Macroecologia evolutiva de morcegos do Novo Mundo: uma abordagem filogenética
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2019-08-28
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
Macroecology studies ecological patterns on large spatial scales, at these scales the main
source of information is the geographical distribution of species. From the distribution of
species emerge spatial patterns of richness, geographic range size, and endemism.
Recently, evolutionary macroecology has been proposing a new approach to
macroecological patterns of biodiversity when using metrics that combine the effect of
time accumulation with the basic element of macroecology, the area of distribution of the
species. In this thesis, we explore how another perspective of the biodiversity patterns
can be obtained using phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic endemism and how the
evolutionary response of distribution sizes changes between parts of the phylogeny. First,
we tested how beta diversity can evince ecological and evolutionary processes that act
with different intensity along spatial scales and are determinants of the geographical
pattern of biodiversity. We find that when we consider only small-scale phylogenetic
diversity, beta diversity is important for increasing diversity in the tropics. On larger
scales, and for species richness on all scales, the diversity gradient is determined by an
effect of species removal in areas with a more seasonal temperature towards the
subtropical region. We tested the effect of climate stability in the past as a determinant of
the phylogenetic endemism pattern, that captures the accumulation of evolutionary time
in a restricted distribution area, in more stable regions throughout the glacial cycles. We
find that more stable areas presented deeper phylogenetic endemism, and also that areas
of paleo-endemism are concentrated in more stable areas than areas of mixed endemism.
However, areas of neo-endemism are located in stable areas surounded by unstable
regions and areas of super endemism are located in climatically stable areas that present
conditions of isolation by distances, as in the Caribbean islands. Lastly, we tested how
the historical origin of groups can affect the range size evolution in relation to the climatic
attribute of the species niches. We found that species of groups of temperate origin tend
to have larger range sizes in colder and seasonal areas, following a Rapoport effect as a
function of climate variability. Conversely, species of groups of tropical origin tend to
broaden their range sizes in less seasonal areas, presenting a pattern contrary to the
Rapoport effect, indicating a historical effect, determined by a trend of phylogenetic
conservatism of ancestral climate preferences. Thus, in this thesis, we show some
alternatives of how to integrate the main geographic patterns of biodiversity through an
evolutionary macroecology approach based on phylogenies for a better understanding of
macroecological and macroevolutionary processes.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Relação diversidade local-regional , Diversidade beta , Conservatismo de nicho , Endemismo filogenético , Refúgios climáticos , CANAPE , Hipótese de variabilidade climática , Tamanho de distribuição geográfica , Regra de Rapoport , Efeito histórico , Local-regional diversity relationship , Beta diversity , Niche conservatism , Phylogenetic endemism , Climate refuges , CANAPE , Climate variability hypothesis , Species range size , Rapoport rule , Historical effect
Citação
FORTUNATO, D. S. Macroecologia evolutiva de morcegos do Novo Mundo: uma abordagem filogenética. 2019. 159 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia e Evolução) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2019.