Crédito rural: impasses e desafios na efetivação do direito à alimentação no Brasil

Abstract

The present dissertation aims to analyze the performance of rural credit between June 2016 and July 2024, investigating whether its distribution favors sustainable agriculture and the realization of the fundamental right to adequate food. The research examines the allocation of resources under the Plano Safra, seeking to determine whether there is an incentive for family and agroecological farming or if the current model reinforces the concentration of credit in large production chains focused on exports. To achieve this, a qualitative approach is adopted, based on a literature review, document analysis, and statistical data examination. The dissertation begins with a contextualization of the right to food, its evolution as a fundamental right, and the historical challenges to its realization. Next, it provides a retrospective analysis of the Green Revolution and its influence on shaping an agricultural model centered on the commodification of food, rather than its social function. The second chapter is dedicated to analyzing the Plano Safra from 2016 to 2024, identifying financing patterns and the main beneficiaries of rural credit programs. In the third chapter, the impacts of this distribution on family and agroecological farming are assessed, highlighting the barriers faced by small-scale producers in accessing credit. The results indicate that most resources continue to be directed toward large producers and the export-oriented agribusiness sector, while family farming receives significantly less financing. Bureaucracy and high costs for obtaining credit and certifications further hinder small farmers’ access, making rural credit an obstacle to the democratization of agroecological production. Therefore, it is concluded that the current model of rural credit distribution compromises food security and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. Given the constitutional role of the state in promoting an equitable and sustainable agricultural system, it is essential to reform public financing policies. In light of this scenario, the adoption of public policies that ensure a fairer distribution of resources, with specific incentives for agroecology and family farming, is necessary to guarantee that the right to adequate food is effectively upheld in an inclusive and comprehensive manner.