Os impactos dos investimentos externos diretos (IEDs) sobre a (re)estruturação e estrangeirização do setor sucroenergético no Brasil
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2017-04-19
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
This research analyzes the impacts caused by direct foreign investments (DFI) in the
(re)structuring and foreignization of the Brazilian sugarcane sector. Over the last years, Brazil
has been the target of an international capital offensive, associated with and articulated by
transnational companies, pension funds, bankers and landowners. With the global capitalist
crisis of 2008, large groups and corporations pushed through Brazilian land, bringing about a
(re)structuration of its sector by means of DFI. In face of this scenario, the aim of our research
is to understand the formation process of the modern sugarcane sector in the country. After
the globalization of capital and the deregulation of Brazilian economy, and, consequently, of
its sugarcane sector, DFI arrived through F&As processes – causing a spatial reorganization,
where mostly multinational companies are currently building networks, cooperation chains,
and forming alliances with national partners, therefore rescuing the liberal thought. Their goal
is to monopolize not only the market, but also production, in order to replace the levels of
expansion and capital accumulation, thus appropriating the income earned from the land. DFI
brought an impact in the relations of labor and production. Since the beginning of the 20th
century, no other sector went through such rapid transformation as the Brazilian sugarcane
sector, which raised the level of development in productive forces. Those transformations also
had an impact in relations of both labor and production, its characteristics being new ways of
expropriation, exploration and exclusion of worker(s). Such features are mostly noticed in
foreign economic groups – and the speed of how those transformations happen are also
noticed. In the current phase of development of the productive forces involving the Brazilian
sugarcane sector, we notice that by means of technological processes, the monopolist’s
economic groups are capable of making the fusion of the land and workforce exploration
possible – such as in the case of the Raízen Group. By using technology in a combination
between mechanics, electronics and information system, it has been possible to make the
above-mentioned fusion, standardizing the rate of exploration of the human workforce, even
though the factories that belong to the group are geographically spread one from the other.
Concerning concentration, centralization and foreignization, these occur in a more accelerated
way in the sugar trade because this product is a commodity. The process of centralization
happened through the creation of the so-called joint venture. In both trade and distribution of
ethanol, we notice a process of concentration and centralization, but with no prevalence of
foreign capital. We also observed that in the sugarcane’s milling, there is a presence of about
30% of foreign groups. Even though there is not enough data, one notices that with the arrival
of DFI, land ownership also underwent a process of foreignization. In face of all these
elements it is possible to assert that capitalism has come into a new imperialist era, based on
the globalization of the financial capital, the territorialization of monopolies, the
monopolization of territories and in the construction of alliances (agreements).
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Citação
BUNDE, A. Os impactos dos investimentos externos diretos (IEDs) sobre a (re)estruturação e estrangeirização do setor sucroenergético no Brasil. 2017. 329 f. Tese (Doutorado em Geografia) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2017.