Anemia falciforme em crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um hospital universitário em Goiânia-GO entre 2022-2023

Abstract

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease characterized by the abnormal production of hemoglobin S, which leads to the deformation of red blood cells, resulting in complications such as anemia, painful crises, and organ damage. Its pathophysiology involves vaso-occlusion and chronic hemolytic anemia, requiring continuous and multidisciplinary care. In pediatrics, painful crises are the main cause of hospitalization, demanding careful pain assessment, especially in young children. Severe complications, such as strokes, require early screening and specialized tests. In Brazil, advances in public policies and neonatal screening have promoted early diagnosis. In Goiás, the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) is a reference center for the care of these patients. Objectives: To characterize the clinical profile of hospitalized children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia, aiming to support improvements in management and clinical outcomes. Methods: This is an observational, descriptive, and retrospective study based on the analysis of 25 medical records of patients hospitalized between January 1, 2022 and January 31, 2023. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis and complete clinical data were included. Variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics and association tests (Chi-square and odds ratio), with a significance level of 5%, using SPSS software version 22. Results: Most patients were between 10 and 18 years old (60%) and male (56%). The main causes of hospitalization were painful crises (28.9%) and acute chest syndrome (21%). Only 12% underwent transcranial Doppler, while 32% had echocardiography and 48% abdominal ultrasound. Complications included splenic sequestration (24%), stroke (8%), and bone necrosis (4%). The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was high (96%), but only 12% of records documented the use of pain scales. Adolescents were more likely to receive opioids compared to children (OR: 12). Oxygen therapy was required in 36% of hospitalizations. Conclusions: Hospital care for children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia still presents significant shortcomings. The implementation of clinical protocols, improved documentation, and specialized follow-up are essential to enhance care quality and improve patient prognosis.