Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução
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Item Efeito da estrutura da paisagem na diversidade genética neutra e adaptativa de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-10-26) Amaral, Tatiana Souza do; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4158685235743119; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9979596352166630; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Lima, Natacia Evangelista de; Chaves, Lázaro JoséUnderstanding how the human-caused impacts and environmental heterogeneity caused by these changes affect genetic variability is essential for the preservation and planning of animal and plant species management. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of landscape changes on diversity and on the adaptive and neutral genetic differentiation of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), an endemic species and tree symbol of Cerrrado. To do so, we selected five landscapes in regions near Goiânia, in the state of Goiás. Within each landscape, we selected two sample sites. To measure the structure of the landscape, we calculated metrics related to the amount of habitat, connectivity and heterogeneity in buffers of 2km, 4km and 6km that delimited the landscapes and in buffers of 500m around the sampling sites. In each site, we collect fruits of, on average, 10 mother-trees. The seeds of these fruits were measured (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and mass) and planted in a greenhouse. Afterwards, we performed character measurements of that were known to be important for the early stages of the plant, such as: percentage and germination time, initial and final heights, height growth rate, initial and final diameters, growth rate of diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and width, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot, root and shoot length. The experiment carried out in the greenhouse allowed us to access the quantitative genetic variability and the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in the sampled sites. Thus, in the first chapter, we evaluated the evolutionary potential of C. brasiliense in each sampled site and the effects of landscape structure on quantitative genetic variability. In the second chapter, we analyzed the effects of landscape structure on the diversity and genetic differentiation of adults and juveniles of C. brasiliense and verified if there is a time-lag of the effects of habitat change on the loss of genetic diversity in these landscapes. For this, in the same sites where we sampled the fruits, we collected leaves of adults and juveniles for DNA extraction. From the genotypes obtained using nine microsatellite loci, we access the neutral genetic diversity of C. brasiliense and relate it with the landscape metrics and the population effective size. From these analyzes, we found that functional connectivity was an important variable to explain the patterns observed in the quantitative genetic variability of most of the characters studied, such as those related to seeds, seedling diameter and leaf characters. The amount of habitat (%) was the variable that determined the patterns of genetic-quantitative differentiation for the growth rates of height and diameter, as well as being important to explain the neutral genetic diversity of juveniles. Intermediate levels of the amount of habitat had the highest values of allelic richness and heterozygosity expected for juveniles, while loss of genetic diversity, measured as the difference between adult and juvenile genetic diversity, was influenced by functional connectivity. The reduction of the genetic diversity detected mainly in juveniles evidences a time-lag effect, and corroborates with studies that affirm that species of long life, as C. brasiliense, require a long period of fragmentation so that the changes in heterozigosity are detected. In general, the movement of the pollinators and dispersers, and consequently the gene flow, is an important process in the maintenance of the evolutionary potential and genetic diversity of this species since functional connectivity was the most important variable influencing the neutral and adaptive genetic diversity of C. brasiliense. In this way, our results demonstrate that restoring or conserving habitat areas in key places that allow the connectivity of the landscape are essential for the conservation of this species.Item Invasões biológicas: indo além dos modelos de distribuição na busca de predições realistas sob restrições energéticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-25) Andrade, André Felipe Alves de; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Silva, Alessandra Bertassoni da; Vieira, Marcus Vinícius; Paglia, Adriano PereiraBiological invasions are one of the mains threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The introduction of new exotic species might have serious consequences to native communities, being responsible for modifications to the established biotic relations up to the extinction of native species. Apart from serious ecological consequences, invasive species are also relevant form the economic point of view, as many species reach high populational levels which can lead to losses for several economic activities, such as agriculture and hydroelectric energy generation. Given the relevance of invasive species, an essential aspect to reduce the losses caused by biological invasions is to get ahead of the invasion process and prevent a potential invasive species from ever reaching a new region. In order to reach this goal, the different methods should be effective in anticipating possible invasions, by accurately defining target regions and also how the invasive species will interact with the native community. In this thesis we built and tested several models that seek to improve our capability to anticipate the results of an invasion process in its several stages. In the first chapter we explored the capability of ecological niche models (ENMs) in identifying suitable areas for the occurrence of a potential invasive species. ENMs are commonly used for establishing areas of interest, based on species’ suitability. However, as we demonstrate in this first chapter, mismatches between the realized and the fundamental niche may lead to patterns of consistent under-or overprediction of the areas considered as harbouring suitable climatic conditions for an invasive species. At the second chapter we explored how the interaction between the different life-history strategies of invasive species and the native community determine invasion success. We’ve built a realistic system in which individuals compete for energy and have priorities for allocating the obtained energy. The whole system is regulated by allometric relations and energetic budgets. We found that invaders that share a common life-history strategy with the native species were more successful in establishing in the system, being that the strategy with the higher gains was of living longer, accumulating reserves while reducing the reproductive output (less offspring with longer gestation periods). At the third chapter we explored how those life-history strategies behave under a realistic landscape, with a real land-use and fluctuations in the energy within the system. In this chapter we’ve improved the chapter developed at the chapter 2 and focused on answering questions related to the landscape configuration and invasive-native co-occurrence under different levels of landscape heterogeneity. We also evaluated our model under classical hypothesis related to the invasion process. We’ve evaluated invasion success over 18 years in a landscape undergoing a rapid agriculture expansion and found that invasion success was highest at the end of this period, when the landscape is with its highest agriculture coverage. Agriculture expansion, by itself, was responsible for the extinction of native species, besides increasing invasion success and the co-occurrence between invasive and native species. There was also a difference in successful life-history strategies, in a way that the spatial configuration plays a big role in determining invasion success.Item Sobre a ecomorfologia de girinos: as implicações funcionais da variação nas estruturas orais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-26) Annibale, Fabiane Santana; Rossa-Feres, Denise de Cerqueira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863776138321135; Nomura, Fausto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9506582657045983; Nomura, Fausto; Bastos, Rogério Pereira; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; Prado, Cynthia Peralta de Almeida; Pezzuti, Tiago LeiteThe role of morphology on animals’ ecology helps us understand the adaptive significance of variation in anatomical structures among species. However, for tadpoles the implications of variation in species morphology on resource use and partitioning among species are poorly understood. This thesis was elaborated in order to better understand tadpoles’ ecomorphology, and is divided into three chapters. The first chapter consists on a bibliographical review and a scientometric analysis on tadpoles’ ecomorphology. Through the data survey we described the tadpoles’ ecomorphological trajectory, quantified the scientific knowledge produced in this study area, and identified the main gaps that may guide future studies. We verified that ecomorphological studies on tadpoles have been increasing over time, with modifications in methodologies and new perspectives to understand the ecology and evolution of tadpoles. However, many of these studies are descriptive or investigate the phenotypic plasticity of larvae in response to predators. Thus, there are still many environmental factors to be explored, as well as the necessity of studying beyond inferences. As such, tadpoles’ ecomorphology will be able to help us understand the diversity of anuran larvae (i.e., ecology and evolution) and with conservation of these animals. Aiming to fill some of these gaps in knowledge, the second and third chapters correspond to researches on how variation in external oral morphology influences tadpoles’ ability to feed on substrates with different properties. In the second chapter we tested the performance of tadpoles feeding on substrates at different orientations. We found that species with similar oral morphology also have similar performances when feeding on substrates positioned at different orientations. Only species that occur at different depths in the environment varied in performance at a specific orientation (i.e. vertical). Among tadpoles that occur in the same place, but vary in terms of external oral morphology, whereas some species have high performances feeding on substrates regardless their orientation, other species are more efficient feeding at specific orientations of substrates. We concluded that these differences in performance may determine how tadpoles select and/or share resources in the environment. In the third chapter, we studied with more details the influence of variation in external oral morphology, testing the species performance when feeding on substrates with different textures. Differences in the number of labial tooth rows and in the marginal papillae configuration affected tadpoles’ grazing performance on substrates with different textures, indicating specializations of feeding behavior. In addition, we verified that tadpoles with the most common oral morphology among anuran larvae had the best performances in comparison to all the other species. This result may help explain the adaptive significance of morphological variation among anuran larvae.Item Overkill, sítios de matança e as evidências de interação homem megafauna na América do Sul(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-12-30) Bampi, Hugo; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9592727826334407; Ribeiro, Matheus de Souza Lima; Faleiro, Frederico Augusto Martins Valtuille; Terribile, Levi CarinaDuring the end of the Quaternary, humans exploited (hunting/scavenging) megafauna across the Americas. However, South American (SA) megafauna kill/scavenge sites (MKSSs) have been persistently underestimated or even neglected by researchers, biasing further analyses such as the human impact on megafauna extinctions. Here, we systematically review the evidence of exploitation in the South America, test overkill hypothesis in SA, compare its quantity and quality against exploitation data from North America, and suggest the cause of South American data bias. A total of 18 and 17 SMDMs were found in AS and North America (NA), with 15 and 5 genera explored by humans. South American overkill was not supported by these empirical data. AS is neglected by researchers from the Northern Hemisphere (with an emphasis on North Americans). SA does have quantitative and qualitative data similar to or better than NA on the exploitation of megafauna. We suggest that the reason for this pattern is a linguistic bias (shortage of reading works written in Latin languages by researchers from the northern hemisphere). This dissertation contributed to a greater understanding of humanmegafauna interactions and overkill in the Americas. We emphasize the importance of reducing the linguistic bias to further advance the discussion on the extinction of megafauna in the QuaternaryItem Seleção de recursos por duas espécies de besouros bruquíneos do gênero Gibbobruchus na planta hospedeira Bauhinia Curvula Benth(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-04-09) Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; Almeida-Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Almeida-Neto, MárioThe process of host-plant selection is the main interface in the herbivore-plant interactions, with deep consequences for the ecology and evolution of those groups. In this work, we investigate some steps of the host-plant selection in two congeneric species of seed beetles. In the first chapter, we assess the oviposition pattern and larval survival in the seed-beetle G. cavillator to evaluate whether oviposition site choices maximize offspring survival, accounting for the spatially hierarchic structure of the system. In the second chapter, we analyze the fine-scale positioning of G. speculifer eggs, and explore the role of geometric constraints in the egg distribution patterns. Altogether our results exemplify how small differences in key traits of the host-plant selection can lead to significant differences in the interaction between herbivore insects and their host plants.Item A importância das plantas e dos herbívoros hospedeiros na especialização dos parasitoides de afídeos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-30) Bergamo, Norem Ceane da Silveira Barbosa; Bergamini, Leonardo Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7657432431796954; Almeida Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Almeida Neto, Mário; Baumgartner, Matheus Tenório; Melo, Adriano SanchesThe variety of host organisms represents one of the most important dimensions of the ecological niche of parasitoids and parasites in general. In the case of insect parasitoids that attack herbivores, the degree of specialization of these in the use of hosts can be determined by cues and restrictions imposed by herbivores and by their host plants. We used plant-aphid-parasitoid interactions sampled from several regions of the globe to investigate the specialization in the use of aphids and plants by parasitoid. Specifically, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) which trophic level, plants or herbivores, exerts greater influence on parasitoid specialization? (2) how important is the scale of network, regional or global, for specialization patterns? We found phylogenetic specialization of the parasitoids toward both aphids and plants, with specialization toward aphids being greater when compared to specialization toward plants. As for the effect of spatial scale, specialization was more evident when evaluated on a global scale than on a regional scale, especially for plants. These results reinforce the importance of coevolutionary history in the interactions between parasitoids and aphids, and also demonstrate the mediation role of plants in determining the interactions between parasitoids and host herbivores.Item Padrões de distribuição de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagens fragmentadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-01-03) Bernardo, Paulo Vitor dos Santos; Oliveira, Arthur Ângelo Bispo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1100433822757573; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271; Pedro, Wagner André; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues deHabitat fragmentation is defined as the breaking of a continuous habitat in “patches” or fragments. This process leads to environmental changes capable of affecting communities in different ways, causing species composition changes. Beta diversity measures can show the variation between the composition of different communities, where two ecological patterns can be found: turnover and nestedness. In turnover the variation in community structure is a consequence of species replacement, while in the nestedness poor communities are nested in richer communities. Here I tested: (I) how habitat fragmentation affects the presence of large e medium sized mammals in different functional groups; (II) if the variation in beta diversity in fragmented landscapes is caused by turnover or nestedness, and (III) if the variation observed was due to habitat fragmentation. I used 19 Semidecidous Forest patches in the Brazilian Cerrado, from the State of Goiás. Landscape metrics from 2.5 km around the patches were obtained from classifications and measurements. For the analyses, I made four sets based in diet, size, diet amplitude and all previous three together. I calculated the beta diversity with Sorensen indices, turnover with Simpson indices and nestedness with Nestedness indices. The natural area size influenced the group B3- felines and the core area percentage, the groups A1-carnivores, larges and B3-felines. The core area percentages were the most important character in fragmented landscapes for mammal communities. The felines were the most sensible group. This group was affected by natural area availability and by the core area percentage. The beta diversity pattern in the fragmented landscapes was turnover, but it was not related to environmental variation or spatial distances between the landscapes. Both nestedness and beta diversity were affected by spatial distance, but beta diversity was also affected by environmental variation linked to landscape connectivity. The changes in different landscapes cause different responses in species and allow the creation of a fragmentation gradient, driving the turnover phenomenon. The carnivores were the species most sensible to habitat fragmentation, mainly because they need large home ranges. Thus, an understanding of how diversity reacts to habitat fragmentation may provide support to the implementation of conservation areas and research upgrading which focus specific species groups. Managed areas with large core areas and good connectivity should bring desirable results for large and medium sized mammals conservation status. This affirmative is true, especially for larger mammals and carnivores.Item Teoria e métodos ecológicos e evolutivos aplicados a dados humanos: de diversidade biocultural à propagação de doenças(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-04-25) Borges, Christielly Mendonça; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Coelho, Marco Túlio Pacheco; Chacon, Thiago Costa; Silva, Bruno Vilela de Moraes eTraditionally, Homo sapiens have been an exclusive subject of study of the humanities. The resistance of natural scientists to study humans from an eco-evolutionary point of view is easily explained by the unfolding of the 20th century eugenics movement. Starting from the scientific advances on the low genetic variability between human populations and the spatial patterns of language diversity, the idea of a non-biological human diversity emerged, where humans form numerous cultural groups with complex global spatial and demographic patterns. In this thesis, we apply eco-evolutionary theories and methods to human data, focusing on different aspects of linguistic diversity, following a macroecological approach and also analyzing the propagation dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Chapter 1, we reviewed how the evolution of languages and species goes far beyond mere analogies and has accumulated a growing literature that supports these parallels at both micro and macroevolutionary scales. In Chapter 2 we created a dialect quiz to collect linguistic data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and thus complement existing data, fill in gaps and later demarcate the different BP dialects, reconstruct the immigration history in Brazil, and research the evolution of BP. In Chapter 3 we investigate the mechanisms responsible for linguistic diversity in the Neotropical region (Mexico, Central and South America). We created a spatially explicit mechanistic model that incorporates altitude, water resources, precipitation and population group size as mechanisms capable of predicting the pre-Columbian linguistic diversity observed on the continent. In Chapter 4, we used a SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Removed) epidemiological model to assess the effectiveness of public policies of the state of Goiás in containing the spread of COVID-19 in its initial stage, between March and May 2020. In all chapters we successfully apply ecological theories and methods to data originated from humans, whether it's the language they speak or the virus that infects them. Therefore, we demonstrate how the methods and theories developed in biological disciplines can be applied to advance knowledge in the humanities, especially in linguistics and public administration. In this sense, we demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of multidisciplinary studies, especially for an object of study as complex as Homo sapiens.Item Padrões de evolução do nicho climático e de diversificação em anuros neotropicais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-05-26) Braga, Pedro Henrique Pereira; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Maciel, Natan Medeiros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2116561844584292; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; Nabout, João Carlos; Maciel, Natan MedeirosUnderstanding how important species traits are distributed across evolution is a major task for evolutionary ecologists and comparative biologists. Here, we addressed evolutionary questions about the niche evolution and diversification among anuran species. We performed analyses of the climatic niche evolution and diversification rates of direct and indirect development Neotropical anurans with the use of multivariate description of the species’ climatic niche and modern phylogenetic comparative methods. We tested the predictions that due to high physiological dependence to water, (i) frogs with biphasic life cycles (indirect development; free-larval form present) tend to retain their ecological niche characteristics across evolution (i.e., phylogenetic niche conservatism) and (ii) the climatic niche of direct development anurans evolved faster than the climatic niche of anurans with indirect development. We also hypothesized that, because of the role of niche conservatism in promoting allopatric speciation, indirect development anurans would also have higher diversification rates than direct development anurans. By including a high number of sampled species, we showed that there are no differences in their actual macroecological climatic niche. However, although niche position is similar between groups, indirect development anurans showed phylogenetic conservatism in their climatic niche, whilst direct development anurans evolved their niche according to the null expectation. Our assessments of diversification rates indicate that there is a correlation between terrestrial development and decreased diversification in anurans in a more general way and that faster speciation and reduced extinction in the Neotropics contribute to higher diversification in indirect development anurans. We consider that the insertion of larval characteristics can, therefore, imply in obstruction in the evolution of the environmental niche of a clade. We also believe that the evolution to different niches set by the different environmental requirements (here, one terrestrial and other fully or semi aquatic) resulted in divergent adaptive peaks (fitness valleys and trade-offs between adaptation to different environments), to which both direct and indirect development anurans evolved to match.Item Aninhamento de assembleias de aves em arquipélagos oceânicos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-08-26) Caetano, Vinne Magalhães; Melo, Adriano Sanches; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4602365265261727; Melo, Adriano Sanches; Maestri, Renan; Almeida Neto, MárioThe species richness of an island can be driven by the quality, complexity and heterogeneity of the habitat, as well as the dispersal ability of the species. Island size and altitude can be used as surrogate variables for habitat attributes, and island isolation can be used to represent the dispersal ability of species. Communities on a gradient of isolation or environmental complexity can form a taxonomically and/or morphologically nested distribution pattern. I tested the morphological nesting of bird assemblages from islands of eight oceanic archipelagos for size, altitude, and isolation of their islands. I performed this test by weighting the nesting by the magnitude of the difference between the tested variable and without this weighting. I found that morphological nesting was predominantly relevant to size and altitude, while isolation was not able to explain nesting in any archipelago. Unweighted analyzes had more positive results for nesting than those weighted by difference in altitude, size or isolation. The nesting observed was more due to richness shared between communities than due to the tree topology of morphological similarity between species. This means that if a community shares similarity in attributes with other communities, this similarity in attributes comes from the species shared between these communities and not from different species with similar attributes. Isolation was not able to explain the nesting, however, it is possible that there are isolation measures with greater biological relevance.Item Efeitos da fragmentação sobre a ocorrência e o padrão de atividade de ungulados no Cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-06-11) Carvalho, Eduardo Bruno; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863533704023271; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Machado, Ricardo BonfimFragmentation is one of the main causes for species extinctions, yet the responses to fragmentation may vary and have specific mechanisms related to species habits. Herein we hypothesized that generalist species occupancy and detectability are favored in fragmented areas and specialists species are damaged and that specialist’s activity patterns are altered as a way of compensating for the effects of fragmentation. This study included seven areas along the Araguaia River Biodiversity Corridor, which is embedded in the Cerrado Biome. We utilized data from camera trapping of six ungulate species: Mazama americana, Mazama gouazoubira, Pecari tajacu, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari e Ozotoceros bezoarticus. We created three hexagonal grids, measuring 50, 500 and 5.000 hectares, wich were related to the species home ranges. The fragmentation status was evaluated inside each grid by four landscape metrics wich were later redeced to a single variable by a Principal Components Analysis. Specie’s occupancy and detectability were tested by model selection to verify changes under influence of fragmentation. Frequency of records alterations between periods of the day were tested by a linear mixed-model analysis. The hypothesis of the positive effect of fragmentation on generalists specie’s occupancy and detection could not be confirmed, nevertheless fragmentation had an effect on every species, even when it was contrary to our initial prediction. None of the species presented shifts on the frequency of records among periods of the day due to fragmentation, however most of the species didn’t exhibit the expected pattern of activity described on the literature. These results could be attributed to the simplistic classification of the Cerrado, which didn’t comprise all of it’s different phytophisiognomies, to the narrow classification of fragmentation status and to the poor knowledge of how species respond to the fragmentation.Item Definição de áreas prioritárias e representação da biodiversidade aquática da região hidrográfica do Paraná em unidades de conservação e terras indígenas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-07-26) Costa, Álvaro Marin; Loyola, Rafael Dias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7649189080736923; Loyola, Rafael Dias; Brum, Fernanda Thiesen; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre FelizolaAquatic ecosystems are among the richest in biodiversity on the planet but also the most threatened. For this, most of them are protected. However, in Brazil, the creation and expansion of conservation units are biased towards terrestrial ecosystems and focused on the Amazon. Planning for the conservation of aquatic environments is a gap in scientific and applied practice, although it is an important trend in the scientific literature. Therefore, in this dissertation, we evaluated the representativeness of the biodiversity of freshwater fish and aquatic flora of the Paraná Hydrographic Region in its current network of conservation units and indigenous lands, as well as proposed priority areas for the conservation of these species. We find that 6.3% of the region is protected. However, on average, less than 10% of the distribution of the species is covered. Furthermore, our spatial prioritization analyses show that the increase in 30% of protection in the region would cover an average of 48% of the species distribution. Results like these can be used to support the planning and implementation of conservation actions aimed at protecting and managing the aquatic biodiversity of this hydrographic region.Item Padrões de distribuição e riqueza de espécies troglóbias no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-08-31) Dias, Priscila de Araújo; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; Domingos, André Menegotto; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre FelizolaCaves have environmental conditions different from the surface, subjecting the subterranean fauna to different selective pressures. Species highly adapted to the subterranean environment are called troglobias, and share an evolutionary history of adaptation in aphotic environments with few nutrients. One of the explanations for the emergence of these species is provided by the hypothesis of Climate Change, in which cave populations maintained a gene flow with the surface, but glacial events and ecological factors ended up isolating them geographically and genetically. An alternative explation is provided by the Adaptive Deviation hypothesis, in which the populations that invaded the caves in search of resources suffered new selective pressures, and when the colonization was successful the population expanded in the underground habitat, reducing the gene flow with the epigeal populations. The goal of this study is to analyze which process determines the distribution and richness patterns of troglobic species in Brazil, to identify the influence of paleoclimatic events in the region and to analyze whether the distance between caves affects the structuring of the community. In addition to estimates of tetrapod richness we also used paleoclimatic data from the last five million years, including temperature, precipitation and primary productivity. The results showed that the regions with the greatest wealth are highly correlated with the greatest variation in temperature, and the least variation in precipitation. Data on primary productivity and tetrapod richness did not show significant correlation.Item No limiar tênue entre teoria e realidade, sazonalidade e caos em sistemas planctônicos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-26) Ferreira, Heury Sousa; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2767494720646648; Marco Júnior, Paulo De; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; Silva, Daniel Brito Candido daThe Chaos Theory is an alternative tool to stochastic dynamic modeling when target biological systems show irregular and no predictive behavior. The plankton is a model group of organisms to theoretical and experimental investigations in chaotic dynamics due to its intrinsic biological characteristics as small size, high reproductive rate and short life cycle, with the additional advantage of its public interest related to practical problems. In this work we investigated the dynamical aspects of a NutrientPhytoplankton-Zooplankton seasonal forced model, created by means of the addition of the Zooplankton level on a Nutrient-Phytoplankton seasonal forced model that show chaotic behavior, proposed by Huppert et al. (2005). An important outcome of the Huppert’s model is that the intensity of the seasonal forcing is the control parameter of the system. We investigated the zooplankton effect on the stability of the model, and the chaos control by means of pulses in the intensity of the seasonal forcing. Our results show that strong and weak seasonal forcing implicates in cyclical fluctuations of phytoplankton populations, and those cycles had higher amplitude in strong seasonal forcing. Between those two extremes, there is chaos. The zooplankton mortality is a fundamental component of the behavior of the model. In fact, despite of seasonal forcing values that can promote chaotic behavior, the model can show cyclic behavior to some values of mortality rates. This suggests that absence of top-down control in the models built to understand phytoplanktonic dynamics (blooms are only a consequence of this), result in an over-simplification and lack of conceptual comprehension of the system. Our results show that periodic pulses can be able to control the chaos on moderate seasonal forcing, and to promote chaos to weak and strong seasonal effects. The pulses are theoretical indicatives of how climatic changes influences a seasonal variable can to affect the dynamics aspects of planktonic systems.Item Macroecologia evolutiva de morcegos do Novo Mundo: uma abordagem filogenética(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-08-28) Fortunato, Danilo de Siqueira; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9691616509605593; Camacho, Crisóforo Fabricio Villalobos; Lima, André Felipe Barreto; Martínez, Pablo Ariel; Maestri, Renan; Faleiro, Frederico Augusto Martins ValtuilleMacroecology studies ecological patterns on large spatial scales, at these scales the main source of information is the geographical distribution of species. From the distribution of species emerge spatial patterns of richness, geographic range size, and endemism. Recently, evolutionary macroecology has been proposing a new approach to macroecological patterns of biodiversity when using metrics that combine the effect of time accumulation with the basic element of macroecology, the area of distribution of the species. In this thesis, we explore how another perspective of the biodiversity patterns can be obtained using phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic endemism and how the evolutionary response of distribution sizes changes between parts of the phylogeny. First, we tested how beta diversity can evince ecological and evolutionary processes that act with different intensity along spatial scales and are determinants of the geographical pattern of biodiversity. We find that when we consider only small-scale phylogenetic diversity, beta diversity is important for increasing diversity in the tropics. On larger scales, and for species richness on all scales, the diversity gradient is determined by an effect of species removal in areas with a more seasonal temperature towards the subtropical region. We tested the effect of climate stability in the past as a determinant of the phylogenetic endemism pattern, that captures the accumulation of evolutionary time in a restricted distribution area, in more stable regions throughout the glacial cycles. We find that more stable areas presented deeper phylogenetic endemism, and also that areas of paleo-endemism are concentrated in more stable areas than areas of mixed endemism. However, areas of neo-endemism are located in stable areas surounded by unstable regions and areas of super endemism are located in climatically stable areas that present conditions of isolation by distances, as in the Caribbean islands. Lastly, we tested how the historical origin of groups can affect the range size evolution in relation to the climatic attribute of the species niches. We found that species of groups of temperate origin tend to have larger range sizes in colder and seasonal areas, following a Rapoport effect as a function of climate variability. Conversely, species of groups of tropical origin tend to broaden their range sizes in less seasonal areas, presenting a pattern contrary to the Rapoport effect, indicating a historical effect, determined by a trend of phylogenetic conservatism of ancestral climate preferences. Thus, in this thesis, we show some alternatives of how to integrate the main geographic patterns of biodiversity through an evolutionary macroecology approach based on phylogenies for a better understanding of macroecological and macroevolutionary processes.Item Estudo empírico, teórico e metodológico em macroecologia de interações ecológicas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-02-19) Higino, Gracielle Teixeira; Poisot, Timothée; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Terribile, Levi Carina; Vital, Marcos Vinícius Carneiro; Costa, Paula Lemos da; Tessarolo, Geiziane; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de BrittoA set of interdependent factors, such as the limits of tolerance to environmental variables, the dispersing capacity of individuals and the evolutionary history of lineages determine the distribution of species on our planet. These factors act in different ways in different units of the ecosystem, affecting from the abundance of populations to the regional combination of possible interactions. By investigating the behaviour of biodiversity in different environmental scenarios and at different resolutions of observation, we can understand the history of nature and what can happen in the coming years. This thesis is an empirical, theoretical and methodological study on macroecology of interactions. The first chapter addresses the interface between evolutionary factors and the diversification of ecological networks within a meta-network structure of parasitism in Eurasia. The second chapter discusses the mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities of integrating ecological interactions into species distribution models. This discussion underpins a perspective of research lines with immense potential for the near future of Theoretical Ecology. The final chapter presents the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of models based on individuals that would enable the investigation of the Eltonian noise hypothesis. Finally, the annexes of this thesis are composed of articles developed in parallel, but with the same theme: the first explains in a didactic way how species distribution modelling works, while the second is an extensive theoretical exercise on what is most recent in the methods of predicting ecological networks in space and time. By exploring the macroecology of interactions from such diverse perspectives, this thesis shows how beta-diversity and phylogenetic diversity tell complementary stories about the history of biodiversity of parasites and hosts, demonstrates how we can integrate potential interactions and models of the distribution of species and questions whether the effect of interactions on the distribution of biodiversity is actually null at large geographical scales.Item Impacto das cinzas de queimadas no ambiente aquático e na comunidade fitoplanctônica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-07-28) Jesus, Gabriel Sampaio de; Nabout, João Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3335844675689429; Bortolini, Jascieli Carla; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5475113165248615; Bortolini, Jascieli Carla; Carneiro, Fernanda Melo; Carvalho, Priscilla deAmong the main threats to biodiversity are anthropic fires, a joint event, especially during the dry period. However, studies on the indirect effects of fires on aquatic ecosystems are scarce. In this study, we investigated how water quality and phytoplankton community structure might be affected by ash from fires in the Brazilian Cerrado. We used a microcosm experiment to simulate the aquatic environment with different scenarios of ash concentrations, and we evaluated over time the abiotic conditions, composition, richness, and phytoplankton density. We detected an increase in total phosphorus ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations after ash insertion. Regarding the phytoplankton community, we identified changes in composition as a function of time, and we did not recognize changes in richness and density in response to treatment. Our results indicate that ash from fires in the terrestrial environment can affect water quality and the species composition of aquatic communities. However, we suggest longer-duration experiments to evaluate the phytoplankton community's delayed responses.Item Estrutura em comunidades de insetos aquáticos: uma abordagem experimental em córregos no município de Niquelândia, Goiás, Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-09-23) Jesus, Jhonathan Diego Nascimento de; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4995825091971711; Brandão, Divino; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; Pereira, Marcos Callisto de Faria; Oliveira, Leandro GonçalvesA broad spectrum of abiotic and biotic factors influences the structure community of aquatic insects. This study was conducted in five intermittent streams in the city of Niquelândia in the State of Goiás, on area of influence of mining company Anglo/CODEMIN, near Serra da Mesa Lake. The material used to construct the artificial substrate was one kilogram of crushed rock (gneiss) surrounded by rings of nylon mesh 0.5 mm, due to the similarity of this material to the natural substrates in sampled streams, formed mostly by stones. Five samples were placed in each stream arranged with the average distance 1 meter between them. The samples were placed in sampling points after the first rain event in the region, since all the streams used in the experiment were dry. Every seven days a sample was withdrawn and replaced by another that remained in streams only seven days. The others remained fourteen, twenty-one, twenty-eight and thirty-five days. The result of quadratic polynomial regression showed a structuring related to the sites sampled and Lake Serra da Mesa, only the second ANCOVA results showed, suggesting a significant community structure analyzed by dominance, although that this arrangement has been low. Thus, was observed that the community addressed were more structured by abiotic factors versus the initial hypothesis that predicted a structure based on patterns of dominance and founder effect, concludes that in early stages of colonization succession the factors that can improve the structure of communities are the abiotic ones.Item Contingência histórica e o debate macroevolutivo generalismo especialismo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-12-08) Lemes, Larissa Pereira; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de Britto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1613666671361533; Carvalheiro, Luisa Mafalda Gigante Rodrigues; Terribile, Levi Carina; Faleiro, Frederico Augusto Martins Valtuille; Dala Corte, Renato Bolson; Rangel, Thiago Fernando Lopes Valle de BrittoContingent events are unpredictable phenomena happening along lineages evolutionary history. These events have huge impact on evolution’s course because it leads to historical contingency. Historical contingency is the term used to say that the evolutionary history of lineages and their descendants changes after it experiences random and unpredictable events. Accordingly, the several contingent events happening along history together with historical contingency led to several but unique evolutionary histories. Therefore, if historical contingency prevents lineages to respond evenly to drivers, why macroecologists and macroevolutionists search for global patterns? Here I show that ignoring local effects in the relationship between drivers and lineages evolutionary dynamics (i.e., non-stationarity) leads to contradictions, wrong conclusions and loss of information. On the first chapter of this thesis I show, through a review, traditional and well accepted macroecological theories commited and even invalidated by non-stationarity. I argue that every macroecological e macroevolutionary theories exhibit local effects and must consider them previously in theories formulation or during analyses. On the second and third chapter I show that the generalism-specialism macroevolutionary conundrum standing for over 150 years emerged due to non-stationarity neglecting. Specifically, I show in the second chapter that both evolution towards generalism and specialism is possible, conversely to what have been claimed until now. The surprisingly non verified role of geographic regions on lineages diet evolution allows both increasing and decreasing of the dietary niche breadth, with tropical lineages mostly evolving towards generalism and temperate lineages mostly evolving towards specialism. This result not only explains why generalism still exists but also lead to the proposition of a new and original theory for the species richness latitudinal gradient. On the third chapter I showed that space does also changes the relationship between species diet and their diversification rates. Generalism is correlated to higher speciation rates only in the tropics, with descendants conserving their ancestral’s generalist dietary niche and consequent maintenance of higher speciation rates in this region. I also show that traitdependent diversification theories are commited by phylogenetic non-stationarity due to their historical contingency. I argue that the future of trait-dependent diversification theories lies on, theoretically or analytically, relaxing the assumption of stationarity.Item Padrões biogeográficos da especialização e distribuição de insetos herbívoros(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-25) Mamede, Angélica Francisca Mendes; Almeida Neto, Mário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1000297113793647; Araújo, Walter Santos de; Nabout, João Carlos; Cunha, Hélida Ferreira da; Santos, Carolina Moreno dos; Almeida Neto, MárioSome studies have questioned the theory that species are more specialized in biotic interactions in tropical regions. On the other hand, there are an increasing number of studies including biotic interactions to understand the distribution of species and their responses to climate change. Species distribution can be affected by factors linked to their ecological niche. However, biotic interactions are often associated with small spatial scales, while environmental conditions are associated with the distribution of species on a biogeographic scale. Using interaction networks compiled from the literature, I sought to understand: (i) the effect of different measures of specialization on the detectability of the relationship between latitude and feeding specialization of herbivorous insects; (ii) how the latitudinal distribution of frugivorous flies (Tephritidae) in the Americas is related to the specialization in the use of host plants and climatic seasonality; (iii) how climate change can alter the distribution of species of frugivorous flies of the genus Anastrepha spp. (modeled considering abiotic and biotic factors) and how the degree of specialization in plants can influence species responses to climate change. We found that secondary factors, related to the data sets, and not the difference in calculating the different indexes of specialization affected the specialization of herbivorous insects. Additionally, we observed no evidence of a relationship between the latitude and specialization of herbivorous insects after estimating different specialization indexes using the same data set. We also show that fruit flies species that occur at higher latitudes have smaller distribution ranges, thus contradicting the expectation according to the Rapoport effect. The breadth of latitudinal distribution were explained by the width of the feeding niche, seasonality in precipitation and the species origin (being native or introduced). Finally, we find that the Anastrepha fruit flies from the American continent will have their distributions increased as a result of climate change and this increase is related to the degree of specialization in host plants.
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