Improvement of asymptotic methods in the Unit-Lindley regression models: an application in economic growth data
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Modelos de regresión son ampliamente utilizados en Economía, principalmente cuando los
datos involucrados son tasas y proporciones. El modelo de regresión Lindley-Unitaria está
definido para datos restringidos al intervalo (0,1). En problemas regulares, la inferencia basada
en la teoría asintótica puede no ser confiable cuando la muestra es pequeña. Este es el caso de
la estimación de máxima verosimilitud y la prueba de Wald. Las correcciones de sesgo de los
estimadores de máxima verosimilitud y los ajustes realizados en las estadísticas de prueba son
una forma ampliamente utilizada para resolver tales problemas. En este artículo, obtenemos una
expresión para corregir el sesgo y una fórmula para la matriz de covarianza de segundo orden
para los estimadores de máxima verosimilitud en el modelo de regresión Lindley-Unitaria.
Evidencia numérica muestra que los estimadores corregidos tienen sesgos más pequeños y que
la prueba de Wald basada en la covarianza de segundo orden es más precisa. Por último, se
presenta una aplicación a datos económicos, en la que se modela la Tasa de Crecimiento del
PIB Real per cápita en función de la apertura en precios constantes.
Regression models are widely used in Economics, particularly when the data involved are rates and proportions. The Unit-Lindley regression model is defined for data restricted to the (0,1) range. In regular problems, inference based on asymptotic theory can be unreliable when the sample is small. This is the case of the maximum likelihood estimation and the Wald test. Corrections of biases in the maximum likelihood estimators and adjustments made in the test statistics are a widely used way to solve such problems. In this article, we obtain an expression to the correct the bias and a formula for the second-order covariance matrix for the maximum likelihood estimators in the Unit-Lindley regression model. Numerical evidence shows that the corrected estimators are less biased and that the Wald test based on second-order covariance is more accurate. Finally, an application to economic data is presented, in which the Growth Rate of Real GDP per capita is modeled as a function of openness in constant prices.
Regression models are widely used in Economics, particularly when the data involved are rates and proportions. The Unit-Lindley regression model is defined for data restricted to the (0,1) range. In regular problems, inference based on asymptotic theory can be unreliable when the sample is small. This is the case of the maximum likelihood estimation and the Wald test. Corrections of biases in the maximum likelihood estimators and adjustments made in the test statistics are a widely used way to solve such problems. In this article, we obtain an expression to the correct the bias and a formula for the second-order covariance matrix for the maximum likelihood estimators in the Unit-Lindley regression model. Numerical evidence shows that the corrected estimators are less biased and that the Wald test based on second-order covariance is more accurate. Finally, an application to economic data is presented, in which the Growth Rate of Real GDP per capita is modeled as a function of openness in constant prices.
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Corrección de sesgo, Prueba de Wald modificada, Matriz de covarianza de segundo orden, Regresión Lindley-Unitaria, Bias correction, Modified Wald test, Second-order covariance matrix, Unit-Lindley regression, Correção de viés, Teste de Wald modificado, Matriz de covariância de segunda ordem, Regressão Lindley-unitária
Citação
OLIVEIRA, Pedro Ricelly Gama de et al. Refinamento de métodos assintóticos nos modelos de regressão Lindley-unitária: uma aplicação em dados de crescimento econômico. DRD: desenvolvimento regional em debate, Canoinhas, v. 15, p. 427-445, 2025. DOI: 10.24302/drd.v15.5431. Disponível em: https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/drd/article/view/5431. Acesso em: 21 jul. 2026.