Spatial and statistical patterns of aircraft noise complaints

Abstract

This study proposes and applies an integrated geospatial and statistical approach to investigate the spatial distribution of aircraft noise complaints (2021–2023) near Congonhas Airport (CGH). The methodology comprised four stages: (1) developing a multivariate theoretical framework; (2) collecting and integrating operational and territorial data; (3) spatial modeling using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools; and (4) multiscale statistical analysis incorporating Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.565). Results reveal that 70% of complaints fall outside the noise contours established by the airport’s Specific Noise Zoning Plan, highlighting significant regulatory limitations. Additionally, 87% of complaints originated from residential areas directly under landing and takeoff trajectories. Statistical modeling identified the most influential variables as the presence within 65- and 70-dB zones, inclusion in landing routes, total built-up area, maximum building height, and distance to the runway. The study offers a replicable conceptual and methodological framework for urban airports, with applications in airport noise management, public policy development, acoustic zoning revision, and environmentally sensitive urban planning. This approach is particularly relevant for airport managers, regulatory agencies, and professionals in geotechnologies and urban sustainability.