Metamorfoses ou alomorfias agrárias? Transformações socioespaciais na incorporação de agricultores familiares ao sistema produtivo-comercial da soja no sudeste Goiano
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2021-08-20
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
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Incorporations of family farmers into commodity markets take place in different contexts. The spatialization of soybean economics in the planning region of “Sudeste Goiano” involves family farmers - including tenants or landlords, settled by agrarian reform. It was sought to understand whether, among the subsequent socio-spatial transformations, there are pressures to configure a more entrepreneurial expression of agriculture on family-scale properties. It was assessed whether it tends to increase risk and vulnerability in the medium / long term. The frame of reference for the approach was Critical Realism, using categories of Space (spatiality) and Place (“placiality”), undertaking an explanatory research with convergent design. Through semi-structured scripts, agents of public management, technical assistance entities (03), representatives of agro-industrial companies that contract with family farmers (03), a cooperative, family farmers who converted to the soybean production system (18) and copies of “medium producers” (03), family farmers who converted to the soybean business (18) and exemplary of “medium producers” (02) were interviewed. The literature on the characterization of family farming and its different expressions was explored, discussing the representations of perspectives regarding the relations of social subjects with the dynamics of the capitalist economy. In the research universe, the work relations in the productive units, the forms of administration and production-management of these units and their relationship with the economy, with the community environment, with the social environment and its institutionalities were analyzed. The reconfigurations of the degree of specialization in the production units, the degree of integration into the market and the broader socioeconomic structure were also examined. Although not a single factor, the “Selo Combustível Social” was important to stimulate the incorporation of family farmers into the soybean productive-commercial system. Its structure, even easing market pressures outside its scope, tends to favor productive units in better conditions to intensify monoculture productivity, to measure relative gains in scale and to obtain learning savings. Companies are interested in acquiring the just level required by the legal quota with a smaller number of suppliers, but that achieve the highest productivity. They are strategically disposed in spatiality to manage influential relationships on farmers, to monitor their procedures and to manage the flow of purchases and stocks in order to adjust with their business plans. The investigation showed that increases in revenue, guaranteed flow of production, less demand from workers and less labor stress emerged as the main reasons for adhering to soybean. This phenomenon was synchronous with changes in demographic and socio-community structures and with the expansion of the monetization of families' needs, integrating a worldwide spatial dimension in the agenda of its socioeconomic programs and in living in “placiality”. The soy system pulls aside to the farmer the possibility of increasing his economic endowments and capitalizing his assets; however, it provides success to a restricted number of participants. It requires a provision of working capital to settle cash flows, a necessary condition for investing and defraying production cycles. It implies operational risks and financial risks. Setbacks can lead to costly liabilities transmitted in the productive-commercial cycle. Downstream and upstream, the market is oligopolistic; in the competitive sphere of production, family farmers have comparatively lower allocations, making financing conditions more difficult. The perception of high revenues does not always mean profitability and encourages more financial risks to be assumed. There is constant pressure to increase productivity, with the ability to manage stocks making a difference and, at least, a minimum production stability. The degree of primordiality of instrumental rationality in social action is deepened, tensioning with material rationalities and with respective adaptive strategies for the horizon of social reproduction in space. The resilience of these rationalities suffers a disruptive tension.
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SOUZA, R. G. Metamorfoses ou alomorfias agrárias? Transformações socioespaciais na incorporação de agricultores familiares ao sistema produtivo-comercial da soja no sudeste Goiano. 2021. 389 f. Tese (Doutorado em Geografia) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2021.