Tales from the tail: unravelling the role of the tail in the emblematic giant anteater

Abstract

Tails, as evolutionary appendages, play diverse functional roles in mammalian species, yet little is known about the tail’s role in the behaviour and survival of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), a vulnerable Neotropical species. We present the first qualitative description of tail-centred behavioural patterns in free-ranging giant anteaters (n=19). Data were collected through extensive behavioural observations (266 h 11 min) in anthropogenic pastureland of the Brazilian Cerrado from August 2021 to November 2023. A detailed description of 11 distinct behavioural patterns is provided, categorised according to their functions (following Hickman in Mamm Rev 9:143–157, 1979) with tail postures and motions identi fied. In addition, tail growth and changes over time are described. Our findings reveal the multifaceted functionalities of the giant anteater’s tail and underscore the importance of the tail in behavioural plasticity, enabling adaptation to environmental challenges such as habitat fragmentation and climate change. This investigation offers new insights into the tail’s role in the survival strategies of this emblematic and threatened species.