphological variation among anuran larvae.Item O papel dos impactos antrópicos nos processos locais e padrões globais de extinção em cetáceos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-20) Araújo, Claryana Costa; Brito, Daniel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5139765780779893The population of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis that resides in the eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS) is geographically and genetically isolated from populations inhabiting the coastal waters of mainland China and appears to be facing unsustainable levels of human threats. Using VORTEX 9.99b, we modeled the viability of this Critically Endangered population under the present conditions as well as under realistic additional threat scenarios. We examined 6 different levels of bycatch mortality, 3 scenarios of habitat loss/degradation, and scenarios in which these threats were experienced together. Under the baseline (present) scenario, the population exhibited a decreasing growth rate and was predicted to be smaller than the initial population size in more than 76% of all model runs. In all scenarios with additional threats, the proportion of model runs in which population size was smaller than the initial size varied from 77.1 to 92.6%. Over the short term, fisheries-related mortality appears to have a more obvious impact on the population’s trajectory than habitat loss/degradation. Even minimal increases in mortality from the current baseline levels will increase the probability of extinction of this population. Due to the fragile situation of ETS humpback dolphins, mitigation actions to reduce the current threats to this population are needed immediately.Item Padrões globais na estrutura e fragilidade de redes planta-herbívoro(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-20) Araujo, Walter Santos de; Almeida Neto, Mario; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647The intensification of land use due to human activities in natural environments has led to various consequences to biodiversity, ranging from local extinction of native species and colonization of by exotic and invasive ones to the complete conversion of ecosystems in to anthropic landscapes. Among the different biodiversity components that can be influenced by human habitat modification are the ecological interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants, which together represent 75% of the known diversity of terrestrial species. In this context, the objective of my thesis was to investigate global patterns in the structure and fragility of plant-herbivore networks. Specifically, I sought to answer as the intensification of land use and the dominance of exotic host plant species influence the structure and fragility of interaction networks of insect herbivores and host plants, and also I investigate whether there latitudinal gradient in the structuration of these interactions. I compiled 90 local plant-herbivore networks distributed worldwide, spanning different taxonomic groups of plants and insects and several feed guilds of herbivores. The main results of my analyses show that land use intensification and the dominance of exotic host plant species influence different aspects of plant-herbivore networks, such as species richness and taxonomic distinctness (a proxy to phylogenetic diversity) of herbivore species and the structure and fragility of interactions. Another recurrent result was that, when networks composed exclusively of endophagous herbivores were analyzed separately from those composed exclusively by exophages, only the networks of endophages had consistent effects of the land use intensity and proportion of exotic host plant species. Altogether, land use intensification surprisingly increases network specialization by decreasing connectance and nestedness, and increases modularity; while the increase in the proportion of exotic hosts had opposite effects. Possibly these changes in the network structure are due to loss proportionally higher of species with many interactions (i.e., generalists) in relation to species with few interactions (i.e., specialists). As a consequence of these changes in the network connectivity, land use intensification decreases the robustness of plant-herbivore networks, while the proportion of exotic host plant species increases. Therefore, networks located in habitats with higher land use intensity tend to be less robust that networks in more pristine habitats, which is a very intriguing result that goes in the opposite direction of most of the literature on ecological networks. Controling the antropic effects that can act on the networks, my results show that plant–herbivore networks are structured independently of latitude, suggesting that the factors that influence the interactions between host plants and insect herbivores are latitudinally invariant. The results and patterns found emphasize the important contribution of this thesis to the understanding of plant-herbivore networks in the context of human disturbances in natural habitats.Item Marcadores bioquímicos e inflamatórios em ratos submetidos ao modelo de sobrecarga de sódio pós-natal(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-09-17) Barros, Laiza Alencar Santos; Oliveira, André Henrique Freiria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0152151142555605; Oliveira, André Henrique Freiria; Gomes, Clayson Moura; Rosa, Daniel Alves; Colugnati, Diego Basile; Almeida, Roberto Lopes deWHO data shows that the consumption of salt by the population exceeds what is indicated, which can become a public health concern, because although the ingestion of high salt levels is classically associated with the installation of hypertension, saline environment leads to an osmotic disorder which results in multiple physiological changes in the renal, central nervous and immune systems. Even studies have linked salt overload to metabolic disorders, little is known about the consequences of a hypersodium diet in the early stages of life. Experimental groups (E) of Wistar and Holtzman male rats were treated with 0.3M saline, while the control group (C) had access to water, for 60 days. During the treatment, plethysmografhy was performed for blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measurements. After a recover period, when both groups received water, biological samples were taken for analysis of hematological parameters, in blood, ad biochemical and immunological parameters, in serum and plasma. Contrary to expectations, the Holtzman rats showed no increase in BP or HR, after hypertonic saline treatment. In addition, they do not increased inflammatory cytokines, and were normal for all biochemical parameters surveyed, except for serum creatinine, with was decreased (E: 0.27 ± 0.07 vs C:0.46 ± 0.04 mg/dl, p<0.05). On the other hand, Wistar rats developed hypertension (E: 159.9 ± 5.2 mmHg vs. C: 149.7 ± 3.2 mmHg, p<0.05) and increased HR (E: 412.9 ± 7.7 bpm vs. C: 375.7 ± 12.9 bpm, p<0.05). In addition, we found differences in biochemical parameters for renal function, with elevated urea (C: 44.39 ± 0.32 mg/dl and E: 49.5 ± 0.69 mg/dl), and low creatinine (C: 0.96 ± 0.02 mg/dl and E: 068 ± 0.004 mg/dl); also differences for liver function, with increased ALT (C: 16.26 ± 0.43 mg/dl and E: 32.63 ± 0,6 mg/dl) and total and indirect bilirubin. Furthermore, components of lipidogram and serum glucose (C: 83.63 ± 0.42 mg/dl and E: 124.2 mg/dl) were elevated. Therefore, we can reinforce that there are metabolic variations between animal strains, explaining why the Holtzman rats were not sensitive to the saline protocol. In addition, changes in the biochemical parameters of Wistar rats allow us to state that sodium overload causes several metabolic diseases, with involvement of renal and liver function, besides to alterations in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates.Item Aplicações biotecnológicas de feijões endurecidos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-09-16) Batista, Karla de Aleluia; Bassinello, Priscila Zaczuk; Fernandes, Kátia Flávia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9737543228759171Beans are legumes that present high content of protein, which make them one of the most important sources of nutrients in Brazil. Despite their excellent nutritional profile, changes in biochemical and physico chemical properties during storage leads to the hardening of grains, which compromise their texture and palata bility. It is known that bean’s hardening is responsible for losses about of 100.000-500.000 ton of beans per year. In addition, considering that per capita intake of beans in Brazil was 16 Kg/person/year, the content of discharged grains as function of hardening could feed 34 million of Brazilian. In this scenario, several processes have been tested aiming to provide na alternative of inclusion for these residues. In this work, hardened beans from gen us Phaseolus (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Vigna (Vigna unguiculata) were treated by autoclaving and extrusion and the products were tested regarding their applicability in biotechnological area. The extruded beans presented nutritional and technological properties that allowed their use as ingredients in bread production. Results evidenced that breads made using a mixture of extruded bean and wheat flours presented 10% higher protein and 2.5-hold higher fiber than breads made with 100% wheat flour. These results indicate that extruded bean flours constitute ingredie nts nutritionally and economically viable for technological application in breads elaboration, conferring improvement of nutritional characteristics without changing sensory attributes. The extruded hardened beans were also used as ingredient of culture me dium replacing the traditional nitrogen sources. Results evidenced that the use of extruded cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flour is not promising since the optical density of microorganisms grown in culture medium containing extruded cowpea was 20% lower than the optical density observed in commercial media. On the other hand, the microorganisms grown in media containing extruded common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) presented higher values of optical density and protein expression when compared to commercial broths. Alternatively, the grains were treated by autoclaving, with perspective of use the whole grain. Results evidence that after autoclaving the hardness of grains remained high, which disable their use of whole grain. However, the autoclaving process improve d the nutritional quality without modifying the technological properties. Finally, results evidenced that each genus presented a different behavior after treatment by extrusion or autoclaving. Thus, it is evident that the type and conditions processing use dwill depend of bean characteristics as well as the properties required to the proposal application.Item Padrões filogenéticos dos vertebrados terrestres: implicações para conservação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-29) Batista, Mariana Cristina Gomes; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Tessarolo, Geiziane; Silva, Priscila Lemes de Azevedo eThe accelerated rate of species loss has emerged an increasing number of studies to design effective conservation strategies, considering the limited resources available for biodiversity conservation. In this context, it has been identified conservation priorities, patterns in species vulnerability has been investigated and estimates of biodiversity loss has been performed in attempt to measure the magnitude of the current extinction crisis. Amount of evolutionary history (EH) hold by organisms has been indicated as a suitable measure to estimate the potential damage by possible extinctions, since it incorporates diversity among species. The different applications of EH in conservation studies are briefly reviewed in Chapter 1, showing potential limitations of some approaches. Observations made in chapter 1 detail some benefits of EH loss estimates through sequential extinctions, which simultaneously allow an evaluation of the efficiency of different conservation strategies as well as an identification of priorities. However, rates of EH loss are usually limited to specific taxonomic groups or geographic regions, and are estimated through different methodological procedure and thus limit the power of comparison between results. Circumventing these limitations, Chapter 2 presents estimates of EH loss for terrestrial vertebrates on global and regional scales (cells 1 ° longitude by 1 ° latitude) through sequential extinctions, indicating sites where extinction of threatened species would be greater than expected at random. Although rates of EH loss are equivalent between groups when analyzed globally, we observed incongruent results among the distinct taxonomic groups when investigated regionally. However, the existence of distinct EH metrics has created doubt on the robustness of estimates of EH loss. One concern is the possibility that different EH metrics applied to the same group of species could artificially lead to different conservation strategies. In chapter 3 it was observed that there is quantitative difference in the rate of EH loss between distinct metrics, however the result was not qualitatively different, that is, within our methodological procedure the magnitude of EH loss is equivalent independent of the metric used.Item Conservação filogenética de interações em redes antagonistas bipartidas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-05-26) Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; Almeida-Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinícius; Andreazzi, Cecília; Carvalheiro, Luísa Gigante; Almeida-Neto, MárioThis thesis comprises three chapters presented in the form of scientific articles, and approaches phylogenetic conservatism of ecological interactions under different aspects. Citations and bibliographic references are formatted in accordance with the norms from the journal Oikos, where a version of the first chapter was published. Supplementary materials cited in the text can be found in the anexes at the end of the thesis. I begin with the text from my qualification exam, that gives a brief overview about community phylogenetics. By presenting this more general literature, this introduction gives a point of view that complements the specific discussions of each chapter. In the first chapter, my coauthors and I explore the correlation between phylogenetic similarity and the similarity between counterpart sets of plants and herbivores in a regional Asteraceae-flowerhead endophages. By using different measures of counterpart similarity and different subsets defined by herbivore lineages I tried to detect how the evolutionary history of plants and herbivores is reflected in their interactions, both at the specific level as at the modular structure of the network. We show that, beyond the compositional similarity previously reported, closely related species also share a greater proportion of the phylogenetic history of their partners, both for resources and consumers. The comparison between patterns found in the entire network with those found in the subsets provides evidence that resource sharing happens mainly at deeper phylogenetic levels, so that phylogenetic sinal is detectable even among closely related consumers. Asymmetry in signal strength between trophic levels is more evident in the way how network modules reflect host plant phylogeny, both in the entire network and the sub-networks. Taken together, these results show that evolutionary processes, such as phylogenetic conservatism and independent colonization history may be the main forces behind phylogenetic structure observed in this particular plant-herbivore system. In the second chapter, I test with more detail the relative contributions of different ecological processes and the evolutionary history in the formation of the Asteraceae-Tephritidae interaction network. By uniting a previously used approach with a coevolutionary analysis method and some new methods proposed in this work I have shown the striking effect of phylogeny in this system and discuss how the patterns in this antagonistic network differ from other systems. In the third chapter I used a data set compiled from the cophylogeny literature to test the generality of the phylogenetic conservatism observed in other systems. I used a meta-analytical approach to estimate overall effect sizes for the correlations between phylogeny and interactions, as well as the asymmetry in signal strength. I have found a general pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in interaction patterns for both trophic levels along with considerable between-study heterogeneity. On the other hand, the asymmetry in signal strength was consistently small and non-significant in each individual study, with a positive albeit small overall effect size. My results provide compelling evidence that phylogenetic consevatism of ecological interactions is common in nature, togheter with a quantitave picture of its heterogeneity and of the asymmetry between trophic levels. Taken togheter, the results from the three chapters highlight the important role of specialization in structuring antagonistic interactions and the striking presence of phylogenetic constraints in the establishment of this interactions. I hope that the contributions presented here, the questions they raise, and the new approaches I have used help to improve our understanding of the processes that mediate the formation of ecological networks.Item A influência das características da matriz em paisagens fragmentadas sobre a comunidade de aves no cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-02) Bernardo, Paulo Vitor dos Santos; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6015137404238990; Nomura, Fausto; Nabout, João Carlos; Tesesa, Fabrício; Pérsio, Marcos; Bastos, Rogério Pereira(Sem resumo em outra língua)Item Teoria e métodos ecológicos e evolutivos aplicados a dados humanos: de diversidade biocultural à propagação de doenças(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-04-25) Borges, Christielly Mendonça; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Coelho, Marco Túlio Pacheco; Chacon, Thiago Costa; Silva, Bruno Vilela de Moraes eTraditionally, Homo sapiens have been an exclusive subject of study of the humanities. The resistance of natural scientists to study humans from an eco-evolutionary point of view is easily explained by the unfolding of the 20th century eugenics movement. Starting from the scientific advances on the low genetic variability between human populations and the spatial patterns of language diversity, the idea of a non-biological human diversity emerged, where humans form numerous cultural groups with complex global spatial and demographic patterns. In this thesis, we apply eco-evolutionary theories and methods to human data, focusing on different aspects of linguistic diversity, following a macroecological approach and also analyzing the propagation dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Chapter 1, we reviewed how the evolution of languages and species goes far beyond mere analogies and has accumulated a growing literature that supports these parallels at both micro and macroevolutionary scales. In Chapter 2 we created a dialect quiz to collect linguistic data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and thus complement existing data, fill in gaps and later demarcate the different BP dialects, reconstruct the immigration history in Brazil, and research the evolution of BP. In Chapter 3 we investigate the mechanisms responsible for linguistic diversity in the Neotropical region (Mexico, Central and South America). We created a spatially explicit mechanistic model that incorporates altitude, water resources, precipitation and population group size as mechanisms capable of predicting the pre-Columbian linguistic diversity observed on the continent. In Chapter 4, we used a SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Removed) epidemiological model to assess the effectiveness of public policies of the state of Goiás in containing the spread of COVID-19 in its initial stage, between March and May 2020. In all chapters we successfully apply ecological theories and methods to data originated from humans, whether it's the language they speak or the virus that infects them. Therefore, we demonstrate how the methods and theories developed in biological disciplines can be applied to advance knowledge in the humanities, especially in linguistics and public administration. In this sense, we demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of multidisciplinary studies, especially for an object of study as complex as Homo sapiens.Item Prioridades para a conservação de aves no cerrado diante das mudanças globais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-30) Borges, Fábio Júlio Alves; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Terribile, Levi Carina; Cavalcanti, Roberto Brandão; Brum, Fernanda ThiesenClimate and land use changes are affecting natural ecosystems, reducing and fragmenting the habitat available to species, increasing population isolation and, consequently, decreasing gene flow, changing species distribution, altering their life cycles, causing population declines and species extinction. They are pointed out with the most important direct pressures on terrestrial biodiversity and their impacts tend to increase in the coming decades. In this context, a study for conservation planning that presents the response mechanisms of the species, indicates the species that will be most vulnerable, identifies the most important areas for the conservation of the species and discuss how the different components of diversity will be affected by these changes becomes necessary and important. The Cerrado is a biodiversity hotspot, being considered the most vulnerable savanna in the world. Virtually 50% of its native vegetation cover has been lost and only 7.5% of the Cerrado is covered by protected areas. In addition, a temperature increase of 5 to 5.5ºC and a reduction in precipitation of 35 to 45% for the Cerrado are projected by the end of this century, which puts all of its biodiversity at risk. This thesis assesses the possible impacts of climate and land use changes for birds in the Cerrado and presents conservation proposals in the face of such impacts. Chapter 1 provides a literature review that seeks to find possible mechanisms for species response to climate change through their biological and ecological traits. Chapter 2 makes an assessment of species vulnerability to climate and land use changes, considering sensitivity, adaptive capacity and exposure of the species evaluated. Still, a mapping of these components is presented and how much of the distribution of each most vulnerable species is within the protected areas. Chapter 3 identifies areas where climatic conditions would change little and maintain native vegetation, which could act as refugia for species. Estimates the proportion of species distribution that will occur within the areas of refugia. It presents and discusses the most appropriate conservation strategies to protect species in areas with different combinations of climate and land use. Chapter 4 shows how the functional and phylogenetic structure of bird communities is related to species richness and how these components are spatially distributed in the Cerrado. In addition, it assesses how climate and land use changes will affect functional and phylogenetic structures, maps important areas to protect taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional components and assesses the spatial congruence between these areas.Item Atividades antimutagênica, antigenotóxica e anticitotóxica de Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn e sua influência na expressão de genes de resposta a danos no DNA(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-26) Borges, Flavio Fernandes Veloso; Gomes, Clever; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9545455455623006; Lee, Chen Chen; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4621907105842007; Lee, Chen Chen; Sabóia-Morais, Simone Maria Teixeira de; Reis, Paulo Roberto de Melo; Silva, Daniela de Melo e; Sousa, Neila Coelho deSilymarin (SM) is a standardized extract from the seeds and leaves of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. It is composed mainly of flavonolignans, with silibinin (SB) being its principal active constituent. Known mainly as antioxidant and hepatoprotector, SM and SB were found to be clinically effective in the treatment of a variety of liver disorders, including acute and chronic viral hepatitis, toxin and drug-induced hepatitis and cirrhosis. Due to the wide biological activities presented by SM and SB, the present study aimed to evaluate their antimutagenic activities using the Ames mutagenicity test in Salmonella typhimurium, their antigenotoxic activities using the mouse bone marrow micronucleous test and the alkaline comet assay, and to assess their effect on the gene expression pattern of some genes associated with the process of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. To assess antimutagenicity, bacterial suspensions of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100 strains) were treated with different concentrations of SM or SB simultaneously with the appropriate positive controls for each strain. To assess antigenotoxicity, Swiss mice were orally treated with different concentrations of SM or SB simultaneously with a single intraperitoneal dose of mitomycin C (MMC) for the micronucleus test, and human blood lymphocytes were cotreated with SM or SB and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) for the alcaline comet assay. To investigate the role of SM and SB in modulating gene expression, we conducted microarray analysis. The results showed that SM was not significantly effective in reducing the number of frameshift mutations in strain TA98, while SB demonstrated significant protection at higher doses (p < 0.05). Regarding strain TA 100, SM and SB significantly decreased mutagenicity (point mutations) (p < 0.05). The results of the antigenotoxic evaluation demonstrated that SM and SB significantly reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) (p < 0.05). The results also indicated that SM and SB significantly attenuated MMC induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). In the comet assay, SM and SB significantly reduced the genotoxicity of MMS (p < 0.05), with a stronger antigenotoxic activity exerted by the extract complex (SM) than the one exerted by the isolated main active constituent (SB). The expression array analysis of five genes related to DNA damage, carcinogenesis and/or chemoprevention mechanisms demonstrated an up-regulation of PTEN and BCL2, down-regulation of BAX and ABL1 and no significant change in ETV6 expression levels.In conclusion, our results demonstrated that both SM and SB presented antimutagenic and antigenotoxic actions, as well as modulated the expression levels of genes analysed under the experimental conditions of this study.Item Padrões espaciais de abundância e diversidade genética em paisagens dinâmicas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-02-26) Braga, Rosana Talita; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4771597T0; Diniz- Filho, José ALexandre Felizola; Terribile, Levi Carina; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Dambros, CristianSpatial patterns of population abundance: a review of predictions and theoretical models in ecology and biogeography: The search for mechanisms influencing population demographic patterns has continuously increased. The early models described how closed populations performed, considering only local demographic attributes. However, the spatial configuration and dispersal rates in demographic patterns become determinant factors for understanding patterns of distribution and abundance. As a result, spatially explicit models have been improved to be analytically tractable by using computer simulations. Because species are not infinitely disperse, here I investigated the theoretical predictions to understand what determine range boundaries and distribution patterns, as well as abundance patterns over species ranges. I conclude that empirical studies are crucial to a more accurate understanding of population dynamics along space and time to validate the theoretical predictions made about the geographic distribution of species.Item Farmacogenética em psiquiatria: influência dos polimorfismos CYP1A2*1F e CYP2C19*17 na refratariedade ao tratamento à clozapina e ao escitalopram(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-08-26) Brito, Rodrigo Bernini de; Cruz, Aline Helena da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1273137151063484; Ghedini, Paulo César; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5789550234984454; Ghedini, Paulo César; Cruz, Aline Helena da Silva; Diniz, Denise Sisterolli; Mendonça, Helena Rezende Silva; Bicudo, Lucilene Arilho RibeiroThe aim of pharmacogenetics is to understand the hereditary basis of therapeutic response and side effects of pharmacological agents for each individual. Antipsychotics and antidepressants are effective drugs for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment, respectively. Although a number of patients respond satisfactorily to antipsychotics and antidepressants, 20-40% of them present inadequate response, and the treatment with ineffective medication may take weeks of unremitted illness, potential adverse drug reactions and nonadherence to treatment. This study aims to identify polymorphisms in genes that potentially influence the treatment response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients and the treatment with escitalopram in MDD patients. This approach involved the study of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 genes related to the metabolism of these drugs and which may to affect the efficacy of treatment. It was studied 54 schizophrenic patients taking clozapine and 31 patients with MDD treated with escitalopram, both for long term. The investigated polymorphisms, CYP1A2*1F in schizophrenic patients and CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 in depressive patients, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing (CYP1A2*1F) or by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (CYP2C19*2 and *17) techniques. The results pointed for the association between CYP1A2*1F polymorphism and super-refractory clozapine treatment and for the association between CYP2C19*17 polymorphism and the decreased response to escitalopram treatment. No association was observed between CYP2C19*2 and the response to escitalopram treatment. These findings suggest that these genetic variants have an important influence on the treatment effectiveness of antipsychotics and antidepressants in psychiatric disorders, as schizophrenia and MDD. The pharmacogenetics may be useful to the psychiatrists helping in the choice of drugs and doses more efficient for each patient, reducing suffering and costs and contributing to improve the quality of life for patients and families.Item Identificação proteômica, expressão heteróloga, citolocalização, estudos de regulação transcricional e traducional da Aconitase Mitocondrial de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-11-18) BRITO, Wesley de Almeida; SOARES, Célia Maria de Almeida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8539946335852637Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermal-dimorphic fungus, the causative agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. A protein species preferentially expressed in yeast cells with a molecular mass of 80kDa and isoeletric point (pI) of 7.79 was isolated from the proteome of P. brasiliensis and characterized as an aconitase (E.C. 4.2.1.3). Aconitase is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in both the Krebs cycle (KC) and the glyoxylate cycle (GC). We report the cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding the aconitase of P. brasiliensis (PbACO). The cDNA showed a 2337 bp open reading frame (ORF) and encoded a predicted protein with 779 amino acids. A polyclonal antibody against the purified recombinant PbACO was obtained in order to analyze the subcellular localization of the molecule in P. brasiliensis. The protein is present in the extracellular fluid, cell wall, mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisomes of yeast cells as demonstrated by western blot and immunocytochemistry analysis. The expression analysis of the Pbaco gene was performed through quantitative real time RT-PCR and results demonstrated increasing expression during differentiation from mycelium to yeast cells. Real time RT-PCR assays was also used to evaluate the Pbaco expression when the fungus grows on media with acetate and ethanol as sole carbon sources and in different iron levels. The results demonstrated that Pbaco transcript is over expressed in acetate and ethanol as sole carbon sources and in highiron conditions.Item Avaliação do uso de aditivos aliados ao manejo alimentar no desenvolvimento do trato digestivo de bezerros(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-04-14) Caixeta, Luis Fernando de Sousa; Custódio, Carlos Henrique Xavier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0207928273284808; Ferreira, Reginaldo Nassar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2555785079833283; Ferreira, Reginaldo Nassar; Biancardi, Manoel Francisco; Leão, Karen Martins; Mendes, Elizabeth Pereira; Moreira, Tainá SilvestreThis study examines the effect of restricted feeding, based on the amount of milk supplied, combined with the compensatory gain mechanism and supplementation with an essential amino acid (methionine analogue - MET) or essential oils (EO) on the intestinal development and intestinal health of calves. Twenty calves were weighed and subjected to four treatments (feeding regimes) for two 28-day periods, as follows: Treatment 1 (RES+MET) - restricted milk intake in the first period (3 L/animal/day) and no restriction in the second period (6 L/animal/day) plus 4 g MET/day in both periods; Treatment 2 (MET) - no milk restriction in either period (6 L/animal/day) plus 4 g MET/day in both periods; Treatment 3 (RES+EO - milk restriction in the first period (3 L/animal/day) and no restriction in the second period (6 L/animal/day) plus 1.5 g EO/day in both periods; and Treatment 4 (EO) - no milk restriction in either period (6 L/animal/day) plus 1.5 g EO/day in both periods. Weight change in period 1 was lower in the animals on RES+MET than in the MET group, and no difference was detected between the other groups. Total live weight change at the end of the experiment was similar between the groups. There were no differences between treatment groups and periods for serum lactate, alkaline phosphatase or creatinine levels. Total proteins differed between the periods in the RES+MET, RES+EO and EO groups. Rumen papillae height was lower in the restricted groups. The methionine analogue reduced morphological changes in the hepatocyte nucleus as a result of the nutritional mechanisms induced by compensatory gain. Intestinal integrity was maintained by the action of the methionine analogue. Essential oils enhance the expression of GHS-R1a receptors in the hypothalamus.Item Avaliação das atividades genotóxica, antigenotóxica, citotóxica, anticitotóxica, angiogênica e antiangiogênica de elagitaninos utilizando ensaios in vitro e in vivo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-09-16) Carneiro, Cristiene Costa; Santos, Suzana da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7811945085200334; Lee, Chen Chen; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4621907105842007; Lee, Chen Chen; Reis, Paulo Roberto De Melo; Bailão, Elisa Flávia Luiz Cardoso; Sapanó, Mário Antônio; Cruz, Aline Helena Da SilvaPunicalagin and gemin D are ellagitannins found in some species of plants of medical importance such as Punica granatum and Geun japonicun. For this study, punicalagin and gemin D were isolated, respectively, from the leaves of Lafoensia pacari and Eugenia uniflora, two species of Brazilian medicinal plants with several biological activities, such as antitumoral, antioxidant and healing of wounds. In the present study, we evaluated the genotoxic, cytotoxic, antigenotoxic and anticytotoxic effects of gemin D using the Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium, the micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay in mice. With the punicalagin ellagitannin, we assessed the same effects mentioned above using the comet and MN tests in mice, and we also evaluated the angiogenic and antiangiogenic activities of this ellagitannin by the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenic assay. The results obtained with gemin D showed that this tannin did not present genotoxic effect by the Ames and MN tests, however, in the comet assay, the highest dose of gemin D (100 mg/kg) induced increase of breaks in DNA in comparison to the negative control (p < 0.05). In the antigenotoxicity, gemin D protected DNA against the harmful action of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and sodium azide by the Ames test, and also against cyclophosphamide (CPA) in pre- and co-treatment by MN and comet tests in mice, but it did not protect DNA in the post-treatment. The results obtained with punicalagin showed that this tannin exhibited no genotoxic effect by MN test and comet assay in mice. Only the highest dose of punicalagin (50 mg/kg) exhibited significant cytotoxic effect by MN test, and in the co-treatment with CPA, this cytotoxicity was enhanced. Co-treatment, pre-treatment and post-treatment of punicalagin with CPA led to a significant reduction in the number of DNA breaks and in the frequency of CPA-induced MN, indicating antigenotoxic effect. Using the CAM model, punicalagin exhibited angiogenic activity in all concentrations, mainly at the lowest concentration (12.5 µg/µL). Therefore, gemin D and punicalagin exhibited relevant antigenotoxic and cytotoxic effects, which indicate that they may be probables candidates for chemoprevention or for the development of new cancer therapies. In addition, the angiogenic activity presented by punicalagin in this study could contribute for the processes of tissue repairing and wound healing.