Habitat shifts shaping the diversity of a biodiversity hotspot through time: insights from the phylogenetic structure of Caesalpinioideae in the Brazilian Cerrado

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2016

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Aim We investigated the phylogenetic structure of woody Caesalpinioideae species to address whether in situ diversification or habitat shifts from other biomes explain the species diversity in the Cerrado. Location Amazon and Atlantic rain forests, Cerrado and Caatinga in Brazil. Methods We obtained occurrence data and generated a phylogenetic hypothesis for all woody Caesalpinioideae species occurring in Brazil. We calculated the net relatedness index (NRI) to measure the phylogenetic structure and performed a nodesig analysis to identify which clades contributed to phylogenetic clustering or overdispersion. We also calculated phylogenetic and taxonomic indices of beta diversity to investigate species turnover between Cerrado habitats and neighbouring biomes. Results Species occurring in savannas and forested savannas were more related than expected by chance, i.e. phylogenetic clustering. Clades that were overabundant in savannas and forested savannas, such as Bauhinia, were poorly represented in neighbouring biomes, providing evidence of in situ diversification in some lineages. Savannas shared clades and showed lower phylogenetic than taxonomic dissimilarity from Caatinga, consistent with habitat shifts, mainly in the Cassia and Caesalpinia clades. Main conclusions Dry, open habitats (savannas, forested savannas and Caatinga) have lineages that diversified more recently than those in forest habitats. Caesalpinioideae lineages from savannas and Caatinga are closely related, and this dissimilarity was due to both turnover (55.5%) and nestedness (44.5%). Hence, species inhabiting Caatinga and savannas are often resolved as pairs of sister species, indicating habitat shifts (especially in the Cassia and Caesalpinia clades). The higher phylogenetic diversity of species in the Caatinga than in savanna and forested savanna may indicate that lineage shifts may have occurred, mainly from the Caatinga into the savanna habitats. Phylogenetic and taxonomic dissimilarity of savannas with Amazon and Atlantic rain forests was mainly due to the turnover of lineages, with evidence of in situ diversification in some clades, especially Bauhinia.

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SOUZA-NETO, Advaldo C.; CIANCIARUSO, Marcus V.; COLLEVATTI,  Rosane G. Habitat shifts shaping the diversity of a biodiversity hotspot through time: insights from the phylogenetic structure of Caesalpinioideae in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Biogeography, Hoboken, v. 43, n. 2, p. 340-350, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12634. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12634. Acesso em: 14 jul.