Situação do aleitamento materno na área urbana do município de Anápolis GO
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2010-12-13
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
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The promotion, protection, and support of breastfeeding is included among the actions set out in the agenda of comprehensive care of children and in the plan for reducing child mortality in Brazil. However, the estimates of prevalence and the median of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding full found for the set of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District are still far below the level considered to be minimum by WHO. On the other hand, the epidemiology of breastfeeding is not yet known due to the country's continental dimensions, making necessary the diagnosis in smaller geographic units, (states and municipalities) This study sought to analyze the epidemiology situation of breastfeeding in children born and living in the urban area of Anápolis in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Initially an exploratory bibliographic study was conducted in search of possible determinants of breastfeeding practices in Brazil, and to do so
a review was carried out of this literature with articles published between 2002 to 2010 in the databases of the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELLO), and Cochrane Library. Of the twenty-two articles selected, 40 explanatory variables for early cessation of breastfeeding practices were found where the most frequent and bigger association force were: use of dummy, mother younger than 20 years old, cesarean, breast complications, grandparents influence, primiparity, underweight
child at birth and low familiar income. The field research consisted of a cross sectional study of the population bases was performed with a representative sample of 1919 mother-infant dyads born and living in the urban area of Anápolis (GO). A complex sampling by clusters in two stages was adopted, and in the first one nineteen Primary Sampling Units were selected and in the second the children who came accompanied by their mothers to the Child Multi- Vaccination National Campaign in 2009. For data analysis, the concepts and indicators of breastfeeding practices established by WHO were adopted. Considering the variance of the sampling plan, the Programs used were the Statistical Package for Social Sciences® (SPSS) version 17.0® of the Complex Sample Module and STATA version 8.0® for the procedures of analyzing the complex sample. To do so, a Poisson Robust Model was used for calculating the unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (significance level 0.05 and 95% confidence
interval) for the explanatory variables of three outcomes: exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), complete breastfeeding or full breastfeeding (BF) in the first six months of life, and
breastfeeding supplemented with other foods between 6 to 23.9 months (SBF). The results showed that the median survival of EBF among children born in the last 24 months was 120 days while the median of BF was 7.9 months. Other indicators of breastfeeding practices were as follows: timely first suckling (68.1%), exclusive breastfeeding at six months of life (59,2%), breastfeeding continued in the second year (22.7%), bottle feeding in the first year of life (58.3%). In the univariate analysis, the bottle was associated with total weaning during the period between 6 to 23.9 months (crude PR 2.27 IC95%1.71, 3.02). The pacifier was the only
explanatory variable for cessation of EBF (PR 1.49 IC95% 1.05, 2.12). Independent variables associated with cessation of EBF plus BF were pacifier (PR 2.33 IC95% 1.79, 3.02),
complications with breast and nipple (PR 1.78 IC95% 1.17, 2.69), and timely first suckling (PR 1.47 IC95% 1.01, 2.12). The variables independently associated with total weaning were pacifier (PR 1.40 IC95% 1.23, 1.60), prematurity (PR 1.25 IC95% 1.03, 1.51), and experience with breastfeeding (PR 1.15, IC95% 1.006, 1.316). According to the results found in the city of Anápolis (GO), the feeding indicator appropriate to the age reached the level considered very good in relation to the EBF and FB component in the first six months of life, which was higher than the other cities in the country. However, what stands out are the low proportions
of complementary breastfeeding after six months of life considering that very low proportions of continued breastfeeding were found in the first and second year of life. The breastfeeding median at 7.9 months showed to be lower than the country's, and did not reach the minimum
expected by WHO, which should be 18 months. Given the limitations inherent to the crosssectional study and the lack of data on age of introducing the pacifier, it cannot be maintained that it was the greatest risk for interruption of breastfeeding practices, but instead a hypothesis that it is a behavior of important risk in the urban area of the municipality of Anápolis. We also can observe that most of the explanatory variables found for early weaning (pacifier,
bottle, breast complications and lack of timely first suckling, prematurity) are possible to control through actions to promote and support breastfeeding. Moreover, previous experience of success with breastfeeding is an important potential help that may be very well used at the community level where these women can be stimulated and give support to the others both in establishing and maintaining breastfeeding to the appropriate age. Therefore, it is concluded that primary care should be encouraged with an emphasis on encouraging continued breastfeeding until the second year or more.
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PEREIRA, Sandra Valeria Martins. Situation of breastfeeding in the urban area of the city of Anapolis - GO. 2010. 212 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências da Saúde - Medicina) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2010.