De Caliban a Próspero: a sociedade brasileira e a política externa da República (1889 – 1945)
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2015-03-12
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
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This thesis sought to analyze the presence and social participation of Brazilian foreign policy.
We begin our analysis with an investigation of the dichotomy of Prospero and Caliban, two
characters within William Shakespeare's play, "The Tempest" (1611), viewed by post-colonial
thinkers as representative of the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized. For this
thesis, these characters represent the distance between Brazilian foreign policy and Brazilian
society. The first, Prospero, is symbolic of those thriving and in power, while the second,
Caliban, is symbolic of those whose humanity has been removed by the prerogative of
European domination, but who nevertheless resist domination (resist decolonization). We
understand that what was needed was a "swing decolonization" in our thesis, so we discussed
the prospect of "coloniality of power," of which we believe America, through the Atlantic
trade route, to have been a constituent part of the training of the world system. Therefore, the
world system and modern capitalism would also be considered colonial. But the "coloniality
of power" is related, in particular, to a process that degrades a portion of the indigenous
population, such as blacks, and also degrades women, due to their phenotypes, i.e., it is linked
to the concept of "race" ("coloniality of being"), as well as to the knowledge of other
("coloniality of knowledge"), and to forms of spirituality and its relationship with nature
("coloniality of nature"). In other words, these strata would be lower than both ontological
and epistemological orientation. These initial analyzes led us to revisit historical periods prior
to the focus of this thesis: in particular, the time between the Proclamation of the Republic
(1889) and the Vargas Era (1930 - 1945). We therefore arrive at colonization, the first
contacts between the indigenous peoples and Europeans (Portuguese), the Iberian Union
(1580 - 1640), the Portuguese Restoration (1640), and Independence (1822). This process and
path has helped us understand how society and the Brazilian State itself is structured. The first
is based on the "myth" of territorial greatness; and the second, by pressing the marks of
inferiority, we discuss a perspective from the "coloniality of power" and an analysis, even
incidentally, of various interpreters of Brazil. We reflect also on the indigenist policy
undertaken since the colonial period until the institution of the Republic (1889) arriving in the
Vargas (1930 - 1945). We realized with these analyzes that the objective of the Brazilian State
was, mainly, to integrate the indigenous population into national communion, transforming it
into a labor force, in addition to using it as a protector of borders. At this point, indigenous
politics and foreign policy intersect, since one of the main scopes of the latter would be to
ensure the safety of the Brazilian territory and, when possible, to enlarge it. We start, then,
with an analysis of the reports of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs between 1889 and 1945.
After analysis of this documentation, we explore the importance of the integrity of the
territory for the Brazilian State, and examine also the existence of a speech in which Brazil
appears as an advocate of the principles of a civilization whose political model is epistemic of
a social and cultural conscience of the West. A speech that, in addition to addressing other
issues, presents the presence and participation of a population contingent upon other ways of
life, and other social and economic organization, i.e. indigenous and black. Still, it is an
exception, this democratic deficit and participation has changed, to some extent, in the 1980s,
when the social movements began to be interested in international affairs, by way of the fight
for the maintenance of labor rights, at risk to deregulation of the labor market and a measure
of economic liberalization. This process is, however, under construction and depends on an
intercultural dialog, which makes the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its area of operation the
place of intersection and connection.
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CARDOSO, L. S. De Caliban a Próspero: a sociedade brasileira e a política externa da República (1889 – 1945). 2015. 270 f. Tese (Doutorado em Historia) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2015.