Comparison between produced Tingui biochar versus commercial Norit in the adsorption of acetaminophen and diclofenac: characterization, batch, and fixed bed system

Abstract

In pressing environmental challenges, practical solutions to remove organic contaminants from water are par- amount. This study undertook a crucial task of comparing two adsorbents: BT-KOH, synthesized from Tingui bark activated with potassium hydroxide, and Norit commercial carbon. The comparison was based on experimental data from adsorption kinetics and isotherm tests in batch and fixed bed systems, targeting the removal of acetaminophen and diclofenac. Physico- chemical characterization analyses of the materials were also conducted to enhance the comparison. RESULTS: The study's key finding was the superior performance of BT-KOH over Norit in removing acetaminophen and diclofe- nac. The maximum adsorption capacities for acetaminophen were 357.7 mg g−1 for BT-KOH and 226.3 mg g−1 for Norit. For diclofenac, these values were 250.6 mg g−1 for BT-KOH and 220.9 mg g−1 for Norit. This superiority was attributed to BT-KOH's larger specific surface area and higher quantities of oxygen-containing functional groups. CONCLUSION: The result underscores the importance of considering the physical–chemical composition of materials in the quest for more effective and sustainable water treatment methods.