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Item Earwax as an alternative specimen for forensic analysis(2017-03-24) Shokry, Engy Shokry Abdel Samie; Marques Júnior, Jair Gonzalez; Ragazzo, Paulo Cesar; Pereira, Naiara Zedes; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoIn this work, we presented, for the first time, earwax as an alternative forensic specimen for detecting 12 neuropsychotic drugs employing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion modes after straightforward extraction with methanol. The method was validated and standard curves were established by external calibration with correlation coefficients >0.99. All precision, accuracy, matrix effects, extraction recoveries, and carryover were within acceptable limits; limits of quantification were sufficiently low to quantify almost all the samples tested. To confirm the feasibility of the study, earwax specimens were collected from actual patients treated with different combinations of the 12 drugs and analyzed by our method; the 12 drugs could be quantified from the earwax specimens of the users successfully, showing usefulness of earwax specimens, because of its noninvasive sampling and the storage of drug(s) for relatively long time together with its being relatively less contaminated by environmental impurities. This study is pioneering; many detailed studies on earwax as an alternative specimen remain to be explored.Item Nature of insoluble material found in the bottom of soybean biodiesel storage tank: chemical and microbiological approach(2018) Cazarolli, Juciana Clarice; Boelter, Gabriela; Lima, Amanda Muliterno Domingues Lourenço de; Hengles, Thaisa Concha Vasquez; Correa, Camila; Peralba, Maria do Carmo Ruaro; Cavalcanti, Eduardo Homem de Siqueira; Bisol, Marcia Veroneze; Bezerra, Kelly da Silva; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Bento, Fatima MenezesDuring biodiesel storage, chemical reactions may occur, producing sludges. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical and microbial composition of the sludge found in a biodiesel storage tank. The material was collected in a biodiesel production plant. The sludge chemical characterization was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), gas chromatography (GC), and the microbial investigation used culture-dependent techniques. The deteriogenic potential of the native microbial community was evaluated using the sludge as a microbial inoculum in a 60 day experiment. The microbial growth, biodiesel degradation, pH alterations, and the detection of esters in the aqueous phase were evaluated. The chemical analysis indicated the sludge composition as fatty acids esters and metallic ions; sterols glycosides were not detected. Seven bacteria and five fungi species were obtained from the sludge. The microbial growth analysis indicated that the native community does not have high biodiesel deteriogenic capacity.Item Avaliação química, ecotoxicológica e genotoxicológica de águas de cavas de mineração a céu aberto(2019-02) Bárbara, Viníciu Fagundes; Tavares, Maria Gizelda de Oliveira; D'Alessandro, Natália Cristina de Oliveira; Silva, Daniela de Melo e; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoArtificial lakes formed in open pit mining areas are complex units and constitute emerging environmental liabilities arising from the mining industry. Although they are increasing in number in several parts of the world, they still form a recent and little studied environmental problem, especially regarding the quality and toxicity of its waters, which may represent worrying environmental risks. This study describes the results of the seasonal analysis of chemical, ecotoxicological and genotoxicological aspects of the waters of three disused gold mining pit lakes located in Mara Rosa, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected in profile in two different climatic seasons, winter and summer, and were chemically analyzed to determine their load of metals and anions. Ecotoxicological Tests and Comet Assays were also developed with fish of the Danio rerio species. The results indicated that the concentrations of the chemical species analyzed were predominantly increased in the surface-bottom direction and higher during the dry season. Lago Azul waters have been shown to be chemically more compromised as they are acidic and rich in potentially toxic analytes such as aluminum, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc. No significant ecotoxicological alterations were identified for any of the analyzed samples, although, in genotoxicological terms, Lago Azul presented DNA damage from concentrations of 25% in the dry season and 50% in the wet season.Item Development of methods to quantify free and conjugated steroids in fatty matrices by HPLC–MS/MS(2020-05-22) Bezerra, Kelly da Silva; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoSteroids are called the “fingerprint” of oils, fats, and their derivatives. Different classes of steroids may be present in these matrices. Most of the methods developed to analyze these constituents involve the determination of free steroid content, although their conjugated forms are extremely important in determining the total composition. Thus, this article demonstrates that the coupling of sequential mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography obtained high sensitivity and high specificity of mass resolution to identify and quantify the main classes of steroids. Four methods were developed to quantify steroids free, esterified, glucosides, and acylated glucosides by internal standardization using betulin. The main validation parameters were tested and demonstrated good correlation results for the methods. The content of free steroids was the majority in all samples, whereas the content of glucoside steroids was the least abundant. The contents of free steroids quantified in the degummed soybean oil were significantly reduced in relation to the refined oil. A small amount of esterified steroids was superior in refined soybean oil than in degummed oil. Comparing the steroid content between degummed oil and biodiesel, we found that the concentration of free and esterified steroids decreases in the conversion to biodiesel, whereas the concentration of glucoside steroids increases slightly.Item Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by Pleurotus ostreatus(2019) Ferreira, Glalber Luiz da Rocha; Vendruscolo, Francielo; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoThe existing techniques for the removal of heavy metals are expensive and frequently inefficient. Thus the application of biosorbents has arisen as an alternative, this being emergent technology that must be studied and explored, with the aim of promoting better environmental and human life quality. The objective of this study was to verify the capacity of active and inactive Pleurotus ostreatus fungal biomass in removing Cr(VI) ions by biosorption from synthetic aqueous solutions of these ions at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg L -¹. When using active biomass, the kinetic studies showed that 100% of biosorption was reached from the 25 mg L-¹ Cr(VI) solution in 360 hours, equivalent to the removal of 169.84 mg g 1 of total Cr. On the other hand the inactive biomass reached 100% of its saturation capacity in 22 minutes for a concentration of 50 mg L-¹ of Cr(VI), equivalent to the removal of 368.21 mg g 1 of total Cr. The kinetic study was shown to be highly effective, presenting an efficiencies of times 500 and 750 for the active and inactive P. ostreatus biomasses, respectively, when compared to the limit of 0.1 mg L-¹ of Cr(VI) for industrial effluents described in CONAMA resolution n 430/2011.Item Improvement of the extraction process for high commercial value pigments from Desmodesmus sp. microalgae(2016) Soares, Aline Terra; Marques Júnior, Jair Gonzalez; Lopes, Rafael Garcia; Derner, Roberto Bianchini; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoConsidering the high interest and commercial value of pigments from microalgae, this study aimed to stablish the best lutein and β-carotene extraction method for Desmodesmus sp., a microalgae with high biomass production. The evaluation was done considering the best solvent or solvent mixture, number of extractions, pre-treatment of dry biomass with acetone, saponification in methanol and ethanol and stability evaluation of the obtained extract. Among achieved results, the best solvent extractor was a hexane:ethanol mixture in a 1:1 (v/v) proportion. In order to obtain maximum yield, the pattern stablished includes six extractions performed for 40 minutes. Stability tests presented that xanthophylls and carotenes pigments were more stable in methanol and that xanthophylls and carotenes pigments were less negatively affected than chlorophylls in the methanolic extract. Chromatographic identification and quantification of pigments from Desmodesmus sp. microalgae revealed that its major constituents are trans-zeaxanthin, chlorophyll b, β-carotene and trans-lutein.Item Analysis of major carotenoids and fatty acid composition of freshwater microalgae(2019) Soares, Aline Terra; Costa, Dayane Cristina da; Vieira, Armando Augusto Henriques; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoConsidering the nutraceutical properties, the high commercial value from pigments and essential lipids and the environmental sustainability, the purposes of this study were to assess the major carotenoids and fatty acids composition of nine microalgae species as a source of nutraceutical compounds and as fatty raw material for biodiesel production. The carotenoid and fatty acid content were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (HPLC/APCI-MS/MS) and by high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). For the carotenoid analysis, the developed method presented a rapid response, a good chromatographic separation, higher sensitivity and can provides more compounds information due the mass spectrum. Among the microalgae evaluated, Desmodesmus protuberans (10.3 mg g-1), Desmodesmus denticulatus var. linearis (8.43 mg g-1) and Chlamydomonas planctogloea (7.4 mg g-1) are good lutein sources. Coelastrum sphaericum (15.29 mg g-1) and Parachlorella kessleri (22.96 mg g-1) showed high astaxanthin content; the others microalgae species presents low carotenoid content. In addition, Chlorella zofingiensis provides high quantities of γ-linolenic acid (4.3%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were lower than 1.1 %. Regarding for biodiesel production, the promising strains are Coelastrum sphaericum and Parachlorella kessleri.Item Ethanol content determination in medicine syrups using headspace and multidimensional heart-cut gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry(2020) Batista, Lilian Ribeiro; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoDespite the efforts of the pharmaceutical industry to reduce the ethanol content in medicines, many of these products are still commercially available. These medicines must be monitored by quality control techniques using accurate method. Therefore, this study proposes to develop and validate an analytical method for ethanol quantification in adult and pediatric syrups, in order to guarantee the safety of medication certificates. For this, headspace multidimensional gas chromatography (heart-cut) coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-MDGC/MS) was used. The method was validated according to the norm established by National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) presenting limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03% (v/v) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.06% (v/v) ethanol, excellent selectivity and the recovery values (accuracy) were between 96.71 and 101.38%. Ethanol concentrations in commercial medicines syrups varied from 0.06 to 8.83%, which makes evident the need to control the syrup producing industries.Item Genotoxic effect of heavy metals on Astyanax lacustris in an urban stream(2020-09-18) Silva, Emanoelle Pereira da; Souza, Marcelino Benvindo de; Cotrim, Carlos Filipe Camilo; Costa, Andreya Gonçalves; Lucena, Matheus Mendonça; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Pereira, Julião; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro Martins; Silva, Daniela de Melo eUncontrolled urbanization growth contributes to the pollution of aquatic environments. Heavy metals released by domestic and industrial effluents can negatively affect aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental pollutants, such as metals, on fish DNA damage, in stretches of an urban stream. Specimens of the Neotropical fish, Astyanax lacustris, were exposed in situ for 96 h along the Antas stream, a Brazilian aquatic system deteriorated by anthropogenic factors. Water and sediment samples were collected simultaneously for physicochemical and heavy metal analyses. The comet assay was performed as a biomarker of genotoxicity. Fish located downstream had a higher frequency of DNA damage than in the reference site. We found concentrations of Cr and Ni above acceptable levels in sediment samples. Generally, Ba, Mn, Mg, Zn, Cr, and Ni were the elements most associated with genotoxic damage. Water and sediment of the Antas stream showed genotoxic potential in A. lacustris according to the urbanization gradient, demonstrating the importance to prevent the release of environmental pollutants, especially heavy metals in urban areas.Item Produção de biodiesel etílico de óleos e gorduras de fritura residuais via esterificação ácida seguida de transesterificação alcalina(2017-12) Luchetti, Rúbia de Pina; Costa, Dayane Cristina da; Siqueira, Ana Júlia; Alves, Maria Isabel Ribeiro; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoThe use of ethanol is fundamental to increase the environmental sustainability of biodiesel, as well as the reuse of residual frying oils (ORF). The present manuscript aimed to optimize the production of ethylic biodiesel from ORF, using a chemically optimized conjugated process of acid esterification followed by an alkaline transesterification, through experimental planning 2³. For the esterification the yield was obtained by the reduction of the acid number and for the transesterification by the percentage of the total ester content, confirmed by the analysis of mono-, di- and triacylglycerides. The optimum ORF ethyl biodiesel production was obtained using the esterification process with 2.5% H2SO4 and ethanol: ORF molar ratio of 11:1 for 4 h, transesterification with 1.5% of the concentration of KOH and molar ratio Ethanol: grease content of 13:1 for 4 h, resulting in a biodidesel with similar quality to commercial ones.Item Sandpaper-based electrochemical devices assembled on a reusable 3D-printed holder to detect date rape drug in beverages(2021-04-20) Rocha, Danielly Santos; Duarte, Lucas da Costa; Silva Neto, Habdias de Araujo; Chagas, Cyro Lucas Silva; Santana, Mário Henrique Palis; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Coltro, Wendell Karlos TomazelliThis study describes the development of a new electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) on alumina sandpaper substrate through a pencil-drawing process for square wave voltammetry measurements of midazolam maleate used as a “date rape drug” in beverages. The proposed ePAD was assembled on a reusable 3D printed holder to delimit its geometric area and ensure better robustness. The ePAD was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The direct drawing of ePADs on sandpaper platforms through a graphite pencil has offered suitable repeatability (RSD = 1.0%) and reproducibility (RSD = 4.0%) using [Fe(CN)6]4– as redox probe. The proposed ePAD provided linear behaviour in the midazolam maleate concentration range between 2.5 and 150 mg L−1 and a limit of detection of 2.0 mg L−1. The feasibility of the ePAD for forensic application was successfully demonstrated through the detection of midazolam in different beverages (water, beer, liquor, and vodka). The intended application revealed low interference of other compounds present in beverages. Based on the achieved results, the proposed ePAD has offered great accuracy with no statistical difference at 95% confidence level from the data recorded by high performance liquid chromatography. The operational simplicity and the robustness ensured by the assembling on a reusable 3D printed holder make the ePAD drawn on sandpaper platform a powerful and promising analytical tool for the analysis of “date rape drugs” opening new possibilities for on-site forensic investigations.Item Concepts and studies on lipid and pigments of microalgae: a review(2016) D'Alessandro, Emmanuel Bezerra; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoThis review describes compounds produced microalgae, such as biodiesel, lipids, fatty acids (FA), triacylglycerides (TAG), and pigments (phycobilins, chlorophylls, and carotenoids). We discuss the factors inducing the accumulation of these metabolites and their economic importance. We focused on cell wall breaking methods of microalgae used to produce biodiesel. A special approach was made to extremophile microalgae used in biodiesel production. The type of methodology used in the cultivation and the use of extremophiles microalgae can permit feasible biodiesel production.Item Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by microorganisms(2017) Vendruscolo, Francielo; Ferreira, Glalber Luiz da Rocha; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoMicroorganisms perform an important function in the bioremediation of contaminated soils, water and effluents. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts and microalgae and cyanobacteria, are low-cost biotechnological tools for the treatment of large volumes of complex effluents containing Cr(VI). As from the selection and identification of new microorganisms and the evolution of Modern Biotechnology, molecular techniques and the characteristics of microorganisms such as their versatility and capacity to adapt to different environments, permit that the biosorption of Cr(VI) be an alternative for the removal of contaminants. Variations in the cell composition, morphology and way of growth, as also a study of the operational conditions, allow for the application of aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms, live or dead, in the removal of Cr(VI). Thus the characteristics of the biosorbents applied in the removal of Cr(VI), the biosorption processes, reactors and bioreactors, and the research developed with a view to the biosorption will be discussed in this review.Item Effects of citrus sudden death disease on fatty acid profile of orange tree bark(2022) Prestes, Rosilene Aparecida; Colnago, Luiz Alberto; Carrilho, Emanuel; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Alves, Maria Isabel RibeiroCitrus sudden death (CSD) is a disease that has affected millions of orange trees in Brazil, leading to economic losses in the order of billions of US dollars. This article examines the effects of CSD on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) extracted from rootstock and scion bark. The fatty acid profile determined by gas chromatography showed a reduction in oleic and linolenic acids, and an increase in the saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid content, which was in line with the severity of CSD. The reduction in linolenic acid content was related to its role in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, which is involved in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as senescence. These alterations in the fatty acid profile were also used to classify plants both with and without CSD symptoms by using chemometric means. This method represents an alternative to support the diagnosis of CSD disease.Item Study ecotoxicity of biodiesel from residual oils and fats and the effects of salinity aquatic ecosystems(2017) Luchetti, Rúbia de Pina; Carrim, Aysha Jussara Ivonilde; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoThe increasing use of biodiesel raised concerns about its toxicological effects on the environment. However, few studies have analyzed the impact of biodiesel, especially ethyl biodiesel from residual frying oils and fats (RFOF), on aquatic organisms. Here, were used biodiesel produced by acid esterification followed the alkali transesterification and biodiesel produced by saponification, acidification and two acids esterification, both in the laboratory and their mixtures (B100, B20, and B7). The eluates were obtained by mixing biodiesel with saline water and tested the effect of several concentrations of them on the mortality rate of nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. The results of study showed that blend of diesel with greater proportion of biodiesel caused less mortality rate to A. salina nauplii. The saline eluate with 93% diesel and 7 % biodiesel (E4 and E10) showed the mortality of A. salina on 50% eluate exposure while E7 it was 90%. The mixture does increase toxicity with the presence of diesel, B100, only in E8 mortality occurred (LD50 = 100%). Conversely, the eluates ER1/100 and ER2/100 produced from ethyl biodiesel of RFOF R1 and R2 biodiesel, respectively, did not have toxicity.Item Culture medium influence on growth, fatty acid, and pigment composition of Choricystis minor var. minor: a suitable microalga for biodiesel production(2016) Menezes, Rafael Silva; Soares, Aline Terra; Marques Júnior, Jair Gonzalez; Lopes, Rafael Garcia; Arantes, Rafael Fonseca da; Derner, Roberto Bianchini; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoThe purposes of this study were to assess the influence of culture medium on biomass production, fatty acid, and pigment composition of Choricystis minor var. minor and to evaluate the use of this microalga as a source of fatty raw material for biodiesel production. Cultures of C. minor var. minor were grown using WC (Wright’s cryptophyte) and BBM (Bold’s Basal medium) media. BBM medium produced more biomass (984.3 mg L−1) compared to the WC medium (525.7 mg L−1). Despite this result, WC medium produced a higher methyl ester yield for biodiesel production than the BBM medium (170.0 and 90.2 mg g−1 of biomass, respectively). The average percentage of fatty acids obtained using the WC medium (17.0 %) was similar to soybean (18.0 %) and with similar biomass fatty acid profile. However, for pigment production, carotenoids and chlorophyll concentrations were twice as high when using the BBM medium.Item Lipid content and fatty acid profile of Nannochloropsis oculata before and after extraction with conventional solvents and/or compressed fluids(2016) Silva, Francis Josiane Liana Baumgardt da; Zandoná Filho, Arion; Brandalize, Marcus Vinícius; Costa, Dayane Cristina da; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Abreu, Paulo Cesar Oliveira Vergne de; Corazza, Marcos Lúcio; Ramos, Luiz PereiraThe lipid content and fatty acid profile of freshly harvested Nannochloropsis oculata was characterized before and after extraction with both conventional solvents and compressed fluids. Among the conventional solvents, ethanol was the most efficient, yielding 11.33 g of fatty acids methyl esters per 100 g−1 of dry microalga biomass. The addition of ethanol as co-solvent at a mass ratio of 1:1 improved the extraction performance of both subcritical propane and supercritical CO2. At 200 bar and 80 °C, the extraction of N. oculata with propane in the presence of ethanol resulted in the best yield of 7.53 g of fatty acid methyl esters per 100 g of the desalted biomass. By replacing propane by carbon dioxide, this yield dropped 45.8%. However, under the conditions used in this study, both conventional and compressed fluid extractions did not remove the entirety of the microalga fatty acids, demonstrating that these processes toned to be optimized to avoid mass transfer limitations. Even so, the use of compressed fluids reduced the amount of solvent used when compared to extraction with a conventional Soxhlet apparatus.Item Temporal variation and risk assessment of heavy metals and nutrients from water and sediment in a stormwater pond, Brazil(2023) Silva, Emanoelle Pereira da; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Pereira, Julião; Formiga, Klebber Teodomiro MartinsUrban watercourses are under pressure owing to the inflow of environmental pollutants from stormwater and effluent. The concentrations of heavy metals, ammoniacal nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP), and physicochemical parameters were monitored in a sediment pond in the Brazilian Midwest. The correlation between the variables and the degree of sediment contamination was verified using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), and Pollutant Load Index (PLI). The general concentrations of the metals were in the order Mn > B > Ba > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni in the water and Mn > Cr > Ba ≥ B > Zn > Cu > Ni . Pb in the sediment. The concentrations of Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and TP in the water exceeded the regulatory limits at least one time. The mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Ni in the sediment samples were 6.32, 1.63, and 2.61 higher than standard values. The applied geochemical indices indicated a moderate to a very high degree of sediment contamination, suggesting the anthropogenic origin of Cr, Cu, and Ni. Significant Pearson correlations were observed between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), Ba, Cr, Mn, Zn, and TP. Ponds and urban lakes require maintenance or may become a source of environmental pollutants.Item Produção, aplicação e caracterização em microescala de biocombustível derivado dos resíduos do peixe colossoma macropomum (cuvier, 1818)(2018) Alves, Roger Pereira; Pereira, Julião; Gomes, Lucas Oliveira; Muniz, Aline Silva; Alves, Maria Isabel Ribeiro; Flores, Igor Savioli; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson RobertoWith exponential growth of different forms of less aggressive energy sources and a possible scarcity of fuels from non-renewable sources, biodiesel becomes a promising product to minimize the environment threats caused by petroleum derivates, besides providing innumerable opportunities in the industrial sector. The present work evaluated the production of biodiesel from Colossoma macropomum fish. Its physicochemical parameters were compared to the minimum limits set by ANP45/2014 resolution. The extraction was done from the fins, head and viscera, followed by grinding/drying steps, soxhlet extraction, washing/filtration and phase separation. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out via transesterification. The acidity index, ester content, specific mass, kinematic viscosity and total sulfur are in agreement with the above resolution; the oxidative stability was only slightly below the minimum limit established by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP).Item Bioprospecção em algumas espécies de microalgas do Nordeste do Brasil em relação ao seu uso potencial para produção de biodiesel(2016) Calixto, Clediana Dantas; Silva, Rene Pinto da; Silva, Everton Vieira da; Melo, Marco Aurélio Rodrigues de; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson Roberto; Sassi, Cristiane Francisca da Costa; Conceição, Marta Maria da; Sassi, RobertoThis work aimed to evaluate different species of microalgae isolated from marine and freshwater environments from the Northeast of Brazil in regarding to its capacity of biomass production and accumulation of esters. The research also has the intention of characterize the changes in the fatty acid profile of each species and its influence on the properties of the produced biodiesel. The development of the cultures was accompanied by cell counts and by "in vivo" fluorescence analyses and the fatty acid composition of biomass were determined by GC-MS. The results showed a potential use for biodiesel production in Pediastrum tetras, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Chlamydomonas sp., Lagerheimia longiseta, Amphora sp., Monoraphidium contortum, Chlorella sp. and Cosmarium sp. These species showed high biomass productivity -1 -1 -1 (0.28 – 0.95 g L-¹ d-¹) and contents of the ester higher than the soybean (229.6- 584.9 mg g-¹).