Tri-trophic networks of oak gall-inducing-insects and their parasitoids in Mexican avocado agrosystems: forest coverage and local climatic variables importance

Abstract

Despite trees of temperate forest ecosystems (TFEs) maintain a great diversity of biotic interactions, they are threatened by changes in land use. In Mexico, the main threat to TFEs is the conversion to avocado orchards, generating forest fragmentation affecting trophic networks, like gall-inducing insects (GII) and their parasitoids. We determined the changes in structure and diversity of trophic assemblages of GII and their parasitoids associated in Quercus castanea, Q. obtusata