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Item Levobupivacaína, ropivacaína ou lidocaína na anestesia palpebral em equinos: avaliação da pressão intra-ocular, da produção lacrimal e da eficácia do bloqueio anestésico(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-09-26) AMARAL, Andréia Vitor Couto do; SILVA, Luiz Antônio Franco da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0446055905975647; CHAVES, Nilo Sérgio Troncoso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9218281815823682Corneal anesthesia is required in order to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) and eyelid blockades may also be necessary, using local anesthetic agents in horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IOP and the corneal touch threshold (CTT) at the central area of the cornea, after eyelid blockades with anesthetic 0.75% ropivacaine, 0.75% levobupivacaine and 2% lidocaine. Nine adult female animals of undefined breed horses, which received 2.0 ml of anesthetic for supraorbitary blockade and 2.5 ml for auriculopalpebral blockagde. All animals were anesthetized with the three anesthetic drugs, with an interval period of seven days between drugs, performing a Latin square 3x3x3. The IOP and CTT were measured before and 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 minutes after the blockades. The PIO was maintained within the limits considered normal in all three anesthetic drug groups evaluated. After 10 minutes, there was significantly CTT values decrease for all three anesthetics. The recovery time of CTT was higher in 30 the animals anesthetized with lidocaine than those anesthetized with levobupivacaine and ropivacaineItem Soroepidemiologia da infecção por Leptospira spp. Em bovinos, equídeos, caninos e trabalhadores rurais em assentamento no município de Aragominas, Tocantins, Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-04-10) ARAÚJO, Bruno Medrado; JAYME, Valéria de Sá; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0603234425928309; BRITO, Wilia Marta Elsner Diederichsen de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7605775995731168The main economic activity of the state of Tocantins, in Brazilian Amazon is cattle farms, with extensive breeding. Looking for contribution to cattle sanity, this study was devoted to the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira in livestock of those farms, as production animals (cattle and equids), dogs and animal workers, from a rural governmental settlement in Aragominas, in the northwestern part of Tocantins. The statistically proofed sample was composed by 242 cows, 78 equids, 59 dogs and 41 animals workers, distributed in 38 small properties. All sampling was performed after informed consent, written in the case of human beings. For the diagnosis of leptospirosis, microscopic seroagglutination was performed in the Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Leptospirose do Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Escola de Medicina Veterinária da UFG, Goiânia-GO. The seroprevalence for Leptospira spp in cattle was 76,5% [70,7% 81,7%], with serovar predominance of Hardjo (26,2%), followed by Wolffi (23,4%) Hebdomadis (14,1%), Castellonis (11,7%), Grippotyphosa (9,1%) e Pyrogenes (4,8%). In equids the seroprevalence was 79,3% [68,9% 87,4%], with agglutinins more intense to wild life serovars Castellonis (24,4%), Grippotyphosa (13,7%), Patoc (13,1%), Butembo (8,9%), Pomona (7,1%), Hardjo (6,6%), Pyrogenes (6,6%) e Wolffi (6,6%). Dogs presented seroprevalence of 30,5% [19,2 43,9], prevailing Canicola (26,3%), Hardjo (13,3%), Bratislava (10,0%) and Pyrogenes (10,0%). Human leptospirosis seroprevalence in animal workers was 31,7% [18,1%-48,1%], cwith detections of serovars Hardjo (26,3%), Grippotyphosa (15,8%), Pyrogenes (10,5%), Wolffi (10,5%), Autumnalis (10,5%) e Bratislava (10,5%). Looking for association with environmental and breeding conditions, the seroprevalence was associated in cattle to Bos indicus cattle (OR=7,51; [0,99-56,97]), in equids to the use of antihelminths (OR=7,64[0,95 61,50]) and for dogs with use for shepherd cattle (OR=4,44[1,35 14,58]). These data point to endemicity of Leptospira infection in the area and are highly suggestive of extensive environmental contamination with wildlife and production animal serovars. These results also emphasize the importance of the control of livestock leptospirosis, lowering environmental contamination and allowing better animal sanitation, with measures that could be implemented in new adequate settlements.Item Inquéritos sorológicos em equídeos e aves silvestres para detecção de anticorpos anti-arbovírus de importância em saúde pública no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-12-06) ARAUJO, Francisco Anilton Alves; LINHARES, Guido Fontgalland Coelho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6261928164195145; JAYME, Valéria de Sá; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0603234425928309; ANDRADE, Maria Auxiliadora; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9441751521255467This study determined the prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against alphaviruses in horses during an epizootic event by Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in the state of Paraiba, Brazil, in 2009 and compared the results between the techniques of hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization test in microplates. The results of15 arboviruses obtained from serological surveys on horses in Brazil from 2007 to , as well as the results for the arboviruses found in two serological surveys on wild birds in the state of Para, between 2007 and 2008 2009 were analyzed,. In Paraiba, blood was collected from 188 horses during other surveys of 4.402 animals and 544 wild birds. The material was tested by the hemagglutination inhibition technique, neutralization was performed in microplates aiming at virus isolation. In Paraíba, we obtained a true prevalence of 62.2% for Eastern Equine Encephalitis and hemagglutination inhibition test had 79.5% sensitivity and 87.3% specificity . In Brazil, the prevalence rate was 33.3% for arboviruses, 20.6% for flaviviruses, 14.1% for alphavirus and 10.1% for bunyavirus. In birds, the positivity was 28.4%, being 14.7% for alphaviruses, 9.5% for flaviviruses and 7.4% for bunyavirus. There was a high circulation of antibodies against Eastern Equine Encephalitis in inapparent-host animals and the hemagglutination inhibition test can be recommended as screening method. The other arboviruses surveyed were found in animals of the nine states with a significant difference in the prevalence from the motivation of the survey. Migratory birds have proved to be important amplifiers of these agents .Item Estratégia alimentar e densidade de estocagem para acarádisco (Symphysodon aequifasciata)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-05-29) BEERLI, Eduardo Lopes; CAFÉ, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; SILVA, Paulo César; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4162443606090063Four diets were tested to verify the effect of beef heart as feed enhancer for discus fish, studding the growth, weight gain, survivor, consumption, water quality and economic performance variables. Is was utilized 12 aquariums, distributed in 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were: T1- 100% ration (42%PB); T2- 75% ration and 25% beef heart; T3- 50% ration and 50% beef heart and T4- 25% ration and 75% beef heart. The diets were feed until fish s satiation, twice by day, at 8:00h and 17:00h. After each feed time, 40% of water was changed. Each aquarium contained 20 fishes, totalizing 240 discus fishes. The following water quality parameters were available: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and ammonia. There wasn`t effect of treatments on survivor. The dry matter consumption was higher in 50% and 75% of beef heart diets, and better growth and weight gain were obtained, but 50% of beef heart were at a low price, and were considered the best diet. The relative condition factor (Kn) analysis indicate better body condition of fishes according beef heart was higher in tested diets. The economic performance shows that 75% of beef heart obtain lower cost index, but 50% of beef heart obtain higher partial liquid income. However beef heart diets turn water cloudy, the analyzed water quality parameters keep suitable for fishes. The conclusion is that beef heart is efficient as feed enhancer for discus fish and that 50% of beef heart with 50% of ration provide better performance and higher economic gain.Item Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo na determinação da composição, perdas por cocção e força de cisalhamento de carne bovina congelada a -20 e a -40°C(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-31) BEZERRA, Robert Taylor Rocha; NICOLAU, Edmar Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9601723963736071; REZENDE, Cíntia Silva Minafra e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5841210447886226; LAGE, Moacir Evandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2053334263459111This study was conducted to evaluate the application of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the prediction of levels of protein, moisture, fat besides cooking losses and shear force in non-ground frozen meat under slow method -20° C and rapid -40° C. The study was conducted in two stages, the first to identify the effect of freezing on the spectra and the second for the development of equations of calibration and validation of the quantitative method for the constituents and quality factors cited. For the two stages 16 muscles Longissimus dorsi purchased at a large cold-storage building in the state of Goiás under Federal Inspection were used. The method developed to identify the effect of freezing on the spectra obtained by NIRS was able to identify 100% of the samples for the processing -20° and -40° C, with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.94. After identifying the differences between the spectra according to the treatments in the first stage, the calibration was developed to create equations for moisture, protein, fat, cooking losses and shear force for each treatment. In the stage of calibration the regression analysis was developed, , taking as independent variables the results of physical-chemical analysis, and as dependent variables, the results of reflectance in the near infrared region from 1100 to 2400nm. The method showed itself effective for determining differences between spectra of Longissimus dorsi muscles subjected to freezing in temperatures of -20° and -40° C. The influence of the method of freezing on moisture and cooking losses was significant (P<0.05) on the test. The determination coefficients (R2) obtained from the relation between the analysis values by reference methods and by NIRS, for the protein, moisture and fat contents at -20° and -40°C were superior to 0,90. For shear force and cooking losses the values of R2 were superior to 0,70.Item Efeito da solução de Carolina Rinse na injúria de isquemia e reperfusão experimental no intestino delgado de coelhos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-11-18) BRANDSTETTER, Luciana Ramos Gaston; MOURA, Veridiana Maria Brianezi Dignani de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8773201078957745; FIORAVANTI, Maria Clorinda Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8772502020076257; ARAÚJO, Eugênio Gonçalves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3919777570059928Mechanic obstruction of blood vessels that irrigate the intestine leads to ischemia and intense reduction of oxygenation and tissue perfusion. If oxygenated blood flow returns abruptly to tissues before cellular death reperfusion injury occurs; this can be initiated by several mechanisms resulting in inflammatory response. Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has been widely associated to cell necrosis, although another distinct biochemical and morphological type of cell death, called apoptosis, is involved. Such conditions are mediated by signaling molecules in cellular surface, which lead to long term changes in gene expression. In the majority of cells, MAP (Mitogen Activated Protein) kinases (MAPK), which are part of a group of cytoplasmic enzymes, will transmit mitogenic and cell differentiation signs. Three MAPK that have been identified in mammalian cells participate in the signaling pathway: ERK, p38 and JNK. Activated p38 and JNK are usually related to apoptosis, while activated ERK 1/2 (P44/42) have a protection function inhibiting apoptosis. With the purpose of minimizing reperfusion injury after liver transplant, Carolina Rinse Solution (CRS) was designed by North Carolina University, USA. Although this solution has been used in horses to attenuate I/R injury in horse intestine, little is known about the eventual tissue protection mechanism. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of topical and intraluminal CRS in I/R injury, and the activation profile of p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK, in rabbit jejunum. Fifteen New Zealand rabbits were allocated to three groups: Sham-operated (A), Ischemia and reperfusion (B) and CRS (C). Groups B and C were subjected to one hour of jejunal ischemia and two hours of reperfusion. In group C, ten minutes prior to reperfusion, the bowel lumen was filled with CRS, and the segment was immersed in CRS until reperfusion onset. Changes such as degeneration, necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, PMN infiltration and margination were not significantly different between groups B and C, showing that topical and intraluminal CRS did not attenuate deleterious effects of I/R in small intestinal of rabbits. I/R stimulated the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK pathways in some layers of jejunum. Progressive activation of p44/42 MAPK was chiefly localized to the crypts of Lieberkühn, circular and longitudinal muscle layers, whereas p38 MAPK was prominently activated in myenteric plexus and both muscle layers. All layers that did respond to I/R insult with activation increase of ERK 1/2 and p38, in all groups, showed low baseline phosphorylation levels as compared to those that did not react to the insult. The results of this work indicate that topical and intraluminal CRS does not interfere in ERK 1/2 and p38 activation profile in rabbit jejunum subjected to I/R.Item Caracterização molecular e isolamentode clostrídios psicrofílicos e psicrotróficos associados à deterioração de carnes refrigeradas embaladas a vácuo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-02-20) BUENO, Cláudia Peixoto; PRADO, Cristiano Sales; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1661902818272650; MESQUITA, Albenones José de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3180029815183858The deterioration of vacuum packed refrigerated meat accompanied by large gas production - a phenomenon called blown pack - is considered a major cause of economic losses of the meat industry in several regions of Brazil and the world. Several psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms may be involved, especially species of Clostridium. The objective of the present study was to perform the molecular characterization, through the use of the PCR technique, and the molecular isolation by conventional bacteriology, of the main microorganisms that cause blown pack in refrigerated meat from Brazil, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Thus, typing techniques were used to differentiate the species and subspecies involved in this type of deterioration. Tirty-six samples of Brazilian blown pack meat, 6 samples from the UK and 12 experimental blown pack samples of venison from the North Island of New Zealand were analyzed. Three pairs of primers, the RFP / RRP, the 16SEF/16SER and the pair EISRF / EISRR were used for C. estertheticum estertheticum and Clostridium estertheticum like, and one for C. gasigenes (16DBF/16DBR). The samples with the PCR results were sent to a microbiology laboratory for conventional isolation of Clostridium estertheticum. It was concluded that Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum is responsible for the deterioration of meat and hence the blown pack in the UK. Samples of blown pack Brazilian meat have Clostridium estertheticum like as primary causal agent. The typing was carried out in isolates and strains - donated by Mirinz Center / Ruakura Agresearch / Hamilton / New Zealand - together with two isolates from Brazil, involved in this type of deterioration. The selected techniques AFLP and RFLP - PCR were able to distinguish species and subspecies of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic clostridia. However, the AFLP showed the highest discriminatory power, being able to distinguish 100% of the species - C. estertheticum, C. frigoris, C. bowmani, C. lacusfryxellense and C. psychrophylum - and also the subspecies C. estertheticum estertheticum, C. estertheticum laramiense, C. estertheticum like k21 and k24. Through the technique of RFLP, it was possible to differentiate the species of clostridia psychrotrophic, psichrophilic and also the subspecies C. estertheticum estertheticum and Clostridium estertheticum like, along with the use of four restriction endonucleases - AluI, CfoI, TaqI and HaeIII. The HaeIII provided greater variety of fragments and the ability to differentiate the species of clostridia psychrophilic and psychrotrophic, whereas TaqI was the only enzyme capable of differentiating the subspecies of C. estertheticum estertheticum and C. estertheticum laramiense of C. estertheticum like. The Brazilian samples isolated fit into the group of Clostridium estertheticum like, although there is no confirmation of the absence of Clostridium estertheticum estertheticum in the country.Item Valor nutritivo do glicerol e comportamento ingestivo de vacas leiteiras periparturientes(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-12-06) CARVALHO, Eduardo Rodrigues de; LIMA, Milton Luiz Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7562710128026687; FERNANDES, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259The expansion of the biofuel industry has generated increased availability of glycerol, which can be used as an ingredient in the ration of dairy cows. This study aimed to determine the effects of glycerol on DMI, milk production, production of SCFA in the rumen, blood parameters, selective consumption and feeding behavior of dairy cows periparturientes. Twenty-six multiparous Holstein cows were paired according to performance in the previous lactation and expected date of calving and fed diets containing glycerol or high moisture corn from -28 to +56 DRDP. Glycerol was included in 11.5 and 10.8% of total DM in the diet pre-and post-partum respectively. CMS has not changed (P> 0.05) by feeding with glycerol both pre-partum (14.9 vs. 14.6 kg / day, vs control. glycerol) and the post-partum (19.8 vs. 20.7 kg / day, vs control. Glycerol), as well as production (35.8 vs. 37 kg / day, vs control. glycerol) and milk composition did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatments. The concentration of blood glucose was reduced (P <0.05, vs 59.1. 53.4 mg / dL vs control. glycerol) and ABHB blood was elevated (P <0.05, 0.58 vs. 0.82 mmol / L vs control. glycerol) in cows fed glycerol during pre-partum. The concentration of NEFA in the blood did not differ (P> 0.05) between experimental groups in the pre-partum, and no effect (P> 0.05) on the glycerol blood parameters during the postpartum period. The total concentration of SCFA in rumen (mmol / L) did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatments, but increased (P <0.05) in the molar proportion of propionate (22.7 vs. 28.6% vs control. Glycerol) and butyrate (11.5 vs. 15.3% vs control. glycerol) and reduced (P <0.05) in proportion molar acetate (61.5 vs. 51.5% vs control. glycerol) in cows fed with glycerol. In relation to the selective consumption and ingestive behavior, there increase (P <0.05) the rate of DMI (94.2 vs. MS 144.4 g / h vs. control. glycerol) and preferential consumption (9.2 vs. 17.8% vs control. glycerol) long particle with glycerol in the diet, but decreased (P <0.05) the rate of CMS short particles (383.8 vs. MS 332.5 g / h vs. control. glycerol) and very short (173.9 vs. MS 129.8 g / h vs. control. Glycerol) and increased (P <0.05) in rejecting short particles (42 vs. 37.3% vs control. glycerol) and very short (17.9 vs. 13.6% vs control. glycerol) during pre-partum. No effect (P> 0.05) of treatments on the selective use of particles of the diet in the postpartum period and also on the feeding behavior throughout the experimental period. The data obtained in this study indicated that replacing corn wet grain by glycerol in diets for dairy cows was periparturientes satisfactory.Item ESTUDO DE MORFOLOGIA MACROSCÓPICA, MICROSCÓPICA TESTICULAR E EPIDIDIMÁRIA EM EMAS (Rhea americana, Linnaeus 1758)(RHEIDAE)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-12-15) CARVALHO, Saulo Fernandes Mano de; SABÓIA-MORAIS, Simone Maria Teixeira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6723881044959716; FRENEAU, Gustavo Eduardo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9867769335357011The purpose of this research was studied the macroscopic morphology of rhea s testis and epididymis. Were studied testis from 54 rheas, breed in captivity. In commercial slaughter, were collected testis to analyzed macroscopic measurements of testis and epididymis, consisting in length, width, thickness, circumference, volume, parenchyma and testicular capsule weight, also shape, size and blood supply. Of these parameters were calculated media and standard deviation. The testes looks like a cylinder, the testicular capsule is thin, dense and transparent, a short testicular artery arises from the A. cranialis renalis. The organs were influenced of season with reproductive and non reproductive times. In December/2006 and May/2007 the morphmetric media (x) measurements in right testes was: volume 58.70 and 14.7 mL , length 9.87 and 3.5 cm, width 2.44 and 0.6 cm, thickness 2.49 and 0.5 cm, circumference 8.02 and 2.3 cm, parenchyma weight 27.66 and 6.1 g and testicular capsule weight 1.04 and 0.3 g, respectively. In right epididymis was: volume 7.7 and 3.0 mL, length 5.8 and 1.3 cm, width 0.7 and 0.3 cm, thickness 0.6 and 0.3 cm, circumference 2.5 and 1.2 cm, parenchyma weight 6.4 and 2.8 g and capsule weight 0.4 and 0.1 g, respectively. A few of measurements, in testes and epididymis were bigger in right side than in left side (p<0.05) showing asymmetry. The medias of November/2005 were in intermediate position (p<0.05), but near the December/2006 data, probably it could be a transition phase between the rest and sexual activity (breeding season). The observations confirms sexual activity season in this specie, by spring summer. Morphologically the Rhea`s testicles and epididymis hava many points in common with other birds, but differences were observed, and has influence of seasons. The testicle and epididymis biometric characteristics were bigger in the breeding seasons. Key words: Aves, Epididymis, Morphology, Ratites, Reproduction, Seasonality, TestesItem Análise multivariada de características que influenciam a tolerância ao calor em equinos, ovinos e bovinos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-03-27) CASTANHEIRA, Marlos; FIORAVANTI, Maria Clorinda Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8772502020076257; PIMENTEL, Concepta Margaret Mcmanus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6052239712915301Heat stress is a limiting factor in animal production in the tropics. The physical, physiological and hematological are often used to evaluate the adaptation of animals to heat. The objective was to perform multivariate analysis of physiological characteristic "tolerance to heat, horses, sheep and cattle in the Federal District, to determine whether measured characteristics were able to separate groups of animals and determine the most important variables in differentiating groups in the adaptation of animal heat. A total of 40 horses, 50 sheep and 90 cattle, all adults. The quantitative characters were subjected to multivariate statistical tests of cluster analysis and canonical discriminant. Analyses were performed in the Statistical Analysis System - SAS ® procedures using cluster stepdisc, cancorr and discrim. The dendrogram was able to separate and demonstrate the genetic distance between groups of animals analyzed. The canonical analysis separated the individuals into groups. The discriminant analysis identified the variables that are most important in adapting these to the heat in the Federal District, the conditions were in the polls.Item Anestesia intravenosa total com cetamina-propofol ou cetamina-xilazina-egg em infusão contínua em asininos pré-medicados com xilazina(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-06-26) COELHO, Cássia Maria Molinaro; FIORAVANTI, Maria Clorinda Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8772502020076257; ALVES, Geraldo Eleno Silveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2315947597632104; SILVA, Luiz Antônio Franco da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0446055905975647The dissociative anesthesia was receiving more attention as the inhalation anesthesia based in cardiorespiratory and economic results in horses. However, there are few studies in donkeys (Equus asinus). The aim of this research was evaluate and compare the cardiorespiratory, metabolic and electrocardiographic effects of ketamine-propofol (KP) and ketamine-xilazine-EGG (GKX) total intravenous anesthesia in donkeys. Eight healthy adult donkeys were anesthetized twice with seven days interval between protocols. In both protocols, the animals were premedicated with 1.0 mg/kg of xylazine. The protocol KP was induced with 1.5 mg/kg of ketamine and a loading dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg). The animals were maintained in constant rate infusion of ketamine (0.05 mg/kg/min) and propofol (0.15 mg/kg/min) during one hour. In GKX protocol, the animals were induced with diazepam (0.05 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg). So, the animals were maintained in constant rate infusion (2 ml/kg/h) of a solution prepared with an association of 5% guaifenesin (100 mg/kg), ketamine (2.0 mg/ml) and xylazine (0.5 mg/ml). The quality of induction and recovery were assessed using scores (1-good; 2-regular; 3-poor) and measured cardiorespiratory, metabolic and electrocardiographic parameters before, during and after the anesthetic procedure. The results showed that the ketamine-propofol and ketamine-xylazine-EGG associations were satisfactory to anesthetized the donkeys, whereas seven anesthetic inductions were classified as good (score 1) in both protocols. The heart rate was statistic different between protocols since 15M moment. The mean arterial pressure decreased during the procedure in KP and GKX. There were no statistic differences between protocols in PaO2, PaCO2, LACv e LACa. The arterial glucose showed higher elevation in GKX and statistic difference at recovery. There were no statistic differences regarding CK and AST serum values. Concerning the electrocardiographic assessment, the protocols did not result in abnormalities on the length and amplitude of waves and complexes that could compromise the cardiac dynamics. In conclusion, propofol-ketamine and ketamine-xylazine-EGG associations can be successfully employed in asinines for the accomplishment of procedures without painful stimuli. The cardiorespiratory, metabolic and electrocardiographic changes observed in the present study were not sufficient to cause systemic distress in healthy animalsItem Efeitos dos níveis de células somáticas no leite sobre o rendimento e a qualidade do queijo mussarela(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2007-12-19) COELHO, Karyne Oliveira; OLIVEIRA, Antonio Nonato de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8261502405023882; LAGE, Moacir Evandro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2053334263459111; MESQUITA, Albenones José de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3180029815183858The subclinical mastitis is a mammary gland inflammatory reaction that is characterized by increased levels of somatic cells in the milk. The milk with higher somatic cell counting (SCC) shows alteration in the composition that alters the quality of the milk products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the SCC in the milk products in relation to the microbiologic and the physical-chemistry features of the mozzarella cheese. It was chosen cattle with SCC 200.000 cells/mL; SCC >200 a 400.000 cells/mL; SCC >400.000 cells/mL to 750.000 cells/mL and SCC >750.000 cells/mL. The animals did not receive antimicrobial treatment before and on the day of the milk collection. The mozzarella cheese preparation were realized at Planta de Laticínios do Centro de Treinamento da Agência Rural. It was analyzed the milk sub products compositions. The cheese were evaluated after 1, 15 and 30 days of maturation or storage at 7°C for the pH, acidity, humidity, total and soluble protein, fat, total dry extract, defatted, milk acid bacteria count, total and fecal coliforms and psicotrofics microorganism. The experiment was repeated four times in order to demonstrate reproducibility. The results were homogenous for the residues (turkey test) and the variances were compared using a F test, adopting =0,05. The milk with high SCC showed low concentration of protein and the higher nitrogen levels. There was loosing of protein and fat to serum. The cheese elaborated from milk with higher SCC (>750.000cells/mL) showed lower protein level, more humidity and less industrial income and presented lower growth of lactic acid bacteria during the maturation time. Mozzarella cheese prepared with milk containing SCC around 400.000 cells/mL presented increased proteolysis. The results showed here demonstrated that in order to get a good quality mozzarella cheese is necessary the utilization of the milk with somatic cell counts bellow 400.000 cells /mLItem Perfil do parasitismo sanguíneo por análises moleculares envolvendo Babesia, Ehrlichia e Hepatozoon em cães sintomáticos na área metropolitana de Goiânia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-03-31) DUARTE, Sabrina Castilho; BORGES, Lígia Miranda Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2591106734434348; ULHOA, Cirano Jose; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8368469162867277; LINHARES, Guido Fontgalland Coelho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6261928164195145In the genera Babesia, Ehrlichia and are positioned Hepatozoon species of parasites responsible for babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and hepatozoonosis respectively. These organisms have in common the fact that they are transmitted by tick vectors in dogs infected and cause general symptoms such as fever, anemia and jaundice accompanied by intracellular infections. In the state of Goias had not work with phylogenetic approach for these blood parasites. The overall objective of this study was molecular analysis of isolates of Babesia, Hepatozoon and Ehrlichia obtained from symptomatic dogs in Goiânia, Goiás State, thus confirming that the species and subspecies involved in infections. For this, DNA extraction was carried out of samples, followed by carrying out PCR with generic primers. After the PCR was obtained fragments of the 18S rRNA region for samples of Babesia and Hepatozoon and 16S rRNA for the detection of species of the genus Ehrlichia. PCR products obtained were purified and used for sequencing. We sequenced 35 samples of Babesia spp. and of these 17 were used for phylogenetic studies. Two samples of Hepatozoon spp. 17 samples were sequenced and Ehrlichia spp which only five were used for analysis. Analyses performed with the identity of sequenced samples allowed the identification of B. vogeli canis, Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis. When confronted with the species and subspecies of reference from other regions of Brazil and the world showed close molecular similarity, which demonstrates the low variability between different samples from different geographic regions. For the analysis using the program MEGA4 and subsequent construction of a phylogenetic tree samples in this study formed their own groups always association with the reference samples for the respective species. Thus it was concluded that samples of B. c. vogeli H. canis and E. canis from dogs in the city of Goiania GO show close similarity with isolates from other regions of the worldItem Adição de água em rações para suínos em crescimento e terminação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-05-21) FARIAS, Leonardo Atta; STRINGHINI, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; SILVA, Paulo César; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4162443606090063; NUNES, Romão da Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4335133347523404In this research, three experiments were conducted. The first and the second ones were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding water to mash rations on nutrient digestibility, energy performance, water intake and excrement quality of pigs at the growing and finishing phases(the evaluation of carcass traits was performed), respectively. Finally, a last experiment was carried out to evaluate the proliferation of fungi in the diets of finishing pigs with different levels of water addition and at different storage times. The variables analyzed in the first two experiments were nutrients and energy digestibility and metabolism, nitrogen balance, moisture rate, fecal nitrogen and phosphorus, and performance variables. For the second trial, the carcass traits were also evaluated after slaughtering. In the third experiment, the number of fungal colony-forming units in the diets was evaluated with and without the use of antifungal and at different storage times. The addition of water to pig diets at growing-finishing phases does not influence the apparent nutrient digestibility, or the performance of the animals when they are fed twice a day. There is a reduction of fresh water intake, and of phosphorus excretion. Carcass composition was not affected. The addition of water to the diets of pigs in the finishing phase increases the production of fungi over storage time.Item Neospora caninum: diagnóstico e caracterização genética em fetos de fêmeas zebuínas abatidas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-02-26) FERNANDES, Paula Rogério; LINHARES, Guido Fontgalland Coelho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6261928164195145; BORGES, Lígia Miranda Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2591106734434348; SILVA, Andrea Caetano da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1432918585717355One of the main causes of reproductive failure in cattle is infection by the protozoan Neospora caninum (Phylum Apicomplexa, Family Sarcocystidae). The bovine neosporosis is characterized by an asymptomatic infection in the non pregnant cow; however, during pregnancy, the vertical transmission of the parasite is responsible for the maintenance of the infection for successive generations. The highest frequency of infection occurs in the dairy production system and in the intensive management of animal breeding, with most of the available data for N. caninum related to Bos taurus, even for beef cattle. Thus, the presence of N. caninum has been little studied in Bos indicus. In Goiás, the prevalence of N. caninum is 29.61% in beef cattle and 30.4% in dairy cattle. As the prevalence of infection in adults should have a positive correlation to the incidence of fetal infection, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of vertical transmission of N. caninum in zebuine fetuses of various ages, obtained from females slaughtered in a slaughterhouse in the municipality of Senador Canedo, Goiás. For that, the serological analysis of abdominal fluid and molecular and histopathological analysis in tissue samples (brain, heart and liver) were performed. The fetal age was estimated by the measurement of crown-rump length. A total of 195 fetal fluids was randomly collected and tested by IFAT with a cut-off point of 1:16. 585 tissue samples were submitted to nested-PCR analysis of ITS-1 rRNA region and to histopathology. The results were related to the fetal age (first, second and third stages of pregnancy). Anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in 12 (6.15%) fetal fluids, with IFAT titers observed at 1:64 (n=1), 1:128 (n=2), 1:512 (n=3), 1:1024 (n=5) and 1:2048 (n=1). The presence of the parasite was detected by PCR in 40 (20.5%) fetuses. On histopathological examination, 82 (42.05%) fetuses had characteristic and consistent lesions, compatible with protozoan infection, characterized by encephalitis, myocarditis and hepatitis with mononuclear cell infiltrates, with or without necrosis. Comparing the different gestational ages, there was a greater number of positive reactions by IFAT, PCR and compatible histopathological lesions in the sixth and seventh month of pregnancy. From the total of 585 tissue samples examined, 56 were positive, being 12 at serology and 44 (35 brains, seven hearts and two livers) at PCR from 45 fetuses. In histopathology, 10 samples (three brains, six hearts and one liver) showed characteristic lesions of protozoan infection such as N. caninum. The DNA from six PCR positive fetuses was analyzed by microsatellite markers for genetic characterization of isolates of N. caninum, demonstrating the existence of genetic profiles different from other isolates of the world and of Brazil infecting zebuine animals. The results confirm the occurrence of vertical transmission of N. caninum, the diagnosis of infection in zebuine fetuses, the need of association of techniques for determining fetal neosporosis and characterization of different regional isolates circulating in zebu herd from Goiás.Item Histomorfometria testicular e sua associação com a qualidade seminal em machos nelore(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-12-21) FERRAZ, Henrique Trevizoli; VIU, Marco Antônio de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7829414158162743; PÔRTO, Regiani Nascimento Gagno; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6367040339353532; OLIVEIRA FILHO, Benedito Dias de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6171669841505540Item EFEITO DA ESTRUTURA DOS DADOS SOBRE AS ESTIMATIVAS DE (CO)VARIÂNCIAS DE PESO À DESMAMA EM BOVINOS DE CORTE, USANDO DADOS SIMULADOS(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-03-27) FERREIRA, Jorge Luís; BORJAS, Arcadio de Los Reyes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1168660493778765The objective was to evaluate the effects of the year (sample size, genealogy and data structure), mother-offspring link proportion (mother-offspring pairs, both with weaning weights), inclusion (M2) or not (M1) of the genetic direct-maternal covariance in the model, the direct-maternal correlation (C) magnitude and the direct and maternal genetic variance ratio (R) on the (co)variance estimates on weaning weight of beef cattle. The effects of the correlation (C) and variance ratio (R) were significant on the estimate of direct genetic variance ( ) (P<0,05, P<0,001, respectively), maternal genetic variance ( ) (P<0,001) and direct-maternal genetic covariance ( ) (P<0,001). The year influenced significantly (P<0,01) the estimates of and was not significant on and . The effect of the mother-offspring link proportion (E) was significant (P<0,0001) on the estimate of , , , and , being not significant on . In the model with zero direct-maternal covariance, and were underestimated when the direct-maternal correlation was negative, and overestimated when it was positive. Accurate and precise estimates of genetic variances and covariances of traits under maternal effect deserve detailed study and intensified, since these estimates may be influenced by the nature and composition of data, direct-maternal genetic correlation model used and applied. However, these facts may contribute to mistaken conclusions that are not referenced. These results are indicatives of the potential reliability and accuracy of the estimates on real data, although it is known that its magnitudes may differ, due to additional bias, like inherent errors of data gathering process and information flow from the herds.Item EXPRESSÃO DAS MAPKs EM FOLÍCULOS OVARIANOS E CORPOS LUTEOS EM DIFERENTES FASES DO CICLO ESTRAL DE BOVINOS(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-21) FERREIRA, Mônica Rodrigues; KIPNIS, Ana Paula Junqueira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1252262903952987; ARAÚJO, Eugênio Gonçalves de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3919777570059928Bovine estrous cycle activates the pathways of MAPKs (mitogen activated protein) via oscillation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis hormones. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vivo the frequency of expression of active (phosphorylated) form, of p-MEK 1/2 and p-ERK1/2 in all types of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea in different phases of the estrous cycle of cattle. Bovine ovaries were harvested in a local slaughterhouse and the phase of the estrous cycle was determined, considering seven stages, defined as experimental groups: days 1-3 (n = 2), 4-6 (n = 5), 7-9 (n = 5), 10-12 (n = 3), 13-15 (n = 5), 16-18 (n = 5) and 19-21 (n = 5). After processing, the histological sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry using antibodies that specifically recognize the phosphorylated form of MEK 1/2 and ERK 1/2. Histological sections containing corpora lutea were also subjected to immunohistochemistry with antibodies that recognize p-BCL2 (B cell phospho lymphoma 2) and COX-2 (COX-2). The frequency of marked follicles was evaluated for the presence or absence of markup for the two cellular enzymes. The fragments of the corpus luteum were evaluated according to the scores of intensity for positive staining of the four antibodies. The frequencies of the markers studied in the follicles were compared using the chi-square. In preantral follicles, both MEK and ERK 1/2 showed high levels between 16 to 18 days. In the case of p-MEK, the greater activation of primordial follicles and primary held from 7 to 9. In secondary follicles, the less marked for p-MEK occurred in group 4 to 6. Levels of p-ERK began to rise from 13 to 15 days and subsequently decreased. Comparing the frequencies of MEK and ERK, there was statistic difference (p <0.0001) in antral follicles compared to other types of follicles. It was concluded that the intensity of activation of MAPKs MEK / ERK varies with the phases of the estrous cycle and follicular class studied. Since the corpora lutea were evaluated by analysis of variance after transforming the data, it was observed that the proteins studied showed variation in expression profile, in relation to the development, survival and death of the corpus luteum. Since COX-2, a precursor of prostaglandin, is capable of activating the pathways of MEK / ERK 1/2, it reduces the frequency of expression of cell survival factor BCL-2, leading to the corpus luteum at luteolysis. The in vivo evaluation of the activation profile of MAPKs without the use of hormonal protocols demonstrated the importance of this enzyme during the physiological reproductive process, raising new inquiries and providing opportunities to expand knowledge about the functioning of the hormone and its association with the cellular mechanisms activated by hormonesItem Potencial Antinocipcetivo Mecânico E Efeitos Sobre A Hiperalgesia Pós-Incisional Do Tramadol Em Equinos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-03-25) FRANCO, Leandro Guimarães; FIORAVANTI, Maria Clorinda Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8772502020076257; SILVA, Luiz Antônio Franco da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0446055905975647Tramadol is an analgesic with action of opioids and non-opioid receptors, which acts by promoting activation of central inhibitory mechanisms of pain. In the last decade, there was a significant advance in research related to the use of tramadol in horses. There is evidence that the drug has significant analgesic effect in horses through mechanisms unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and cardiorrespiratory effects and mechanical nociceptive threshold of tramadol, administered intravenously in horses. Moreover, we assessed also the effects of preemptive administration of tramadol on the clinical effects and post-incisional mechanical hyperalgesia. In the first study, seven adult horses were used in a three-way crossover study design in which tramadol was intravenous administered at 1mg kg-1, 2mg kg-1 e 3mg kg-1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, intestinal motility, head height and behavioral change were recorded before and during 180 minutes after treatment. Mechanical nociceptive threshold from these points were averaged to obtain mean values at each time with von Frey electronic analgesiometer, applying a force in a hoof. Compared to others treatments, the horses that received 3mg kg-1 showed significant increases in respiratory rate and more pronounced behavioral changes. In horses treated with 1mg kg-1, there was a significant decrease in respiratory rate and more pronounced behavioral changes. Motility scores showed transitory decreased in horses treated with 2 mg kg-1. The tramadol did not caused changes in mechanical nociceptive threshold regardless of treatment. In conclusion, the tramadol at doses evaluated produced minimal transient side effects or clinical changes. However has no antinociceptive effect in a model of mechanical stimulus. In a second study, ten horses were divided in two groups. The horses were treated IV with a single dose of 2 mg kg-1 of tramadol (TG) or with a similar volume of sterile water (SG). Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, intestinal motility, and behavioral change were recorded before and during 48 hours after treatment. Mechanical nociceptive threshold was measured by von Frey electronic analgesiometer in post-incisional model. To study, a skin incision was made over the thigh region. Compare to saline, tramadol caused transitory increased in mean and diastolic arterial pressure in first hour after treatment. The tramadol was able to decrease a remained time of primary hyperalgesia, but not prevented its appearance in compared to SG. In the global range score no changes were observed between groups along the moments.Item Caracterização química e biológica de feromônios de Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) (Acari: Ixodidae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010-08-13) GACHOKA, Kennedy Kiriira; FERRI, Pedro Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2129799749473005; SILVA, Andrea Caetano da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1432918585717355; BORGES, Lígia Miranda Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2591106734434348Amblyomma cajennense, commonly known as Cayenne tick, is a three-host tick widely distributed in Brazil and in the rest of Latin American countries. Owing to its low host specificity, it plays an important role in the transmission of pathogens in animals and man. Chemical communication is a vital component in tick biology whereby pheromones are largely responsible in the regulation of mating, recognition of sexual partner and copulation. By understanding the behaviour of A. cajennense and the pheromones involved, there exists practical possibility for the use of these substances as an additional method of control thereby reducing the use of acaricides. Based on this, the aims of this work were to quantify and elucidate behaviours induced by pheromones emitted by females A. cajennense as well as identify and characterize qualitatively and biologically the pheromone produced by males. Engorged females were collected from naturally-infested horses for the establishment of laboratory colonies for use in this study. The pheromones were obtained by extraction in hexane and sonication by ultra-sound of fed males and females. The female sex pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), was quantified by GC/MS using internal standard and standard addition methods through construction of calibration curves using 5-bromine-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 2,6-DCP, respectively. The male extract was analysed chemically by GC/MS in comparison with standards. As concerns biological tests, glass beads were treated with two femaleequivalents of the female pheromone and 2,6-DCP in an equivalent concentration and exposed to males to observe the induced behaviour(s). Attraction to the male pheromone was evaluated by release of individual unfed, virgin females to three concentrations (1, 5 and 10 male-equivalents) of the extract in olfactometer bioassays. Orientations towards the odour source were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and displacement angles by Circular Statistics. Aggregation was evaluated by releasing the tick stages in Petri dish bioassays shortly followed by introduction of filter paper strips impregnated with 10 male-equivalents of the extract and recording tick responses on camera. Data analysis was by Chi-square test. Tests for attachment were carried out in vivo in rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, and the released ticks observed in determined intervals between 20min and 24hrs. The data was analysed by Wilcoxon signed-ranked test and Friedman s repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that each female emits 2.15 ng ml-1 of pheromone on average. The male extract was positive for benzoic acid, nonanoic acid, salicylic acid, benzaldehyde, 2,6-DCP, limonene and methyl salicylate. The female extract and 2,6- DCP stimulated mounting in up to 80% and 73% of all cases, respectively, confirming that 2,6-DCP alone mediates mounting behaviour in A. cajennense. There was no statistically significant attraction or aggregation in males or females induced by the male pheromone. However, significantly faster and greater attachment was recorded in both. The behavioural responses corresponded with the pheromone s composition. It was concluded that the male pheromone promotes neither attraction nor aggregation but is responsible for faster fixation of A. cajennense adults. The pheromone also contains different proportions and differs from other Amblyomma species as far as the presence or absence of certain components is concerned. The results serve as a first step in advanced studies aimed at development of novel strategies for the management of this species using these pheromones.