Dinâmica evolutiva do nicho ecológico em mamíferos
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2020-03-27
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
The different environmental conditions and the evolutionary history of each region prevent a
homogeneous species distribution worldwide, creating the observed richness and diversity
pattern. What allows two species to share the same habitat? What allows species to settle in
certain places than in others on the planet? At this thesis, I contrasted phylogenetic history
versus functional information for 4480 terrestrial and marine species of extant mammals in
three ecological niche scales that correspond to Robert H. Whittaker's hierarchical biodiversity
scales: α (local), β (regional) and γ (geographic). Thus, Niche α includes the competition
dynamics. Niche β, represents the environmental filters on the communities and niche γ is the
geographical space represented by the biogeographical realms where species occur. In the
first chapter, I partitioned the three niche scales to assess evolutionary dynamics within
scales, expected an evolutionary gradient, with the α scale as the most evolutionary labile,
and the γ scale as the most conserved. For all species, I gathered ecological traits of diet, diel
activity, and strata use for the α scale, environmental tolerances, and habitat types, for the β
scale, and for the biogeographic realm where each species occurs the γ scale. I correlated the
traits at each scale with phylogenetic distance for all mammals and subsequently for
seventeen individual orders. Contrary to expectations, the α scale showed higher evolutionary
divergence, suggesting the most conservative dynamics and the β scale the most labile. In
the second chapter, I analyzed how the evolutionary dynamics of the niche scales are
structured in the global geographic space. I expected more evolutionary conservatism in
tropical latitudes at all three scales and higher lability as they approach the poles, both in
terrestrial and marine species. Terrestrial mammals exhibited the expected pattern; however,
marine species showed the opposite pattern, with a higher conservatism in high latitudes. In
the third chapter, I explored the evolutionary dynamics of niche scales concerning critical
climatic variables (low temperatures, high elevations, and low availability of water energy)
versus regions with stable conditions. I expected differential environmental filtering for α, β,
and γ scales, where species with similar niches converge under similar environmental
conditions. Finally, as a fourth chapter, I carried out a systematic mapping about the Great
American Biotic Interchange (GABI), analyzing the Spatio-temporal trend of the scientific
literature, identifying the most relevant countries and institutions in scientific production for
this topic.
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MENDOZA RODRIGUEZ, Victor Hugo. Dinâmica evolutiva do nicho ecológico em mamíferos. 2020. 112 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2020.