Conservação filogenética de interações em redes antagonistas bipartidas
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2017-05-26
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
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This thesis comprises three chapters presented in the form of scientific articles, and approaches
phylogenetic conservatism of ecological interactions under different aspects. Citations and bibliographic
references are formatted in accordance with the norms from the journal Oikos, where a version of the first
chapter was published. Supplementary materials cited in the text can be found in the anexes at the end of the
thesis. I begin with the text from my qualification exam, that gives a brief overview about community
phylogenetics. By presenting this more general literature, this introduction gives a point of view that
complements the specific discussions of each chapter. In the first chapter, my coauthors and I explore the
correlation between phylogenetic similarity and the similarity between counterpart sets of plants and
herbivores in a regional Asteraceae-flowerhead endophages. By using different measures of counterpart
similarity and different subsets defined by herbivore lineages I tried to detect how the evolutionary history
of plants and herbivores is reflected in their interactions, both at the specific level as at the modular structure
of the network. We show that, beyond the compositional similarity previously reported, closely related
species also share a greater proportion of the phylogenetic history of their partners, both for resources and
consumers. The comparison between patterns found in the entire network with those found in the subsets
provides evidence that resource sharing happens mainly at deeper phylogenetic levels, so that phylogenetic
sinal is detectable even among closely related consumers. Asymmetry in signal strength between trophic
levels is more evident in the way how network modules reflect host plant phylogeny, both in the entire
network and the sub-networks. Taken together, these results show that evolutionary processes, such as phylogenetic conservatism and independent colonization history may be the main forces behind
phylogenetic structure observed in this particular plant-herbivore system.
In the second chapter, I test with more detail the relative contributions of different ecological
processes and the evolutionary history in the formation of the Asteraceae-Tephritidae interaction network.
By uniting a previously used approach with a coevolutionary analysis method and some new methods
proposed in this work I have shown the striking effect of phylogeny in this system and discuss how the
patterns in this antagonistic network differ from other systems.
In the third chapter I used a data set compiled from the cophylogeny literature to test the generality
of the phylogenetic conservatism observed in other systems. I used a meta-analytical approach to estimate
overall effect sizes for the correlations between phylogeny and interactions, as well as the asymmetry in
signal strength. I have found a general pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in interaction patterns for both
trophic levels along with considerable between-study heterogeneity. On the other hand, the asymmetry in
signal strength was consistently small and non-significant in each individual study, with a positive albeit
small overall effect size. My results provide compelling evidence that phylogenetic consevatism of
ecological interactions is common in nature, togheter with a quantitave picture of its heterogeneity and of
the asymmetry between trophic levels.
Taken togheter, the results from the three chapters highlight the important role of specialization in
structuring antagonistic interactions and the striking presence of phylogenetic constraints in the
establishment of this interactions. I hope that the contributions presented here, the questions they raise, and
the new approaches I have used help to improve our understanding of the processes that mediate the
formation of ecological networks.
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BERGAMINI, L. L. Conservação filogenética de interações em redes antagonistas bipartidas. 2017. 136 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2017.