Questão ambiental e justiça: da crítica ao planejamento a uma ecologia do bem comum

Abstract

The current ecological crisis or even “the environmental issue” in contemporary times unfolds from concrete conditions and effects resulting from the historical process of appropriation and transformation of nature, mainly from the mid-twentieth century onwards. This process results from a certain rationality that emerges in Modernity and finds its roots in the Enlightenment. Empirically, the environmental issue is increasingly perceived on a global scale and scientific evidence points to the triggering of effects such as climate change, disruption in the dynamics of biogeochemical flows, degradation and depletion of natural resources, diverse threats to biodiversity and mass extinction of species of fauna and flora and, still, for the planetary ecological limits of the current process in course. The objective of the research was to identify the ways in which the environmental issue has been addressed. The empirical and operational dimension of the research methodology was organized based on bibliographic reviews and the author's own personal and professional experiences in the field of environmental planning, as well as immersive experiences in ecovillages and institutes that are guided by permaculture. By transforming one's own experiences into an object of analysis and reflection, the path of autoethnography was adopted. Three main ways of solving the environmental issue were identified, based on three distinct postures: the first develops from protectionist approaches that believe in “untouched nature” and in the creation of areas of conservation/preservation of wildlife; the second develops from supported technical-scientific approaches that believe that management and planning policies for the use of natural resources would be sufficient to solve the environmental problem without, however, shedding light on structural issues related to the capitalist mode of production and its logic. of spoliation of nature and of men; the third unfolds from a radical stance that understands that the environmental issue can only be resolved from a critical and revolutionary stance that places at the center of the debate on the environmental issue the need to overcome the rationality and logic that guides the mode of production. capitalist. The critique of environmental planning carried out from the experiences in the field of environmental licensing and the experiences in ecovillages allowed us to refute the first and second positions and to corroborate with the third.