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Molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of Eriosema (Fabaceae): a recent tropical savanna-adapted genus
(2020-12) Cândido, Elisa Silva; Vatanparast, Mohammad; Vargas, Wanderleia de; Bezerra, Luisa Maria de Paula Alves; Lewis, Gwilym Peter; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Simões, André Olmos; Silva, Marcos José da; Stirton, Charles Howard; Tozzi, Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo; Fortuna-Perez, Ana Paula
Eriosema comprises c. 150 species and has a pantropical distribution and two centres of diversity, Africa and America. The species occur in tropical savannas and grasslands, including the cerrado in Brazil. They have adapted to these environments by developing specialized underground organs, and an abundance of trichomes. Here we present the first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Eriosema, including species from its entire distribution range and generating 391 new DNA sequences. We sampled 140 species from nine genera of Cajaninae, of which 94 (60% of the genus) were Eriosema. Our analyses were based on the nuclear ITS and plastid rpl32 and trnQ regions, and used maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of individual and combined data sets. In all analyses, Eriosema was resolved as monophyletic, but its interspecific relationships are not well resolved. Rhynchosia is not monophyletic, and some African Rhynchosia spp. emerged together as sister to Eriosema. Our study supports the monophyly of Adenodolichos, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Cajanus, but Chrysoscias and Bolusafra formed a clade that is sister to a group of Rhynchosia spp. Paracalyx was resolved as paraphyletic and nested among African Rhynchosia spp. Divergence time analysis suggested that the Eriosema lineages diverged 6.5–10.7 Mya. Two major lineages have diversified in Eriosema, one including most of the African species (4.41–6.68 Mya), the other mainly composed of the South American cerrado species (3.56–5.78 Mya). These results revealed that Eriosema is a recent and tropical savanna-adapted group, and its diversification occurred in the late Miocene in parallel with the expansion of C4 grasslands.
Brazilian Flora 2020: leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network
(2021-12) Silva, Janaina Gomes da; Filardi, Fabiana Luiza Ranzato; Barbosa, Maria Regina de Vasconcellos; Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade; Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo de Mattos; Cavalcanti, Taciana Barbosa; Coelho, Marcus Alberto Nadruz; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Costa, Denise Pinheiro da; Dalcin, Eduardo Couto; Labiak, Paulo; Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante de; Lohmann, Lúcia Garcez; Maia, Leonor Costa; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Menezes, Mariângela; Morim, Marli Pires; Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento; Lughadha, Eimear Nic; Peralta, Denilson Fernandes; Prado, Jefferson; Roque, Nádia; Stehmann, João Renato; Sylvestre, Lana da Silva; Pereira, Larissa Trierveiler; Walter, Bruno Machado Teles; Silva, Geraldo Zimbrao da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver-sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo-nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis arewidely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwidehave devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparationof a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to moreof the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plantsoccurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on thealgal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project thatused cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals.This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plantsfound in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be-yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic tothe country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plantgroups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un-equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun-try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades,the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, andplants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future researchand for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
(2022) Sodré, Rodolfo Carneiro; Silva, Marcos José da
During a taxonomic study of the species of Croton sect. Adenophylli occurring in Brazil,approximately 140 collections usually identified as Croton echioides, C. rhamnifolius or C. rhamnifolioidescaught our attention due to the distinct morphology of vegetative and reproductive organs. After the analysis of these collections, we concluded that they represent a new species, C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov., which was also corroborated by an anatomical study of their leaves. This new species can be differentiated by pseudomonopodial branching, leaves with petioles up to 1.7 cm long, 4–6 subsessile nectary glands and indumentum of sessile trichomes on both surfaces. Detailed descriptions, including details of leaf anatomy, are provided for C. sertanejus sp. nov. and C. echioides, its closely relatedspecies. We also formalize the synonymization of C. kalkmannii under C. echioides and re-evaluate the typification of these names, in order to better clarify their taxonomic status.
Senna (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) na Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brasil
(2016-09) Souza, Alessandro Oliveira de; Silva, Marcos José da
Senna is the second largest genus in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae with 300 species, of which 80 occur in Brazil. The taxonomy of the Brazilian species of Senna is poor studied, particularly in the Midwest of country. This study aimed to the taxonomic survey of the species of Senna occurring in the National Forest Silvânia, Goiás. We found nine species which corresponds to 10% of the species occurring in Brazil and 37% present in the State of Goiás. We provided identification key, descriptions, comments about geographical distribution, morphological similarities and, phenology, as well as images to eight species.
Os gêneros Apuleia, Dimorphandra, Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae), Bauhinia, Schnella (Cercidoideae), Copaifera, Hymenaea e Peltogyne (Detarioideae) (Leguminosae) no Parque Estadual da Serra Dourada, Goiás, Brasil
(2017-09) Souza, Alessandro Oliveira de; Silva, Marcos José da; Dantas, Murilo Melo
A taxonomic survey of the genera Apuleia, Bauhinia, Copaifera, Dimorphandra, Hymenaea, Peltogyne, Schnella and Tachigali in the Serra Dourada State Park (SDSP) was carried out in order to contribute to the knowledge of the Leguminosae present in the Central West region of Brazil, where studies on the family are scarce. Fifteen species were found. Bauhinia was the most numerous genus with six species, followed by Hymenaea and Tachigali with two species each. Apuleia, Copaifera, Dimorphandra, Schnella and Peltogyne were represented by only one species each. An identifcation key, illustration to the taxa, and comments on their geographical distribution are provided.
Brazilian Flora 2020: innovation and collaboration to meet Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)
(2018-12) Filardi, Fabiana Luiza Ranzato; Barros, Fábio de; Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade; Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo de Mattos; Cavalcanti, Taciana Barbosa; Coelho, Marcus Alberto Nadruz; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Costa, Denise Pinheiro da; Goldenber, Renato; Labiak, Paulo Henrique; Lanna, João Monnerat; Leitman, Paula Moraes; Lohmann, Lúcia Garcez; Maia, Leonor Costa; Mansano, Vidal de Freitas; Morim, Marli Pires; Peralta, Denilson Fernandes; Pirani, José Rubens; Prado, Jefferson; Roque, Nádia; Secco, Ricardo de Souza; Stehmann, João Renato; Sylvestre, Lana da Silva; Viana, Pedro Lage; Walter, Bruno Machado Teles; Silva, Geraldo Zimbrao da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was established by the Conference of Parties in 2002 to decrease the loss of plant diversity, reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. To achieve this overarching goal, the GSPC has established a series of targets, one of which is to ensure that plant diversity is well understood, so that it can be effectively conserved and used in a sustainable manner. Brazil hosts more than 46,000 species of plants, algae and fungi, representing one of the most biodiverse countries on Earth, and playing a key role in the GSPC. To meet the GSPC goals of Target 1 and facilitate access to plant diversity, Brazil committed to preparing the List of Species of the Brazilian Flora (2008–2015) and the Brazilian Flora 2020 (2016–present). Managing all the information associated with such great biodiversity has proven to be an extremely challenging task. Here, we synthesize the history of these projects, focusing on the multidisciplinary and collaborative approach adopted to develop and manage the inclusion of all the knowledge generated though digital information systems. We further describe the methods used, challenges faced, and strategies adopted, as well as summarize advances to date and prospects for completing the Brazilian flora in 2020.
Hippomaneae (Euphorbiaceae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brasil
(2018-06) Santos, Pablo Henrique Bueno dos; Sodré, Rodolfo Carneiro; Silva, Marcos José da
The Euphorbiaceae of the tribe Hippomaneae are complex and poorly studied taxonomically due to having small and homogeneous flowers. Based on monthly collections since 2011, analysis of herbarium collections and specific literature was performed the taxonomic treatment to the Hippomaneae present in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, an area whose flora is rich and little known. Fifteen species belonging to five genera were found: Microstachys and Sapium, the most diverse, with nine and three species respectively, followed by Gymnanthes, Maprounea and Sebastiania with one species each. Sapium haematospermum is firstly recorded in the state of Goiás. Species identification key, species descriptions with comments and illustrations, besides the transference of Sebastiania anisodonta and S. salicifolia to the genus Microstachys and a lectotipification.
Sinopse taxonômica do gênero Senna (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cassieae) na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil
(2018-06) Silva, Marcos José da; Santos, Josimar Pereira; Souza, Alessandro Oliveira de
Taxonomic synopsis of the genus Senna (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cassieae) in Central-West Region of Brazil. Analyses of herbaria material, specialized literature, and fieldwork revealed the occurrence of 75 taxa corresponding to 36 species, four subspecies and 32 varieties of the genus Senna in the Midwest Region. Mato Grosso and Goiás with 26 and 25 species respectively were the states where the genus was more representative followed by Mato Grosso do Sul and Distrito Federal with 23 and 18 species each. Twelve species were common to the four states in the studied region, five (S. corifolia, S. neglecta, S. pentagonia, S. rostrata e S. uniflora) were found only in Goiás, five (S. macrophylla, S. latifolia, S. paraensis, S. quinquangulata e S. tapajosensis) in Mato Grosso, two (S. hilariana, S. paradictyon) and S. septemtrionalis in the Federal District. Identification keys, illustrations with diagnostic characters of taxa and comments on the geographical distribution of them are presented.
O gênero Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brasil
(2019) Santos, Igor Soares dos; Silva, Marcos José da
Bulbophyllum is one of the largest genera of Angiosperms with 2.200 species worldwide. In Brazil, there occur 60 species of which ten are recorded in the state of Goiás. The lack of taxonomic studies including Bulbophyllum in the Cerrado Phytogeographical Domain (CPD) led us to study the genus in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, one of the most preserved areas of the Brazilian CPD. Six species were recorded: B. adiamantinum, B. ciluliae, B. epiphytum, B. exaltatum, B. plumosum, and B. rupicolum. Bulbophyllum adiamantinum is a new record for Goiás. The species are described, illustrated in their diagnostic characters and allow their recognition. Comments on their distribution, ecological preferences, morphological affinities, and phenology are provided. Additionally, a dichotomous key is also presented.
A morfologia do pólen é útil para apoiar a classificação infragenérica de Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae)?
(2018) Athiê-Souza, Sarah Maria; Buril, Maria Teresa; Melo, André Laurênio de; Silva, Marcos José da; Bogler, David; Sales, Margareth Ferreira de
The palynological morphology of 24 species and two subspecies of Stillingia were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis was performed aiming to verify whether the pollen morphology can be helpful for identifying species and infrageneric categories in this group. Pollen grains of Stillingia are subprolate or suboblate, tricolporate, microreticulate, and psilate along the aperture margins. However, the results showed no variation between the species and demystify the importance of pollen morphology in the definition of infrageneric limits. Thus, pollen data cannot be used to distinguish species groups despite contrary indications in the literature.
Epidendrum L. (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Estado de Goiás, Brasil
(2020) Santos, Igor Soares dos; Silva, Marcos José da
Epidendrum L. is one of the largest genera of Orchidaceae Juss. with 2.400 neotropical species, 121 of which are present in Brazil, 69 of which are endemic. The taxonomy of Epidendrum species in the Central-West region is scarcely known and linked to floristic studies on Orchidaceae. Taxonomic treatment of Epidendrum species in the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, one of the most important Permanent Preservation Areas in Brazil, is presented. Six species were found: E. avicula Lindl., E. campacci Hágsater & L. Sánchez, E. dendrobioides Thunb., E. nocturnum Jacq., E. rothii A.D. Hawkes and E. secundum Jacq., growing as epiphytes, terrestrial and rupicolous in different phytophysiognomies. The species are described and illustrated, commented on geographic distribution, morphological relationships, phenology, as well as contrasted in a dichotomous key and allocated to informal groups recognized for the genus.
O gênero Galeandra Lindl. (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás, Brasil
(2020) Santos, Igor Soares dos; Silva, Marcos José da
Galeandra Lindl. is a neotropical genus with approximately 18 species distributed from the south of Florida, including Antilles, to the north of Argentina, with Brazil being its center of diversity, with 14 species, of which three are endemic. This study presents the taxonomic treatment of Galeandra species occurring in the Federal District and the Goiás State. Six species were found (G. beyrichii Rchb. f., G. blanchetii E.S. Rand., G. junceaoides Barb. Rodr., G. montana Barb. Rodr., G. paraguayensis Cogn. and G. styllomisantha (Vell.) Hoehne), which follow which are contrasted by an identification key, taxonomic descriptions, comments, as well as a distribution map, illustrations and photographs.
Microlicia D. Don (Microlicieae, Melastomataceae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Estado de Goiás, Brasil
(2020) Diniz, Danielle de Oliveira; Silva, Marcos José da
Microlicia D. Don comprises 170 species, of which 150 occur in Brazil, being 149 endemic. The taxonomic knowledge about this genus in the Brazilian Midwest region is insufficient. For this reason, the taxonomic treatment of Microlicia in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, in Goiás State, Brazil, is presented. The collections were conducted for 24 months between 2014 and 2016, and the expeditions lasted from three to five days each. Eighteen species were recorded, four of which described during this study (M. chrysoglandulosa R. Romero, Versiane, Fontelas & D.O. Diniz-Neres, M. veadeirana D.O. Diniz-Neres & M. J. Silva, M. latifolia D.O. Diniz & M.J. Silva and M. stenodonoides D.O. Diniz-Neres & M.J. Silva). Microlicia scoparia DC. was recorded for the first time from the Goiás State. Microlicia crebropunctata Pilg. and M. melanostagma Pilg. are considered rare species. The other species were considered common in the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais. It is provided an identification key, descriptions, comments on distribution, phenology and morphological relationships, as well as illustrations and photographs for most of the recorded species. With this study, the number of species recorded for the state of Goiás rises from 19 to 24.
Relevância sistemática da morfologia de frutos dos gêneros americanos da tribo Hippomaneae A. Juss. ex Bartl. (Euphorbiaceae A. Juss.)
(2020) Athiê-Souza, Sarah Maria; Melo, André Laurênio; Silva, Marcos José da; Sales, Margareth Ferreira
A morphology study of fruit and seed of 12 American genera in the tribe Hippomaneae is presented, aiming to evaluate the taxonomy value of these characters. Some characters are consistent (e.g., fruit dehiscence, style length, shape of the mericarp internal septum, occurrence mericarp with separate basal triangle, wings and columella apex shapes, presence or absence of carpidiophore, the presence of aril, presence and shape of the caruncle and surface ornamentation), and characterize genera. The results confirm the taxonomic importance this structures for American genus Hippomaneae. In addition fruits and seeds descriptions of each genus and illustrations were given.
Anatomia comparada dos órgãos do sistema vegetativo de três espécies de Encyclia (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae)
(2021) Santos, Igor Soares dos; Alonso, Alexandre Antonio; Silva, Marcos José da
Encyclia comprises 150 species distributed in forest or savanic vegetations of the Americas. The anatomy of their vegetative organs is diversified and useful on taxonomic grounds. We aimed to describe the morphoanatomy of the vegetative system of Encyclia chapadensis L. C. Menezes, E. linearifolioides (Kraenzl.) Hoehne, and E. osmantha (Barb. Rodr.) Schltr., emphasizing these characters that are both, helpful to set them apart and reflect the ecological conditions of their habitats. Some observed characters reflect adaptations to water restriction (hypostomatic leaves with hypodermis, roots with thick velamen, differentiated in endo and epivelamen, pseudobulbs with water- storage cells and thick cuticle) and mechanical reinforcement for support tissues (vascular bundles with fibers, presence of extravascular fibers and thickening in “fi” in the radicular cortex), indicating that some anatomical features reflect some abiotic conditions of the environment. The studied taxa can be differentiated through leaf, stem and root characters.
O gênero Galeandra Lindl. (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás, Brasil
(2020) Santos, Igor Soares dos; Silva, Marcos José da
Galeandra Lindl. is a neotropical genus with approximately 18 species distributed from the south of Florida, including Antilles, to the north of Argentina, with Brazil being its center of diversity, with 14 species, of which three are endemic. This study presents the taxonomic treatment of Galeandra species occurring in the Federal District and the Goiás State. Six species were found (G. beyrichii Rchb. f., G. blanchetii E.S. Rand., G. junceaoides Barb. Rodr., G. montana Barb. Rodr., G. paraguayensis Cogn. and G. styllomisantha (Vell.) Hoehne), which follow which are contrasted by an identification key, taxonomic descriptions, comments, as well as a distribution map, illustrations and photographs.
Revised delimitation of Croton campestris (Euphorbiaceae), including description of two new species, molecular phylogenetic, anatomical and micromorphological data
(2022) Sodré, Rodolfo Carneiro; Alonso, Alexandre Antônio
Croton section Adenophylli is the largest section in the genus, with around 223 species distributed in the neotropical region. One of the main diagnostic characteristics of this section is the fruit columella, which has three prominent ascending terminal appendages. During a taxonomic review of this section in Brazil, we observed that C. campestris has a problematic taxonomic circumscription, thereby being confused with some other congeners. We investigate the circumscription of C. campestris through the examination of several herbarium specimens across its entire geographic range, and in its different habitats. We conducted macro- and micro-morphological studies as well as molecular analyses based on DNA sequences. Our results allow us to propose two new species (C. hatschbachii and C. stellatorotatus), update the nomenclature of C. campestris and C. subvillosus, and define the systematic positions, phylogenetic relationships, morphology and leaf anatomy of the above-mentioned taxa. The species are described, and their geographic distributions, morphological relationships, flowering and fruiting times, and conservation statuses are commented on. The two new species are also illustrated. Seventeen new synonyms, thirteen lectotypes and two neotypes are proposed. We also provide a key for the identification of 11 taxa belonging to the section Adenophylli, previously confused with C. campestris.
A prática como componente curricular nos cursos de licenciatura em ciências biológicas: movimentos entre formação e trabalho docente
(2018-12) Oliviera Neto, José Firmino de; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves
This paper aims to understand how the Practice as a Curricular Component (PCC) is configured in the Biological Sciences Degree courses of two public universities in the State of Goiás, Brazil. For this, the qualitative approach, based on a documentary research, was used. The data source consisted of the Pedagogical Projects of the institutions investigated. For the analysis, Content Analysis was used, with five categories emerging, of which the Interdisciplinarity category and the pcc approach are discussed in this work. It was perceived that the component is linked to a conception of interdisciplinarity, being constituted as an element that can break the ri gi dity undertaken in the formation, as well as in the constitution of teaching in Basic Education. Regarding the activities designed to carry out the inte rs ection bet ween theory and practice, it is perceived that they are based on an active teaching-learning perspective.
Macroinvertebrados aquáticos como bioindicadores no processo de licenciamento ambiental no Brasil
(2016) Buss, Daniel Forsin; Roque, Fabio de Oliveira; Sonoda, Kathia Cristhina; Medina Junior, Paulino Barroso; Stefanes, Mauricio; Imbimbo, Hélio Rubens Victorino; Kuhlmann, Mônica Luisa; Lamparelli, Marta Condé; Oliveira, Leandro Gonçalves; Mollozzi, Joseline; Campos, Mônica de Cássia Souza; Junqueira, Marília Vilela; Ligeiro, Raphael; Moulton, Timothy Peter; Hamada, Neusa; Mugnai, Riccardo; Baptista, Darcilio Fernandes
In Brazil, the environmental licensing process has many stages, and it was designed as a tool to identify the potential and to prevent environmental damages caused by enterprises. Although this procedure is required since the mid-1980s, it is still limited regarding the use of bioassessment and biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems. In this process, the agency responsible for the licensing (federal, state or local) is the responsible for defining the parameters to be measured. Those parameters are required based on the type and magnitude of the project, and the specific environment and location proposed for its installation. We recommend that biological responses should be used to assess and monitor stressors on aquatic ecosystems. Macroinvertebrates have been used worldwide as bioindicators because they have some advantages over other biological groups for this purpose. In 2011, the ‘Intersectoral Working Group on Biomonitoring’ was created to discuss the use of macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring programs. This paper presents proposals and recommendations aiming to stimulate and provide guidance for the use of this group in the context of the environmental licensing process in Brazil.
Computer-aided identification of novel anti-paracoccidioidomycosis compounds
(2018) Silva, Lívia do Carmo; Junior Neves, Bruno; Gomes, Marcelo; Melo Filho, Cleber Camilo de; Soares, Célia Maria de Almeida; Andrade, Carolina Horta; Pereira, Maristela
Aim: The shape-based virtual screening was used for the identification of new compounds anti-paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Materials & methods: The study was performed according to the following steps: collection and curation of a dataset of quinolinyl N-oxide chalcones with anti-PCM activity, development and validation of shape-based models, application of the best model for virtual screening, and experimental validation. Results & Conclusion: Among 31 computational hits, eight compounds showed potent antifungal activity and low cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. The checkerboard assay showed that most promising hit (compound 3) displayed additive effecxts with the antifungal cotrimoxazole and amphotericin B. Therefore, the shape-based virtual screening allowed us to discover promising compounds in prospective hit-to-lead optimization studies for tackling PCM.

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