Mestrado em Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (EEC)

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Uso do modelo qual2e no estudo da qualidade da água e da capacidade de autodepuração do Rio Araguari-AP (Amazônia)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2006-12-12) BÁRBARA, Viníciu Fagundes; SIQUEIRA, Eduardo Queija de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8130881429925800
The current investigation presents a characterization of the hydraulics and water quality of the medium course of the Araguari River, State of Amapá, Brazil, which has an approximate extension of 120 km. The Araguari River is the main water resource of the State of Amapá, located in the domains of the Amazon (the greatest tropical forest of the planet) in a region with great hydropower potential. In the studied river stretch, there is a hydropower generation station called Coaracy Nunes (UHECN), the first barrage build in the Amazon for electrical generation. A model for DO and BOD has been built with the help of the QUAL2E modeling system, developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. For this purpose, during one and a half year, field trips have been conducted with the intent of characterizing spacially and seasonally the hydraulics, kinetics and water quality of the Araguari River. The modeling stages involved model construction, sensitivity analisys and calibration. After model calibration, three hypothetic cenarios were simulated: (1) the introduction of a new barrage upstream of the UHECN; (2) municipal untreated wastewater inflow from Porto Grande and Ferreira Gomes into the waterbody, including populational growth, during the high flow period; (3) the same cenario as before but during the low flow period. The carbonaceous organic matter present in water hás shown to decompose, in average, in the first five days of incubation. The values obtained for the BOD first order reaction coefficient layed between 0,13 d-1 and 0,90 d-1. The reaeration coefficient, K2, estimated based on hydraulic characteristics, layed between 0,01 d-1 and 1,40 d-1. The results of the sample collections in the river stretch has shown that, amongst the parameters measured, the following were mostly altered: pH, electric conductivity, total solids, suspended solids, fecal coliforms, ammonium, nitrate, BOD and DO. Fecal coliforms, pH, nitrate and BOD were in disagreement with limits defined by Brazilian Legislation on water quality (CONAMA 357/2005). The river impoundment has shown not to significantly alter the DO and BOD concentrations, however, the same statement can not be made for other water characteristics. The water characteristics mostly altered by the UHECN were: hydraulic (flow, velocity, breadth, cross-sectional area) and water quality (pH, electric conductivity, water temperature, total solids, suspended solids, fecal coliforms, nitrate, chloride, BOD and DO). The simulated scenario with municipal untreated wastewater inflow from Porto Grande and Ferreira Gomes (including population growth) into the waterbody during low flow period showed the most critical results in terms of the water quality. The worst simulated situation happened in the dry period in which the river flows decreased significantly and so did the river dilution capacity. In this period the greatest OD depletion occurred and achieved concentrations bellow 4.0 mg/L, in disagreement with Brazilian Water Quality Legislation (CONAMA 357/2005).
Análise da eficiência de métodos de controle de Enchentes na atenuação de picos de cheias utilizando o modelo computacional SWMM Storm Water managemente model
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-08-31) SILVA, Karla Alcione da; FORMIGA, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7889484406721543
This research presents an evaluation of the eficiency of four flood control measures applied to an urban basin in the city of Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil. Goiânia shows frequent flooding problems. The following factors have been identified as causes of the floodings: (1) significant number of impervious areas (2) lack of green areas, (3) insuficient capacity of the pipe network to convey the produced water volume. Small detention basins, infiltration trenches and the increase of permeable areas (30-50%) within parcels have been evaluated as flood control measures as well as the use of the Lago do Bosque dos Buritis as a detention basin. For this purpose, the Stormwater Management Model SWMM has been applied for evaluating 11 hypothetic management measures in the water basin. The later control measures were evaluated individually as combined. In determining the impervious area index of the studied area, field visits have been carried out, which showed high imperviousness. (86.16%). A synthetic rainfall time series, derived from the equation proposed by Costa e Brito (1999) with recurrence of 2 years, has been used in the simulations. Horton`s equation was applied to represent infiltration with parameters presented in Moura (2005). The scenario which combines the use of infiltration trenches and the increase of pervious areas to 50% has shown to be the best solution in reducing peak flow with 43% eficiency. On the other hand, the scenario using detention basins presented the smallest efficiency (3%).
Adição de resíduo de argamassas mistas na produção de tijolos modulares de solo-cimento
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008) Rodrigues, Mayza Loureiro Araújo; Ferreira, Regis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3206688887219284; Bacarji, Edgar; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3206688887219284
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QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE PARÂMETROS CINÉTICOS DE NITROGÊNIO E OXIGÊNIO EM ÁGUAS SUPERFICIAIS PARA APLICAÇÃO EM MODELOS MATEMÁTICOS DE QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA. ESTUDO DE CASO: RIO MEIA PONTE, GOIÁS.
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-06-16) BRANDELERO, Suzi Mari; SANTIAGO, Mariângela Fontes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7143224488081563; SIQUEIRA, Eduardo Queija de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8130881429925800
Mathematical models are gaining ever greater importance in the evaluation and comparison of management alternatives for natural water bodies. One of the difficulties in the use of water quality models for nitrogen and oxygen is the absence of kinetic parameter data about reactions in biochemical processes. The data in the current literature refer to foreign bodies of water, mainly in countries with a temperate climate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the processes of nitrogen and oxygen transformation in water. The Meia Ponte River, one of the principal rivers of Goiás, was the object of the study. The water samples were collected in an urban area of the municipality of Goiânia, Bairro Novo Goiânia 2, which presents apparent man-made interference with the natural environment. The study involved field work and laboratory experiments, as well as the analysis of historical flow data from the Goiânia River Flow Measurement Station. The reaeration coefficients (Ka) in dry and rainy periods, which ranged from 1.17 to 2.34 d-1 and from 0.63 to 2.01 d-1, respectively, were estimated on the basis of historical flow data from 1975 to 2005. The flow reading obtained at the River Flow Measurement Station cited above varied from 13.38 to 48.65 m3.s-1 in the rainy season and from 2.89 to 10,63 m3.s-1 in the dry season, an approximately sixteenfold variation. Samples were collected and taken to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the characterization parameters which deviated from the norms established by CONAMA resolution n° 357 - 2005 were (ranges of variation): (1) OD 0.74 to 5.04 mg.L-1; it was (2) true color 58.00 to 203 mg Pt.L-1; (3) total ammoniacal nitrogen from 0.56 to 3.27 L-1. Kinetic tests in turbulent conditions were carried out using modified Jar Test equipment. The reaeration coefficient (Ka20) was determined experimentally. The Ka20 varied between 3.60 and 11.51 d-1 with minimum-to-maximum rotation tests. The minimum rotation of the equipment was used for the nitrogen experiments to most closely approximate river conditions. Water samples were collected at regular intervals for nitrogen analysis. The ammonification and nitrification processes were monitored. A study of deoxygenation, DBO, was also carried out, and it varied from 4.11 to 21.24 mg.L-1. During the process of biological oxidation, the ranges of coefficient variation were: (1) deoxygenation (Kd20) 0.12 to 1.05 d-1; (2) ammonification (KNH4+20) and the coefficient of the disappearance of total ammoniacal nitrogen (KNH4 20) 0.01 to 0.12 d-1; (3) nitritation (KNO2+20) 0.15 to 0.76 d-1; (4) nitrite disappearance coefficient (KNO2 20)0.19 to 3.36 d-1; and (5) nitration (KNO3+20) 0.08 to 0.17 d-1. Under the same conditions as for nitrogen, nitrifying bacteria were monitored. The Nitrosomonas varied between 11 and ≥2400 NMP/100mL, presenting the same behavior profile as the concentration of nitrite, which varied from 0.04 to 5.60 mg.L-1. The Nitrobacter varied from 4 to 1386 NMP/100mL, presenting the same behavior profile as the concentration of nitrate, which varied from 0.82 to 3.99 mg.L-1. The biochemical kinetic coefficients that were obtained were corrected for the standard temperature of 20°C. An increase in organic matter was observed in the dry period, reflecting an increase in the concentration of most of the parameters measured. There was a positive correlation between the nitritation coefficients and flow, although the quantity of Nitrosomonas was greater during the dry period. The results obtained for reaeration, ammonification, and nitrification may be useful in the modeling of bodies of water under experimental conditions similar to those of the present study.
Aproveitamento de resíduos da extração de micaxisto em pavimentos flexíveis
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-06-24) ARAUJO, Weliton Eduardo Lima de; REZENDE, Lilian Ribeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9258692609398794
The recycling of materials has been strengthened as an efficient mechanism to minimise the problems caused by improper disposal of solid waste from human activities. Accordingly, the search for mechanisms able to absorb the waste from quarry, coming from the production of aggregates for construction, it becomes an important tool for mitigating externalities generated by the accumulation of such material. So the main objective of this research was to study the use of waste material from quarry as the basic constituent of layers and sub-base of flexible pavements. The residue studied comes from the processing of micaxist, and then called the dust of micaxist, coming from the quarry of the Department of Roads Rodagem the city of Goiania (DERMU-COMPAV). To assess the mechanical behavior, laboratory tests have been conducted (specific weight, Limits of consistency, size, compression, expansion and California Bearing Ratio) for samples: 1 (100% of micaxist powder), 2 (20% of powder micaxist and 80% soil), 3 (30% of powder micaxist and 70% only), 4 (soil), 5 (gravel) and 6 (30% crushed 1 and 70% soil). To assess the performance on the field of materials studied, was built in August and September 2007, a trial with a sentence of 300 meters, located at Amélia Rosa street, the site of Ipês, in Goiânia-Goiás, being divided into three sub-sections (soil + micaxisto of dust, soil + 1 and crushed gravel). The behaviour of these sub-sections were examined by means of testing the vial of sand, Speedy, proof of cargo on board, and dynamic cone penetromet, made during the execution of the sentence trial. With the data collected can be verified that the materials studied, with the exception of Sample 1, have shown properties physical and mechanical satisfactory, reflecting in a good technical performance in the laboratory and in field. The gravel had better results both in the laboratory to the field, proving the efficiency of such material has traditionally used in flooring. In general, concluded that for the dust of micaxist, the best performance was obtained for dosing 20% (Sample 2), comparable to traditional materials, thus demonstrating the possibility of using such waste in layers of sub-base and base of flexible pavements.
Segurança de barragens: aspectos regulatórios
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-06-30) FRANCO, Carlos Sérgio Souza Pinto de Almeida; FORMIGA, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7889484406721543
In this paper are presented socio-environmental considerations about the dams safety being promoting the linking of the trilogy water, living beings and anthrop actions, as well as the evolution of the legal aspects. A study about the resources is done to establish a policy of efficient action which guarantees few risks of accidents involving dams and as they are inserted in the context of the global safety of the population. In general terms the investigation promotes an evaluation about the factors that contribute to the dams safety taking into consideration legal aspects of the administration of the water resources aiming to minimize the contentions in the treatment of the subject. In a more specific way, it proposes the creation of a law to be applied by the authorities of the State of Goiás. It is an exploratory research which took place from August 2006 to March 2008 that had bibliographies references, professionals considered experts talking about dams safety and, also, public agencies such as: MI, SEMARH and civil defense among others. It includes a proposition for the establishment of emergency action planning based on technical considerations about risk evaluation. and it presents the cases of the accidents in the dam of Flores de Goiás happened on 2004 and 2007. In Central Brazil regions more specifically in the State of Goiás was verified that the studies concerning to thewater resources are incipient. The public bodies presented divergences in the information on the quantitative of dams. Public agencies like Defesa Civil, Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos and Agência Ambiental did not show evidences joint action for the planning, fiscalization and critical analysis of the decisive factors to the global safety of the society. Works in the physical dimensions are being accomplished in the Dam of Flores de Goiás to correct the mistakes of the hydrologic project. A debate about dam is a debate about development. To solve or to minimize conflicts concerning to the theme is necessary to have a broad consensus about the rules that govern the development choices and the criteria that should define the negotiations and the decision making. In this context the work of environmental education should be considered as instrument to promote changes of paradigms and management.
Remoção do corante FD&C azul nº 2 Indigotina em água com uso de fungos de decomposição branca e processo de filtração lenta: avaliação em escala piloto
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-04) LOPES, Maria Margareth Gonçalves; CAMPOS, Luiza Cintra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3977306124746850; STEFANI, Mariane Martins de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5581414958714905
Industrial activities are constantly producing wastes such as dyes which are usually found in the industrial effluents and constitutes a environmental problem due its toxicity and inadequate disposal. The use of fungi, in particular the white-rot fungus, have been found to be efficient for biodegrading these compounds. In addition, slow sand filtration have been reported to be the most efficient unit filtration processes to improve the physical, biological and chemical quality of potable water. The objective of this work was to investigate the removal efficiency of the dye FD&C azul Nº 2 Indigotina, by the use of the Trametes versicolor fungus combined with slow sand filtration. Two laboratory-scale filter columns of 0.08 m diameter and 0.90 m sand media depth were used to investigate the process performance. One slow sand filter, FLA, was applied in combination with the Trametes versicolor fungus, while the FLB was used as control. Three methodologies for the fungi growth were used. The results showed that the slow sand filtration is a prominent process for the removal of the dye FD&C azul nº 2 Indigotina when used in combination with the Trametes versicolor fungus. A maximum removal of 95% was found when the filter was inoculated with fungi grown on Petri dish. The average dye removal when the increased fungi biomass was inoculated to the filter was 70%. This result suggests that the filter performance increased when the fungus was inoculated with fungi grown on Petri dish. In addition, head loss was found to be higher in the FLA filter than in the FLA (control), indicating that the fungi biomass contributes to the head loss development.
A qualidade do sombreamento de espécies arbóreas e sua influência no microclima do entorno imediato em ambientes urbanos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-13) HERRMANN, Carla Rosana Azambuja; FERREIRA, Regis de Castro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3206688887219284
This research aimed at assessing quality and influence of shadow offered by four selected individual arboreous species (Lophantera lactescens chuva-de-ouro, Caesalpinia peltophoroides sibipiruna, Sapindus saponaria saboneteira e Stryphnodendron adstringens barbatimão) in attenuating environmental variables Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) and Radiant Thermal Load (RTL) and increasing Air Relative Humidity (ARH) under weather conditions in the municipality of Goiânia-GO, Brazil, in addition to comparing DBT and ARH values with criterion of thermal comfort for hot climates indicated by Olgyay Bioclimatic Letter (1998) and adapted by Koenigsberger. In the course of this research, data concerning the aforementioned variables were collected through four temperature measuring device placed firstly under the tree shadow (1m), secondly, 5 meters far, thirdly, 10 meters far, finally, 15 meters far from the trunk (full sun), from September to November 2007, hourly from 10 o clock in the morning to 2 o clock in the afternoou5yn over three days for each species. Quantifying contribution of shadow in attenuating and increasing environmental variables was carried out through calculation of percentage of Relative Variation of values found in shadow, 5m far and 10m far regarding the values obtained 5m far (full sunlight). Outcomes analysis was carried out regarding the following hypotheses: i) attenuating DBT in shadow > attenuating DBT at 5m > attenuating DBT at 10m; ii) attenuating RTL in shadow > attenuating RTL at 5m > attenuating RTL at 10m and; iii) increasing ARH in shadow > increasing ARH at 5m > increasing ARH at 10m. The outcomes showed positive effects in attenuating DBT and RTL and increasing ARH. The species with better results were Sibipiruna and Barbatimão with better overall scores in attenuating DBT between 5% and 10%, Saboneteira and Sibipiruna in the ARH variable providing increasing higher than 30%, and Sibipiruna in shadow in RTL with attenuation around 15%. The field outcomes compared with comfort criteria demonstrated the influence of the arboreous species studied on microclimate improvement in its surrounding areas.
Proposta de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos do instituto de química da Universidade Federal de Goiás
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-19) NOGUEIRA, Sandro Alves; CARVALHO, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482
The quantity of waste generated grows and can cause many problems to human health and the environment. Recently, increased the discussions around the management of chemical waste in laboratories for teaching and research in Brazil, with that, details emerged of how this waste could provide occupational risks, besides offering damage to the environment. Hence, the plan for managing waste to the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Goiás (IQ/UFG) was idealized. At work diagnoses and predictions for each stage of waste management were executed simultaneously, in a horizon of five years of the project. We raised the chemicals and materials used and the waste-generating activities, and then identified, quantified and ranked all waste generated. The diagnosis and prognosis of segregation, minimization, packaging, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal of waste generated were prepared. The results indicated that some materials were purchased in excess and many reagents are inadequately stored in the laboratories. The management at IQ/UFG is worrying, because there is no treatment and appropriate place for the storage of waste. 900 kg of common waste and 600 kg of chemical waste are generated per year. The chromatographic analyses are the activities that generate more chemical waste and administrative work is the activity that generates more common waste. Most of the chemical waste is of class I and flammable waste represents the greater percentage. Most of the common waste is paper and cardboard. It was proposed to build a shelter for the chemical waste and the acquisition of other containers for common waste. The chemical waste will be incinerated but waste containing mercury and cyanide, which will be forwarded to a hazardous waste landfill. The common recyclable waste will be transported to recycling cooperatives and non-recyclable waste will be sent to the landfill.
Avaliação de utilização e desempenho de resíduos de construção e demolição em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos flexíveis
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-21) Quintanilha, Frederico Santana; Oliveira, João Carlos de; Rezende, Lilian Ribeiro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9258692609398794; Siqueira, Eduardo Queija de; Geyer, André Luis Bortolacci; Farias, Rideci de Jesus Costa
The increase in the generation of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste and their subsequent accommodation have become, along with other urban problems, one of the major obstacles faced by Brazilian society. The debris generated by construction, renovation and demolition have, generally, high volume and high specific weight (relationship between mass and volume), which makes their transport and final disposal laborious. Besides, these materials are responsible for the rapid filling of available landfills and, when deposited irregularly, they cause potential social and environmental problems, such as the proliferation of vectors of urban diseases, which mainly affect the outskirts of large cities. One of the alternatives that can minimize the socio-environmental problem is the reuse of C&D aggregates in urban roads with low traffic volume. In addition to presenting one possible solution to an environmental issue, the provided alternative can minimize significant problems in the construction chain, once deforestation and depletion of natural sources often occur in the construction of roads. The alternative use of C&D as constituents of the structure of roads is the theme of this dissertation. Through laboratory tests, the physical and mechanical properties of three doses containing recycled aggregates were determined, to use as reinforcement of natural terrain, sub-base and base. The laboratory tests involves the compaction of the samples with Proctor’s modified energy and consequent evaluation; Limits of Atterberg; Specific weight of grain; Water absorption of the large stage of the aggregates; check the pH as a measure of occurrence of pozolanic reactions (self-cementation) and tests of expansion and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). With laboratory analysis, was evaluated a case study - two experimental tracks built in Goiania, Goiás. The first one has total length of 56 meters built with recycled aggregates in its base and sub-base layers, and the thickness of these layers is fifteen centimeters each. This track was executed at the buyers entrance of CEASA-GO. The second experimental track is a street built on Recanto of Minas Gerais and has total length of 140 meters long, whose base has thirty centimeters of thickness and was executed with recycled aggregate of RCD in its layers. The field tests covered the resistance to penetration with Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), measurement of total and partial deflections with Benkelman Beam and proceed the investigation with Plate Load tests. The results of laboratory experiments indicated that the samples could achieve Brazilian standards for its uses in bases and sub-bases of flexible pavements. The results of field tests indicated that the tracks still have good structural behavior, after a period of approximately four years old, which supports the technical viability of the application of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition in flexible pavements.
Avaliação da Vulnerabilidade de Barramentos ao Rompimento de pequenos barramentos localizados a montante
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-22) MENDES, Thiago Augusto; FORMIGA, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7889484406721543
In spite of Brazil being the country with one of the largest quantities of dams on the planet, there is no study that confront the influence of small dams collapse on major dams. This is very important from a strategic and planning point of view, since much of the energy produced in the country comes from hydroelectric installed in rivers. Althought the hydroelectric sizing is done following strict security techniques, the upstream reservoirs, in most cases are not. This factor leads to great uncertainty about safety of these dams. Thus, this work is important to the development of a methodology able to quantify how small dams affect the safety of large dams. The purpose was set a vulnerability rate to disruption of these small dams, thereby providing data for municipal, state and federal entities about the real situation for granting, construction and operation of dams. The determination of vulnerability rate was made with simulations conducted in the HEC-HMS hydrological model, thereby determining the additional flow from the disruption of dams along the upstream of the dam under study. The study site chosed was the basin of the Meia Ponte river - GO, precisely the Rochedo s hydroelectric, where 30 reservoirs were evaluated for disruption. It was found that the flow that reaches the Rochedo s reservoir, without considering the disruption of reservoirs located upstream (1.222 m³/s) for a return period of 10,000 years is about 31% higher than the flow planned for Rochedo, that is 935 m³/s, as informed by the Energy Company of Goiás (CELG, 2008). The calculated vulnerability rate was 1,31 for a return period of 10,000 years without considering the disruption of the upstream reservoirs and were suitable for a reservoir that was built in the 50's. However the flow that reaches the Rochedo s reservoir, considering the disruption of the upstream reservoirs for a return period of 10,000 years (1.880 m3/s) is much higher than flow considered without disruption of the upstream reservoirs. The calculated vulnerability rate goes to 1,54 for a return period of 10,000 years, wich is considered a high value that deserves care assessment
AVALIAÇÃO HOLÍSTICA DO DESEMPENHO DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO - UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE A QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL DE UM PARQUE URBANO
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-25) PARANHOS, Murilo Ferreira; FIGUEIREDO, Enio José Pazini; lattes.cnpq.br/4075543806767323
The POE (Post Occupancy Evaluation) is a methodology of evaluation of the building in use, its components and attributes that congregates a set of evaluations of the point of view of the user and also of performance essays. The VA (Value Analysis) is a set of method and techniques destined to reduce the total cost of the product, process or service by keeping or improving its quality, evidencing the relation between value, function and the resources of which an organization undertakes the accomplishment of the productive activities. The aim of this study is to give a methodological contribution for the evaluation of the performance of a building in use through the analysis of the user´s perception of its attributes, using the POE and VA techniques. The degree of importance and the hierarchy of the determinative items of quality are considered. The proposed methodology suggests physical and organizational recommendations for the environment under study and provides input for the accomplishment of future projects. The expected result is the increase of the product quality of the Civil Construction Industry, in special, the building, where a special attention is given to the impact caused to the environment and also to the satisfaction of the users. As a result it was possible to charcterize the Areião Park raising its physical, environmental, organizational and behavioural aspects. The presented facts allowed a holistic compreenhension of the the Areião Park through its historical importance, its designed specifications, its buildings aspects and its meanings of use.
Desinfecção de águas naturais por radiação solar utilizando os bioindicadores : Escherichia coli e Clostridium perfringens
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-25) MORGADO, Waleska Fernanda Ferreira; CAMPOS, Luiza Cintra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3977306124746850; SANTIAGO, Mariângela Fontes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7143224488081563
Latin-American countries are facing serious problems related to waterborne diseases due to the lack of basic sanitation, affecting in particular those people living in small and rural communities. Solar radiation for water disinfection, SODIS, seems a promising process for small communities since it does not require electric energy and it has low cost and easy operation. This work aimed to evaluate the inactivation of the pathogens Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens by SODIS in the Center-West region of Brazil, Goiânia-GO. The Colilert® and multiple tubes (NMP/100 mL) were used to determine the Escherichia coli and the Clostridium perfringens bacterias, respectively. The inactivation and the re-growth of these bioindicators, the physico-chemical parameters of the raw and disinfected waters were the main focus of this work. Raw water was collected from a well located at the Civil Engineering School (EEC) of Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and it was inoculated apart using pre-determined concentrations of these bio-indicators. Samples were put in transparent PET bottles with capacity of 2L and left under sunlight exposure between 9am and 3pm. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory after 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours of exposure. The work was divided into two phases: the first evaluate the effect of the use of two water volumes (1.5 L and 2 L) on the pathogen inactivation. In addition, the re-growth of these pathogens in the PET bottles after 3 storage days at ambient temperature was also investigated. In the second phase, PET bottles containing 1.5 L of contaminated water were exposed to sunlight radiation with and without solar reflectors. The results showed that there was a small difference (0,25-Log to Clostridium perfringens and 0,5-Log to Escherichia coli) in the inactivation of both bioindicators between the two volumes evaluated in the first phase. The use of the solar reflector did not improve the inactivation of the Clostridium perfringens and their re-growth was proportional to the final concentration after 6 hours of sunlight exposure.
CALIBRAÇÃO DE MODELOS DE REDES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA USANDO ALGORÍTMO GENÉTICO MULTIOBJETIVO
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-29) VIEIRA, Maria Eulina Aires Gonçalves; FORMIGA, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7889484406721543
Increasing population united the behaviour of man carefree about the environmental preservation has led to a scarcity of natural resources. A key resource for human survival has been directly affected by these desmazelos, water. Based on this context arises as a commitment to operational excellence of water supply systems, seeking greater efficiency in the establishment of operational rules. To this end, the general objective of this research is to develop a study of water distribution networks model calibration, because it is believed to be the best technique for tracking this problem by adjusting the physical parameters that have changed over time and dictate strategies. This work aims to develop a technique based on the inverse of calibration using GAs as a tool for optimization, using multiple goals: pressure and flow. The parameters adjusted were roughness coefficients and coefficients of losses by leaks. To evaluate the proposed methodology were employed two networks often used in literature. The first network employed is a theoretical system proposed by Tucciarelli (1999) and was used to evaluate the behavior of multiobjectives methods and their parameters. The second network is located in Campo Grande (MS) has been studied by Cheung (2004) and Soares et al. (2004). This example is a real system that had its data measured in situ and presents all the complications inherent in the calibration real problems. The results were very satisfactory, since the optimization multiobjective shown to be able to improve the accuracy of the calibration of the model.
Análise de desempenho térmico e consumo de energia estudo de caso em hotelaria
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-10-03) PINTO, Maryana de Souza; GEYER, André Bortolacci; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0135796530510700
This study, concerns the area of Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental, and investigates how internal and external temperature effects the comfort in a hotel building , which has multiple functions and different levels of users. It is aimed to check the thermal performances, considering the surrondings , the activities of the users, their preferences and possibilities of heat acclimatization, the final use and habits of consumption of electric energy. As a theoretical framework for this task, it uses by choice bioclimatic architecture , an area that concerns the construction focused on greater energy efficiency and comfort. The verification of environmental suitability offered in different environments evaluated, took advantage of the studies of Fanger (1970), suggested by ISO -7730 (1995), ISO-9920 (1995) and ASHRAE (1992), as well as questionnaires answered by users of the building. Thus proceeded to study the urban characterization of the city of Rio Quente; the survey and selection of the building for the Case Study; selection of sites for measurement, data collection, analysis and comparison of results with Thermal Comfort indexes suggested by Fanger (1970). The environments selected followed the criteria for critical positioning in line with the direction of longer periods of solar direct impact on the facades, the burden of occupation, the direct and ventilation equipment. This case study used five sets of comfort measuring devices, to obtain Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) and Radiant Thermal Load (RTL) and Air Relative Humidity (ARH) . Data was collected internally and externally from the building in aim to verify the behaviour of this construction , and after the external data was compared to the data provided by the Plataforma de Coleta de Dados (PCD) of Serra de Caldas, for checking the quality of data available for designers. The analysis showed the best confort perfomance in the Accomodation Areas where, despite no possibility of acclimatization due to the short periods of stay , there was a significant response from the guests . The Common Area also showed satisfactory results in terms of this group of users, due to the characteristics of their clothing and metabolism which in itself merits this project. The worst performance took place in the Services Sector, which presented no conditions of comfort and stayed outside of Fanger´s scale during most of the day, subjecting users to discomfort, this shows that this group of users,workers, are not considered in the early stages of the project.
USO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS NA OPERAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-24) OLIVEIRA, Roberta Mara de; FORMIGA, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7889484406721543
Water companies have the duty to provide water to the growing demand, which requires a larger quantity of active connections and, consequently, results in an increase of net extension and a larger volume of produced water. This paper aims at presenting a tool for the support of management of water distribution nets in a pilot area in the city of Goiânia GO. The application of GIS tool integrated to the hydraulic model had sectors Parque Ateneu and Jardim Mariliza as sceneries, with the purpose of evaluating the building difficulties of those models (plural) and its use as a tool for this paper. Concerning the building of the models, we used geoprocessing resources in order to integrate graphic databases and water system typical alphanumerics, especially net technical registration, urban map reference, altimetry map, and consumption profile, used as case study. The building process shows the EPANET DC Water Design Extension at stages CAD, GIS, and finally in the integration procedure for the adopted hydraulic simulation program. Finally, the model was used for the evaluation of the system deployed. In this research chose to develop a method of semi-automatic connection of the nodes of the units of consumption consuming, this method can avoid the duplicity of associations, allowing only one connection in each unit, one of the advantages of this method is the control that operator is at the link, node can determine which is closest to the consumer unit. The results show that we can produce information for the improvement of general knowledge of the delivery system because what occurs is large spread of information inside the company in charge of the management
Determinação da produtividade primária pelo fitoplancton em zona eufótica na Represa Samambaia, Goiânia-GO.
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-07-06) SOUSA, Alessandro Ribeiro de; COSTA, Orlene Silva da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2724089948633539
This study evaluated and determined the productivity of phytoplankton in euphotic zone in Samambaia Reservoir at Goiânia city, GO. The work involved productivity and physical chemistry sampling and measures, in loco, of data related to primary production. It was evaluated 16 physical chemistry parameters where the ranges of variation were: (1) temperature from 24,3ºC to 31,8ºC; (2) dissolved oxygen from 2,8 to 7,2 mg.L-1; (3) tubidity from 5,9 to 54,1 UNT; (4) apparent color 97 to 547 mgPt.L-1; (5) true color from 53 to 301 mgPt.L-1; (6) conductivity from 42,6 to 66,0 Ohm.cm-1; (7) total solids from 0,030 to 3075,000 mg.L-1; (8) suspended solids from 0,009 to 0,160 mg.L-1; (9) total dissolved solids from 0,010 to 3074,000 mg.L-1; (10) chlorophyll-a from 0,0 to 80,1 μg.L-1; (11) alkalinity from 34,06 to 64,10 mg.L-1; (12) pH from 6,2 to 7,39; (13) nitrate from 0,18 to1,76 mg.L-1; (14) ammonia nitrogen from 0,024 to 0,307 mg.L-1; (15) COD 5,81 a 23,60 mg.L-1; total phosphorus < 10,0 μg.L-1. The values of the photosynthesis and respiration were ranged among: 0,0 328,08 mgO2.m-3.h-1 for the photosynthesis and 0,00 301,37 mgO2.m-3.h-1 for the respiration. The multivariate analysis of the data identified 3 inter-related groups as following: (1) photosynthesis, respiration, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen , suspended solids, total phosphorus, alkalinity, COD, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, (2) total solids, total dissolved solids, (3) turbidity, true color, apparent color, chlorophyll-a, conductivity. The value of the gross productivity average in the study period was 75,05 mgO2.m-3.h-1, which classified the Samambaia Reservoir as eutrophic. The spatial and temporal variation of photosynthesis and respiration showed that the place with highest values of gross photosynthesis and respiration was the dam with averages of 95,35 mgO2.m-3.h-1 and 81,89 mgO2.m-3.h-1, respectively. The calculations of the coefficients of rate photosynthesis showed that the highest coefficients of photosynthesis, for first order equations, were for the December month whose values were: (1) 0,2067 h-1 for the dam; (2) 0,0608 h-1 for the middle reservoir and (3) 0,0978 h-1 tributary zone. With respect to respiration coefficients the highest values were: (1) for the September month into the dam and middle reservoir, the values were 0,0398 h-1 and 0,0245 h-1, respectively, (2) 0,0216 h-1 for December month in the tributary zone, therefore, the reservoir showed itself anoxic in the September, 2008. In summary, the Samambaia Reservoir presented itself as eutrofic, with higher rates and coefficients of photosynthesis and respiration in the dam and middle reservoir, where the dam zone presented itself more susceptible to eutrophication
Avaliação da viabilidade técnica de coprocessamento de resíduos sólidos de curtumes contaminados com cromo em fornos de cimenteira
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-14) COSTA, Wilian Sobreira; MARTINS, Amarildo Otavio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2378825410173036
The increasing generation of solid waste from the industries it is, among other environmental problems, one of the major obstacles faced by humanity. The waste generated during the production process should be designed as it should, or in a secure manner without damaging the environment and future generations. The accelerated process of Brazilian industrialization, intensified so the uncontrolled production of industrial waste. The lack of a strategy of control and final destination for these various "products" has caused negative effects on workers, the community and the environment. Even that has legislation, the Brazilian health authorities struggle to achieve control these problems, which is increasingly visible with great tragedies occurring environment. In this context, this paper addresses a kind of residue from the process of tanning the leather, giving this way the classification of hazardous according to NBR 10004 because the concentration of chromium. Not only in order to address a problem of generation of waste, this work presents an alternative destination safely through the technique of coprocessors in the cement kilns. The results obtained in laboratory scale and in industrial scale, show a coprocessor to the technical feasibility of waste contaminated with chromium in the cement kilns, while respecting the limits of concentration in the formulation of the blending's.
Avaliação do desempenho da filtração em múltiplas etapas (FiME) no tratamento da água do Ribeirão Sozinha em Goianápolis - Estado de Goiás.
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-17) PEREZ, Wanderlei Elias; SIQUEIRA, Eduardo Queija de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8130881429925800
This work presents an evaluation of the performance of a multi-stage filtration system (FiME) in pilot-plant scale to treat surface water from the Ribeirão Sozinha stream which supplies the city of Goianápolis-GO, Brazil. The arrangement of the installation used in this study consisted of a dynamic roughing filter (PFD), a up-flow roughing filter (PFA) and two slow sand filters, being one with sand (FLA) and the other with sand and granular activated carbon (FLACAG). The filtration rates varied from 24 to 48 m3/m2.d in the PFD, 12 to 18 m3/m2.d in the PFA, and 3 to 4 m3/m2.d in the FLA and FLACAG. The performance of each unit was evaluated for removal of color, turbidity, total iron, suspended solids, oxygen consumption, total coliforms and E.coli, and the development of headloss. Results showed that the PFD and PFA are important units in the preparation of affluent water to the slow sand filters, allowing relatively long filtration runs resulted from the removal of larger particles by these units, reducing significantly the turbidity of raw water. The slow sand filters presented larger than 90% of removal efficiency of color, turbidity, suspended solids and total iron, removal over 80% of consumed oxygen and above 95% for coliforms removal. Overall, the slow sand filters showed satisfactory performance in removing turbidity, iron and total coliforms. In particular, the slow sand filter with sand and granular activated carbon layers was more efficient in removing true color and consumed oxygen than the filter with single sand layer. Although peaks of color and turbidity during the fourth and last filtration runs, the FiME system proved to be efficient in removing total coliforms and E.coli in the last three weeks of operation. In the last filtration run, a comparison of the effluent water quality between the FiME system and a conventional full scale treatment plant was carried out for the removal of turbidity and color. Results showed that the FiME system produced similar water quality to the conventional treatment plant when turbidity was < 1,0. In general, results suggest that the FiME is an effective system to produce water quality from surface water with high levels of total coliforms and E.coli and peaks of color and turbidity according to the recommendations of the Portaria 518/2004 of the Ministry of Health, Brazil
Resíduos de poli (tereftalato de etileno) e de pneu na confecção de pisos flutuantes para o isolamento do ruído de impacto
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-21) CARVALHO, Maria Luiza de Ulhoa; FERREIRA, Regis de Castro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3206688887219284
The demographic growth has created a gain in urban solid waste that deteriorates the citizen s quality of life. High buildings represent the main way for accommodations in big cities for these growing urban populations. However, impact sound insulation has shown itself quite poor. In order to propose an alternative way of minimization to the two problems, residue generation and impact noise, this study aimed to investigate the viability of using poly (ethylene-terephthalate) - PET and rubber tire residues for impact sound insulation in floating floors. Plates of 1 m² with thickness of 1.5 and 2.5 cm to 1:4 and 1:5 (ciment:residue) ratios were molded for the acoustic experiments, as well as portable mortar slabs covered with high and popular quality floor coverings. The main methods used were ISO 140-7 (1998) for measuring the standardized impact sound pressure level, L nT, in one-third-octave bands and ISO 717-2 (1996) to calculate the weighted standardized impact sound pressure level, L nT,w. Both residues presented high sound insulation in relation to their references. It was observed that the results for the PET specimen were superior to those of the rubber tires residue. However, the results among the residues presented different tendencies as their ratio changed. While the impact sound insulation of the rubber tires samples decreased with the increase of residue, PET samples presented more insulation with residue increase. Another observed factor was that the high quality floor covering presented a significant superior impact sound isolation compared to the popular floor covering. Considering all results, it is possible to conclude that the use of the studied residues in floating floors contributes to impact sound insulation

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