Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas
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Item Expressão de genes ortólogos relacionados à tolerância à seca em arroz(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-04-04) Abreu, Fernanda Raquel Martins; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Brondani, Claudio; Pereira, Maristela; Vianello, Rosana PereiraDrought, a major problem concerning a sustainable rice production in Brazil and worldwide, is responsible for a series of plant responses, including modification in gene expression, accumulation of metabolites and protein synthesis. In order to verify the correspondence between five Arabidopsis genes (PLDα1, LEW2, GluR2, Lsi1 e EIN2), previously related to drought tolerance, and their respective orthologs in rice, the present study analyzed two contrasting rice genotypes for drought, Douradão, the tolerant genotype, and Primavera, the susceptible one. The genotypes were submitted to drought stress and subsequently evaluated for gene expression by quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The comparison of gene expression, between leaf and root tissues, showed a greater expression in roots, within their vegetative stage, and leaves, within their reproductive stage. Differential expression were observed mainly among the genes whose orthologs in Arabidopsis encode phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) and ethylene-insensitive protein (EIN2); these proteins are directly related to abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone that when identified in higher concentration in cells triggers the expression of drought stress-responsive genes, besides it is also responsible for the regulating the water loss (by transpiration) by controlling of stomatal movement. The results suggested that orthologs genes were in fact drought stress-responsive genes in rice, and emphasized the feasibility of PLDα1 and EIN2 overexpression in rice plants, supporting plant breeding programs in the development of drought tolerant genotypes.Item Distribuição da variabilidade genética e fluxo de pólen em subpopulações de Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-12-21) Almeida Júnior , Edivaldo Barbosa de; Soares , Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Chaves , Lázaro José; Borba , Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Collevatti , Rosane GarciaThe Annona crassiflora Mart. species (Annonaceae) is a fruit plant native from Cerrado, widely distributed throughout the biome. The goal here was evaluate the spatial distribution of genetic variability in natural subpopulations of the species, geographically, and relate the genetic diversity levels with climatic and landscape profile, furthermore the pollen dispersal within a subpopulation. We used here six pair of microsatellite primers. To evaluate thedistribution of genetic variability we sampled 25 natural subpopulations, 30.6 plants per subpopulation, on average. We estimate the genetic diversity (He), allelic richness (Ar), fixation index (f), genetic structure, using coancestry coefficient (θ) and inbreeding coefficient of overall population (F). The spatial pattern the genetic variability was evaluated by Mantel test, Moran's I index and linear regression of genetic parameter with two spatial dimensions (latitude and longitude). We correlate He, Ar and f with climate suitability and the percentage of Cerrado vegetation around subpopulations. Furthermore we evaluated the pollen dispersal by paternity analysis, using 572 plants, including 460 seeds, 20 mother plants and 92 pollen donors candidate, within a natural subpopulation. The outcrossing rates were also evaluated in maternal families using the mixed mating model. The outcrossing rates indicate mating system with prevalence of allogamy. The assignment of paternity indicated that gene flow mainly occurs in short distances, until 360 meters, in the subpopulation evaluated. The 25 subpopulations have moderate genetic diversity levels and strong genetic structure. We found inbreeding due to the subdivision, but not in mating within subpopulations. The demes belongs to two consistent groups with genetic discontinuity between the northwest and southeast subpopulations distribution. The genetic diversity and allelic richness showed strong relationship with longitude, suggesting a range expansion in the southeastern direction. We noted that spatial distribution of genetic diversity and allelic richness are related to suitability at the last glacial maximum, by an indirect effect of geographical distances, whereas no relationship was observed regarding present suitability. The percentage of cover natural vegetation, in turn not explain the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, allelic richness and inbreeding coefficient.Item Variabilidade genética quantitativa e molecular em uma coleção de germoplasma de Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-03-15) Almeida Júnior, Edivaldo Barbosa de; Chaves, Lázaro José; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5590256762396056; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Chaves, Lázaro José; Vasconcellos, Breno de Faria e; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesThe cagaiteira (Eugenia dysenterica DC)., is a native species of Cerrado. The plant is known for fruit production, which are used in natura or processed in several ways. It also provides food for the local fauna and, therefore, it conservation is important for maintenance for the communities. In order to maintain the productivity potential of the species, we should invest on plant breeding programs. To support these programs and help the species conservation, it is important to characterize the genetic variability available to breeders, both in germplasm collections and natural populations. This could also help to recommend priority areas to collect and conserve the germplasm. Neutral molecular markers have been used to evaluate the distribution of genetic variability in natural populations. The genetic structure of populations is the result of historical interaction between genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. To detect the influence of adaptive processes in the genetic differentiation of populations we used 𝑄𝑆𝑇 index. The comparison of 𝑄𝑆𝑇 to the 𝐹𝑆𝑇, for neutral loci, provides values to test hypotheses about the role of natural selection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the germplasm collection of the cagaiteira from the EA/UFG. We used quantitative traits and microsatellite markers to make inferences about the role of natural selection in the differentiation of the cagaiteira subpopulations of Goiás, Southeast Brazil. Data collected from the quantitative traits were: plant height (AB), height of the first bifurcation (AB), the stem circumference (CC) and mean diameter of the crown projection (DC), leaf length (CL), leaf width (LL), leaf format (FF) and footstalk length (CP). Molecular data were obtained by amplification of eight microsatellite loci. We estimated the following quantitative genetic parameters: heritability and genetic variation coefficient, and the molecular parameters: gene diversity and allelic richness. We compared the probability distributions of the genetic structure parameters for both, quantitative and molecular data (𝑄𝑆𝑇 vs. 𝐹𝑆𝑇). From the quantitative genetic parameters we found modest responses to selection for the traits: AP, CC and DC; and significant responses for CL, LL, FF and CP. It was observed that the samples collected in natural populations are well represented in the germplasm collection, supported by molecular gene diversity. The traits AP, DC and DC are under convergent natural selection, and the traits CL, LL, FF and CP are under divergent natural selection into the cagaiteira subpopulations of Southeast Goiás.Item Qualidade de grãos em feijoeiro-comum: estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, interação com ambientes, eficiência de seleção e correlação entre caracteres(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-06-29) Almeida, Danilo Valente; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9132553601896172; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Silva, Fernanda de Cássia; Ribeiro, Nerinéia DalfolloCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important crops related to human feeding playing an important role in ensuring food security. Bean is an important source of protein, besides providing considerable amount of fiber and micronutrients as iron and zinc. Thus, the search for genotypes with high nutritional value grains and that meet standards for commercialization is among the objectives of common bean breeding program, specially the carioca grain type one, the preferred, according to the demand for more nutritious and fast foods. Thus, this work has for objectives: I) To investigate the genetic variability and the environment and genotype-environment interaction effects on seed iron (FeC), zinc (ZnC), crude fiber (CF) and protein content (PC), cooking time (CT), grain yield (GY), 100 grain weight (GW), sieve yield (SY), grain color at harvest (GCH) and grain color after 90 days of storage (GCS); II) To evaluate the degree of information of evaluations for grain quality conducted in an environment; III) To estimate genetic parameters and genetic gains for FeC, ZnC, CF, PC and CT; IV) To estimate phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations between grain quality traits and GY; V) To select advanced common bean lines with carioca grain type superior for grain quality. 81 common bean lines with carioca grain type were evaluated in Preliminary Tests (PT) in triple lattice design 9x9 with plots of two 4-meter rows. In these trials the traits GY, SY and GW were evaluated and FeC, ZnC, CF, PC and CT were evaluated in only one PT. In this trial the phenotypic and genetic parameters and the genetic gains were estimated. The 20 superior lines were selected considering FeC, ZnC, CF, PC and CT and then evaluated in Validation Tests (VT), conducted in 9environments, between 2015 and 2017, in randomized complete block design with 3 replicates and plots of one 4-meters row. Analysis of variance and joint analysis were performed for all the grain quality traits FeC, ZnC, CF, PC, CT, GY, SY, GCH, GCS and GW evaluated on VT. The phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations were estimated between the traits FeC, ZnC and GY. The phenotypic adaptability and stability parameters were estimated based on the method proposed by Nunes et al. (2005) and the selection of the best genotypes for grain quality was performed based on the index of Mulamba & Mock (1978). The preliminar evaluation of the grain quality traits was efficient and suficient for selecting the superior genotypes for FeC, CF, PC and CT, however, based on the GxE interaction detected, it is recommended to evaluate in at least 2 environments. Significant effects of genotype, environment and genotype-environment were detected for all the traits evaluated on VT. Based on the genetic variability detected, genetic gains can be obtained with the selection for FeC, ZnC, PC and CT, but for CF the available variability is a challenge to obtain important gains. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between FeC and ZnC were significant, wich indicate simultaneous gains for these traits. The lines CNFC 16627, CNFC 16518, CNFC 16602, CNFC 16615 and CNFC 16520 can be used for the improvement of carioca grain quality.Item Variabilidade morfoagronômica da coleção de germoplasma de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) da Universidade Federal de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-08-28) Almeida, Gabriella Queiroz de; Telles, Mariana P. Campos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4707329E5; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783820E2; Chaves, Lázaro José; Peixoto, Nei; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesThis study aimed to characterize the Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) Germplasm Collection owned by the Universidade Federal de Goiás, by measuring 40 morpho-agronomic characters. The collection was designed in randomized blocks with 57 treatments (progenies) and four replications, totaling 192 individual accesses, which represent 29 natural populations and four botanical varieties. The variance components estimation was done using random model, and REML procedure, considering the effects of botanical varieties, populations within varieties, progenies within populations and individuals within progenies. Considering 40 morpho-agronomic characters, it was observed that there is significant genetic variability in seven characters among the progenies, 24 characters among the populations and 18 characters among botanical varieties. In addition, individual heritability was higher than 50% in 21 of them. The highest percentual individual selection gain was estimated for the character number of fruits produced by each plant. Significant correlation in some biometric characters between young and adult plants was noticed, including their productivity, which suggests the possibility of early selection. Among the 55 genetic correlations among the agronomic characters, 25 were significative. The fruit production peak occurred between June and October, H. speciosa var. cuyabensis being the most productive one. Multivariate analyses results showed that H. speciosa var. speciosa is the most genetically different in comparison with the others. The characters suggested as minimum quantitative descriptors for the Mangaba tree were: leaf length and width, petiole length and diameter, length between the knot, corolla diameter, flower peduncle diameter, fruit length and diameter, number of fruits, plant height and first branching heightItem Eficiência da seleção para qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-11-29) Alvarenga, Luís Gabriel Silva; Silva Filho, João Luis da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0608088933335198; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; Silva Filho, João Luis da; Tarazi, Roberto; Chaves, Lázaro JoséCotton fiber is the main feedstock used in the world textile industry. It is determined by several traits of complex inheritance, influenced by the environment, and which can be negatively correlated with each other, hindering genetic gains in selection for fiber quality. The aims of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for traits related to cotton fiber quality; propose a graphical method to measure the gain with the selection using different intensities of selection; and to verify the viability of SCI and CSP as selection indices for fiber quality. From the cross between the cotton cultivars BRS 336, conventional with high quality fiber, and DP 164 B2RF, transgenic with medium quality fiber, two populations were carried out: one using the bulk breeding method, and another from the backcross with the cultivar BRS 336. Fiber samples of F5:6 (bulk) and F3:4RC3 (backcross) progenies were analyzed using HVI apparatus, which evaluates the fiber quality by measuring the traits length (C), maturity (MAT), uniformity (U), micronaire (MIC), elongation (ELG), short fiber index (FC), resistance (R), degree of yellowing (b), the spin-consistency index (SCI) and the reliability index (CSP). Genetic variability was observed among progenies for R, MIC, ELG, C and FC, confirming the complexity of these traits. The means of the two populations met the needs of the industry, indicating the presence of genotypes with commercial potential. Estimates of heritability ranged from 3.29% (Rb - F5:6) to 59.92% (C - F3:4RC3). All traits showed genetic correlations with at least one trait, and negative correlation was observed between C and the traits PF, MIC, MAT and FC. The CSI index presented a negative correlation with FP, MAT and FC, and positive correlation with C and R. The SCI index showed a negative correlation with MIC and MAT, and a positive correlation with C. The selection of the 20% best progenies using both indices presented favorable responses for C, R and FC, with expected reduction in FP, and without significant influence on the other traits. The graphs of the correlated response were more informative than the estimates obtained through the equation, since they do not need the values of genetic correlation, and allow the analysis considering several intensities of selection. The graphs of heritability showed that the selection gains were reduced or negative for some traits as the selection intensity increased. The strategy of using the gain graphs using different intensities of selection is efficient and easy to be implemented by breeding programs, especially when the objective of the program is to evaluate complex traits, influenced by other characters, such as cotton fiber quality.Item Escurecimento de grãos em feijão: parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos, associação com tempo de cocção, seleção assistida por marcadores e obtenção de linhagens elite(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-03-31) Alvares, Renata Cristina; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Bruzi, Adriano Teodoro; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Souza, Thiago Lívio Pessoa Oliveira de; Ganga, Rita Maria DevósThe breeding of common bean cultivars with Carioca grain, slow grain darken-ing, upright plant architecture, and high yield has become a growing challenge. Slow grain darkening will increase the storage time, providing flexibility for producers for the time of sale, and consequently increasing profitability. Studies have demonstrated the existence of genetic variability for this trait, allowing the selection of lines with slow grain darkening. The objectives of this study were i) to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of lines of four segregating common bean populations; ii) select those with slow grain darkening, upright plant architecture and high yield; iii) seek an association between slow darkening and cooking time of grains after storage; iv) evaluate two induction methods of grain dark-ening and v) validate the markers Pvsd-1158 and PVM02TC116, associated with grain darkening. The tested lines were derived from four segregating populations resulting from crosses between the cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola with slow grain darkening and the par-ents BRS Estilo, BRS Cometa, BRS Notável, and CNFC 10429. Three trials were installed with 220 lines (55 per population), and 5 parents in a 5x15 triple lattice design, with plots of two 3-m rows, at three locations. The experiments were conducted in the winter grow-ing season 2012, one in Santo Antônio de Goiás and two in Brasilia. The traits grain yield, plant architecture, grain darkening, 100-grain weight, and cooking time were evaluated. The variance components and genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated, and the phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlation coefficients between grain darkening and cooking time, 90 and 180 days after harvest. Induction methods of accelerated and slow darkening were compared. From the markers Pvsd- 1158 and PVM02TC116, identi-fied as previously linked to the gene that controls grain darkening, the frequency of recom-bination and selection efficiency of the markers was estimated for each population and environment and in the mean of the environments. For slow grain darkening, the estimates of heritability, genetic variance and expected gain with selection were high, indicating good chances of successful selection. For yield, plant architecture and commercial grain size, the estimates of heritability and genetic variance were high, but indicated no high gains with simultaneous selection. Lines with slow grain darkening were obtained from the four populations; the highest number of lines that combined slow darkening with upright plant architecture, high yield, and commercial grain size were derived from the crosses BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo and BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Cometa. No im-portant genetic correlation between grain darkening and cooking time was identified, there-fore, light-colored grains do not indicate a short cooking time. The induction methods of slow and accelerated darkening, provide similar information in the discrimination of lines with slow and regular darkening. The estimates of the recombination frequency for marker Pvsd-1158 were always low, indicating the close linkage of this marker to the gene that controls slow darkening, and were stable in the different environments and populations. Marker PVM02TC116 however was not polymorphic in three of the four populations. The recombination frequency of this marker in the polymorphic population was high, showing that it is unsuitable for marker-assisted selection for grain darkening.Item Métodos de obtenção de novas fontes de resistência à brusone foliar por meio da cultura de tecidos em arroz (oryza sativa)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-12-10) Alves, Lays Lohanne; Lobo, Valácia Lemes da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2687017480805879; Sibov, Sergio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284; Araújo, Leila Garcês; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9895211901348365; Araújo, Leila Garcês; Lobo, Válacia Lemes da Silva; Castro, Adriano Pereira de; Guedes, Márcio LisboaRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of world's population. The productivity in all cropping systems is affected by the blast (Magnaporthe oryzae), the main rice disease, can cause losses of up to 100% depending on climatic conditions and the virulence of the pathogen. Obtaining new sources of blast resistance is very important for the management of this disease. Double haploid populations allow acceleration of lineage fixation as allows homozygotes to be achieved in just one generation. Somaclonal variation is another tissue culture technique successfully used for the induction of blunt mutations. The objective of the present work is to obtain new sources of resistance to leaf blast in populations of double haploids and somaclones. For this, callus induction and plant regeneration were performed from the anthers of BRS Primavera x CNA 923 and immature panicles of the cross between the cultivars Metica-1 and Cica- 8.In a greenhouse, R2 plants were inoculated with the IB-1 and IB-45 pathotypes of Magnaporthe oryzae, from the cultivars Metica-1 and Cica-8, respectively. For each pathotype a population of 800 plants was used. On the seventh day after inoculation, leaf blast severity was evaluated using the scale of scores ranging from 0 to 9, with a score of 0 to 3, representing resistance reactions and 4 to 9, susceptibility reactions. The severity of the blast was evaluated in a population of 50 plants on generation R2 somaclones with each parent (Metica-1 and Cica-8) and their respective M. oryzae races (IB-1 and IB-45). For severity, four evaluations were performed at 48-hour intervals to calculate the area below the disease progress curve (AACPD). The data were submitted to the T test in the SPSS program. Of a total of 800 plants inoculated with the IB-45 breed, 644 plants were resistant and 156 showed susceptibility reactions. For the IB-1 breed, 664 resistant and 136 susceptible R2 plants were obtained, indicating the induction of genetic variation in relation to leaf blast resistance in the initial generations. The T-test showed a significant difference in the severity of blast between the parents and the somaclones, with a mean of 32.96% for the Metica-1 cultivar and 3.36% for the somaclones inoculated with the IB-1 breed, and 34,24 % for the cultivar Cica-8, in contrast whit 7.59% for the somaclones inoculated with the IB-45 breed. There was a significant reduction of the AACPD, with a mean of 56.76% for Metica-1 and 6.22 for the somaclones inoculated with the IB-1 race and 66.83% for the Cica-8 and 12.1 for the somaclones inoculated with the IB -45. There was a significant the somaclones inoculated with the two races, demonstrating that somaclonal variation produces sources of resistance to the pathogen. The R2 plants that presented resistance reaction to the two races were selected and transplanted for generation advance aiming at new sources of blast resistance, thus contributing to the rice breeding program.Item Desenvolvimento de marcadores microssatélites para Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão - Fabaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-08-27) Barateli, Luciana Oliveira; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Brito, Cíntia Pelegrineti Targueta de Azevedo; Soares, Thannya Nascimento; Telles, Mariana Pires de CamposStryphnodendron adstringens presents a wide geographical distribution, being predominant in regions of Cerrado sensu stricto and is popularly known as "barbatimão". It is a species widely used in herbal medicine because of its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiulcerogenic potential. The Cerrado’s removal of vegetation cover reduces significantly the number of several native species, among them S. adstringens. Thus, it is important that efficient strategies for the use and conservation of this species are drawn. In order to provide molecular tools for studies of genetic diversity and conservation of S. adstringens, the present work had the objective of developing microsatellite markers for the species. Genomic DNA was obtained from leaf tissue using the CTAB protocol. The identification of the microsatellite regions and the design of the primers were performed using the QDD program modules. From the identified microsatellite regions, 20 pairs of primers were designed, 14 of which flank microsatellite regions composed of dinucleotides, four by tetranucleotides and two by pentanucleotides. Initially, four individuals were used for the standardization tests of the PCR protocol and annealing temperatures. Subsequently, 48 individuals were selected, distributed in three populations, to evaluate polymorphism via 6% polyacrylamide gel. Of the 20 pairs of primers evaluated, 16 presented polymorphic amplification products and four monomorphic amplification products. Considering the 16 polymorphic markers, the number of alleles varied between two (SadH19) and 13 (SadH13), with a mean of seven alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected (He) and PIC values were 0.506, 0.543, 0.635, respectively. The mean Hmax value founded (65,519) indicates values of genetic diversity that can be considered medians for this set of loci evaluated in three populations of S. adstringens. On the other hand, although genetic diversity is median, this set of 16 polymorphic markers exhibited a ombined probability of paternity exclusion high (0.9999983) and combined probability of genetic identity low (3,49x10-15). The analysis of variance of allelic frequencies presented significant values for two of the three estimated statistics with f not significant 0.050, significant θ equal to 0,329 and F in the overall value also significant 0.360. Thus, it can be concluded that the panel of polymorphic markers developed for S. adstringens is highly informative and indicated for population genetic studies for the species. Another important factor is that these markers can be tested in other evolutionarily close species for the availability of microsatellite markers, without the need to develop new primers.Item Estrutura genética e sistema de cruzamento em Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Mvrtaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-03-28) Barbosa, Ana Clara de Oliveira Ferraz; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Martins, Karina; Figueiredo, Lúcio Flávio de Alencar; Chaves, Lázaro José; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesThe genetic structure of a species corresponds to the amount of genetic variability and its distribution within and among local populations and individuals. The patterns of variability among individuals in a local population are highly dependent of mating system. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mating system, the diversity and genetic structure in populations of E. dysenterica in local and regional scale. The assessment of the mating system and the analysis of genetic structure at the local scale were performed in a population of Mimoso – GO and for the analysis of genetic structure at the regional scale were analyzed 23 natural populations of E. dysenterica derived from six Brazilian states (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Piauí). For all studies seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were used. Considering the 20 families analyzed, the multilocus outcrossing rates (tm = 0.918) and single locus (ts = 0.797) were high and significant. From a total of 399 seeds evaluated, it was possible to determine the pollen donor to 218 seeds (55%) with confidence level of 90%, 174 seeds (44%) with confidence level of 95% and 65 seeds (16%) with confidence level of 99%. In 15 families evaluated were possible to verify the occurrence of multiple paternity, with the number of pollen donor per fruit ranged from one to three. The results presented show that the species E. dysenterica presents mixed mating system and that there is multiple paternity in this species. The intrapopulational spatial genetic structure was positive (R2 = 0.01646, p < 0.001), which was expected since species generally have spatial restriction to disperse. The spatial genetic structure was significant (Sp = 0.0143) and genetic neighborhood (Nb) was equal to 69.93 km. On average, about 30 individuals were analyzed by subpopulation for all loci. The average number of alleles per locus was equal to 9, the genetic diversity was high (0.725) and the observed frequency of heterozygotes (Ho) was 0.610. Were found 18 private alleles in 10 subpopulations. The results for the fixation index ((f) in the subpopulations ranged between -0.058 and 0.338, with an overall value of 0.162, indicating excess of homozygotes in relation to the expected under HWE. The genetic differentiation between subpopulations can be considered relatively high (FST = 0.161). The Mantel test indicates that the genetic divergence of 24 subpopulations evaluated is structured in geographic space (r = 0.427, p < 0.001), suggesting that the model of isolation by distance or stepping-stone are adequate to explain the spatial pattern of genetic divergence among subpopulations of E. dysenterica evaluated.Item Implicações da interação de genótipos com ambientes na recomendação de cultivares de feijoeiro comum: validação de regras e importância de fatores ambientais(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-11-14) Barros, Matheus Souza de; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9132553601896172; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Leonardo Cunha; Mello Filho, Odilon Lemos de; Pereira, Helton Santos; Silva Filho, João Luís da; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima BarbosaThe genotypes by environments interaction (GxA) can be defined as the differential phenotypic response of genotypes in different environments. This phenomenon is the main complicating factor in recommending broadly adapted cultivars in common bean and others crops. The value of cultivation and use (VCU) tests are required for registration of new cultivars. These tests are intended to generate agronomic information about the performance of candidate lines for new cultivars in the various cultivation environments. The rules for conducting VCU tests were very restrictive as they require many tests to register the new cultivar. This step in the development process of new cultivars is the most costly for common bean breeding programs for logistical and operational reasons. Because of this, the standard rule has been relaxed since 2010 and was considers the regionalization of Brazil in edaphoclimatic regions. Thus, ten environments are currently accepted for regions I (South) and II (Central), and six environments for Region III (Northeast). Of which three environments are required per sowing season for the season in which the cultivar is to be indicated. The sowing seasons are for region I “waters” (águas) and “drought” (seca); and for region II "waters" and "winter" (inverno). The tests must be conducted for two years. Thus, this work aims to: validate the number of environments (VCU assays) currently accepted for registration of new cultivars, through computer simulations with real data, and; to evaluate environmental factors to determine their relevance to the phenotypic variation of candidate lines. Grain yield data were used for the study. Data were obtained from 406 VCU trials during 17 years of the common bean breeding program of Embrapa Rice and Beans. During this period 101 candidate lines and 19 commercial cultivars were evaluated as control. The trials were distributed among the three edaphoclimatic regions that contribute most for of the common common bean grain production. For the simulation study an algorithm was built to randomly sample the environments in various combinations. The combinations represent several scenarios, which vary in the number of environments. 288646 simulations were performed and the five best classified genotypes were compared, by coincidence, with the five classified in the complete joint analysis. This analysis uses all available environments in each VCU cycle (two years). Nonlinear modeling was used to adjust estimates to the asymptotic curve to obtain the adjusted averages of coincidence. The curve equation was derived to obtain the instantaneous rate of change. For the criterion of determining the minimum number of environments, the mean value theorem was used to estimate the average rate of change (∆dM) between scenarios, where the x value for the average rate represents the minimum number of environments. For the study of environmental factors two approaches were used: the modeling by mixed models to estimate the variance components and; the classical approach to analysis of variance with decomposition of GxA interaction. In addition to these analyzes, the GxA interaction was decomposed into the simple and complex parts. The results of the simulation study indicated high average coincidence between genotypes even in scenarios with few environments. The elevation of the coincidence was progressive until the scenario with eight environments in regions I and II, which represents the point of ∆dM. However, the number of currently accepted environments (ten) for these regions was more appropriate. For region III, the ∆dM occurred 6.25 indicating that the minimum number of environments for this region is capable of detecting the genotypes most adapted to this region. For sowing seasons, three environments resulted in estimates of over 60% of average coincidence, except for the winter season (53.4%). Thus, it is concluded that the number of environments currently accepted for registration of new cultivars is capable of indicating the superior genotypes. The mixed model evaluation of the environmental factors analysis by region indicated that the GxLxExA interaction is the component of variance that contributes most to the total variance, followed by the effect of locations for regions I and II. In region III the effect of sites was the most important of the components. The analysis of variance of the factors and their partial decompositions indicated that in region I that the isolated effects of times and places together with the GxL interaction were more relevant. In region II, GxE interaction was the most significant componet involving genotypes. The isolated environmental components varied in importance between cycles in the region II. The local effect and GxL interaction are the most expressive components in region III. The decomposition of the interaction was predominantly complex in all studied cycles for all regions. It is concluded, therefore, that in region II the environmental factors sowing seasons, years and location were the ones that participated with most of the total variation. GxE was the most significant among the interactions of environmental factors involving genotypes in region II. In region III the main sources of variation for the isolated effects were location and years, in that order. The variance components indicated that the interaction of genotypes with the environmental components were more important for regions I and II, and for region III the location effect was more relevant. The location effect is the isolated variance component that most contributes to the total variation in all regions. The type of complex interaction was predominant among the combined assays in all regions.Item Progresso genético para produção de grãos obtido em doze anos de melhoramento da população elite de arroz de terras altas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-08-10) Barros, Matheus Souza de; Morais, Orlando Peixoto de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2175152793170778; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1508679345970114; Melo, Patrícia Guimarães Santos; Morais, Orlando Peixoto de; Torga, Paula Pereira; Silva Filho, João Luiz daThe genetic improvement resulted from plant breeding acts decisively in maintaining the supply of agricultural foods like rice. The contribution of this genetic improvement to increase productivity is expressed in many crops by genetic progress which represents the genetic changes in the course of the selection cycles, and promotes the advance of genotypic average towards selection. Among the strategies adopted to increase the gain by selection, the early generation selection proves to be promising. This work has aimed to evaluate the genetic potential for selecting upland rice progenies and estimate the genetic progress for grain yield. The data used in this study were obtained from the progeny yield trials conducted in the period of eleven agricultural years 2002/03 to 2012/13 conducted by Embrapa Rice and Beans. The traits analyzed were grain yield (kg ha-1), plant height (cm) and days to flowering (day). In each year of the experiment, a group of progeny was tested in four to six sites. It was used Federer's augmented block design without replication per site in seven years and with at least three checks, in four years of the series were used two replications. The experimental data within each year were submitted to joint analysis. A mixedeffects linear model was applied for estimating the components of variance by the method of restricted maximum likelihood (REML). From this estimate of the components, it was calculated the genetic and phenotypic parameters, in addition the selective accuracy, the experimental precision coefficient, the experimental variation coefficient and relative variation coefficient. The genetic progress was estimated by the method of generalized linear regression of the adjusted means of progeny groups evaluated in each year by the mixed model approach. The estimates of the relative annual mean gain and the total relative gain for the three studied traits were also obtained. The estimates of genetic variance among progenies for grain yield were highly significant (p < 0.001), except for the progeny group evaluated in 2007. The heritability estimation ranging from 0.22 to 0.69 that, associated with the selective accuracy, indicates the expected level of efficiency with early generation selection in each group of progenies. For Plant height and daysto- flowering, the genetic variance estimates were significant (p ≤ 0.01) in all groups. The variance components for these traits led to a rather high heritability estimation that suggests favorable conditions for selection in early generations. The genetic progress for grain yield (80.5 kg ha-1 yr-1) was highly significant. This value represents a relative annual mean gain of 2.88%. Throughout the period, the cumulative gain was estimated in 32.86% which indicates an increase of 918 kg ha-1 for grain yield. The response for plant height was not significant, suggesting that the height of progenies remained stable over the period. For days-to-flowering, it was detected significant increase in cycle length, indicated by the cumulative increase of the vegetative period in about five days (6.73%). From these results we conclude that early generation selection, adopted by the breeding program, were effective in promoting the genetic gain for grain yield in the elite populations.Item Mapeamento de QTL para componentes de produção em arroz sob duas condições de irrigação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012-08-30) Benício, Cristyene Gonçalves; Brondani, Claudio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4775600104554147; Brondani, Claudio; Borba, Tereza Cristina de Oliveira; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira GuedesRice (Oryza sativa L.) has great social and economic importance worldwide. Produce food for a growing world population, promoting increased productivity in environmentally appropriate conditions, it one of the great challenges of breeding programs. Rice production based on seasonal rainfall, typical of upland rice (rainfed), today represents about 40% of Brazilian production. The agricultural irrigation consumes much of the planet's fresh water, and restricting the use of water resources is a reality. With the rising cost of water for agriculture and potential shortages in some regions of the planet, the development of plants more efficient in the water use is a priority demand of breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the polymorphism of a set of microsatellite markers (SSRs) and SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) and use them for mapping QTL for yield components under two irrigation conditions. The parentals Douradão (drought tolerant) and Primavera (susceptible to drought) resulted in a segregating population consisting of 221 F2:5, which were genotyped with fluorescent SSR markers in analyzer ABI3100 (Applied Biosystems) and SNP markers developed for the GoldenGate platform based on Veracode technology (Illumina). Among the 86 SSRs, 11 (12.8%) did not amplify and 41 (54.7%) were polymorphic. Among the 1920 SNPs, 316 (16.45%) did not amplify for both parentals and 46 (2.87%) were polymorphic. The parentals and their progeny were evaluated in two trials (with and without water deficit) in 12x19 rectangular lattice design with two replications. The composite interval mapping analysis identified 53 QTL, 10 of which related to ISS (index of susceptibility to drought) and five to productivity in water stress condition. Among the identified QTL it were found putative genes related to plant abiotic stress defense mechanisms. Families CNAx15128-70-B, CNAx15128-118-B, CNAx15128-74-B and CNAx15128-120-B showed higher yield under drought and lower ISS. These families may be evaluated by rice breeding programs aiming the development of superior cultivars.Item Diversificação e radiação recente de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae) no cerrado: consequências genéticas frente às mudanças climáticas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-27) Braga, Ramilla dos Santos; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Jardim, Tatianne Piza Ferrari Abreu; Chaves, Lázaro José; Lima, Jacqueline de Souza; Pinto, Rafael BarbosaThe species Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) is considered a valuable genetic resource of the Brazilian Cerrado, mainly due to its medicinal properties. It has been exploited in an extractive manner in its natural habitat, requiring studies of conservation and management plans. Species of this genus had recent diversification in the Cerrado, becoming interesting models for evaluating intraspecific genetic patterns in the biome. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phylogeographic patterns of S. adstringens, in order to infer about the hypotheses of diversification of their lineages in time and space. Beyond to measure the impact of future climate changes on the geographic distribution of the genetic variation of this species. For this, the DNA polymorphism of chloroplastid (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) and nuclear (ETS) regions was quantified in individuals from 17 localities in the Cerrado. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity levels were evaluated to verify the population genetic differentiation. Coalescence analyses were performed to estimate historical demographic parameters and to identify divergence time among populations of S. adstringens. The environmental suitability of S. adstringens in the past, present and historical refuge was used to identify spatial patterns on population genetic diversity. Current and future genetic clusters were simulated from climatic scenarios. Low genetic diversity was found for cpDNA and ETS and the geographical distribution of haplotypes reflects an incomplete lineage sort. There are discordant patterns of interpopulation genetic differentiation between regions of the genome, with greater effect for cpDNA. Historical demographic equilibrium was evidenced for S. adstringens, contrary by ENM, indicating retraction of range. Most recent common ancestor was dated to 1.7 Ma ago, dividing into two main clades with most of the diversification events dating to the Middle Pleistocene. The spatial structure is stronger for ETS, suggesting the existence of isolation by distance and environmental isolation due to temperature variations. Populations closer to the edge of the historic refuge have greater genetic diversity that can be associated with multiple historical refuges and ecological transition from forest to savanna environments. Genetic clusters modeled under current and future climatic conditions, indicate losses and homogenization of genetic variation for the species. The data corroborate the recent population diversification of S. adstringens in the Cerrado, reinforcing the phylogenetic pattern in species of this genus. Beyond, low levels of genetic diversity, reflecting the effects of glacial and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene, suggesting multiple refuges formation. The impact of climate change and the disorderly exploitation of the natural populations of this genetic resource indicate the need for management and conservation plans of the species.Item Caracterização genética de uma população base do programa de melhoramento de cana-de-açúcar da Ridesa/UFG(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-12-21) Carneiro, Karla da Silva; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4723538Z2; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Guedes; Nunes, Camila de Marillac Costa; Lopes, LorennaIn Brazil, the history of sugarcane is related to the social, economic and politic country development. Sugarcane cultivation is considered as the first organized economic activity in the country. The main purpose of sugarcane cultivation is for sugar and biofuel production, but in recent years the energy production from its biomass has also been explored, increasing the attention for this crop. Modern cultivated sugarcane varieties are hybrids from interspecific crosses between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The genetic breeding has given many contributions to sugarcane production and exploration, by the development of superior genotypes. The main sources of variability used in breeding programs are the germplasm banks. However, to explore these resources efficiently it is necessary to have basic information on the available levels of genetic diversity and on its structure, to support decisions on how they can be used in breeding programs. The purpose of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of a base population from the Ridesa/UFG sugarcane breeding program. A sample of 160 sugarcane clones were genotyped using 37,914 SNP markers. The population showed medium levels of genetic diversity. The average Nei’s gene diversity index was estimated to be 0,173, while the medium observed heterozygosity was a little higher (0,236). The genetic divergence, estimated by Roger’s modified distance varied from 0,20 to 0,30. SNP markers were efficient to identify individuals that are genetic divergent or similar, even without genealogy information. The population structure analysis, performed with the software Structure, suggested the existence of two clusters. Each clone had a fraction of its genome inside these two clusters, corroborating the fact that modern sugarcane cultivars are essentially hybrids. Our results suggest that, given the low level of genetic structure among clones, from the breeding programs standpoint, the evaluated population can be managed as weakly structured, although some small groups, including a small number of clones, had been detected. Among the evaluated clones, the least divergent pairs were those formed by the genotypes 023 and 011, and 066 and 036. The most divergent pairs were formed by the clones 131 and 084, and 131 and 063.Item Pré-melhoramento genético, floração in vitro e criopreservação de orquídeas nativas do cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-11-27) Carneiro, Luciano Lajovic; Faria, Ricardo Tadeu de; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4627553641870284; Sibov, Sérgio Tadeu; Carvalho, Virgínia Silva; Galdiano Junior, Renato Fernandes; Ferreira, Wagner de Melo; Santos, Izulmé Rita ImaculadaThe vast majority of orchids species are pollinated by insects, mainly bees, butterflies and moths. The orchid family is generally considered allogamic, but information about the type of reproduction are unknown for most species. Little information exist about orchids of Cerrado, which hinders plant breeding of these species and postpones their use in developing new varieties for the ornamental market. Recent methods of plant biotechnology can assist both plant breeding and conservation of these species, such as induction of early in vitro flowering as important technique particularly for species with a long cycle, and cryopreservation as a tool for the conservation of genetic variability. This study aims to contribute to the improvement and conservation of orchids with distribution in the Brazilian Cerrado. Selfcompatibility was evaluated for seven species: Cohniella cepula, Cyrtopodium eugenii, C. saintlegerianum, Epidendrum densiflorum, Epidendrum nocturnum, Epidendrum secundum e Lockhartia goyazensis. Only three were autocompatible: Epidendrum nocturnum, Epidendrum secundum and Lockhartia goyazensis. Interspecific compatibility was assessed for Cyrtopodium and Epidendrum genera, using reciprocal crosses. Just E. nocturnum and C. eugenii produced viable seeds. For early in vitro floral induction 20 different treatments were used through nutritional changes and use of cytokinin (BAP) in modified MS medium. Only C. cepula showed positive responses to treatment with formation of 46% floral stems. The effect of BAP was evident in the results. Cryopreservation was tested by vitrification of seeds of seven species of orchids, obtained from outcrossing. The responses to cryopreservation were partially different for each species. Most seeds tested showed any significant differences between freezing in liquid nitrogen without cryoprotectants and control without freezing. The freezing without cryoprotectant was successful to maintaining seed viability for all species, C. cepula 63%, C. eugenii 59%, C. sainttlegerianum 70%, E. densiflorum 42%, E. nocturnum 31%, E. secundum 69% and L. goyazensis 52%. Only E .nocturnum and C. cepula showed a significant reduction in viability when submitted to freezing in liquid nitrogen. The results presented here are useful for the development of breeding programs for orchids and conservation of these species.Item Antagonismo entre Magnaporthe oryzae e o fungo micorrízico Rhizoctonia sp.(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-03-25) Carvalho, Jacqueline Campos Borba de; Kato, Lucília; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3488880262260757; Araújo, Leila Garcês de; Kato, Lucília; Lobo, Valácia Lemes da Silva; Filippi, Marta Cristina da Corsi diRice blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch [anamorfo - Pyricularia oryzae Cav.] occurs in all rice growing regions of the world. The sustainable agriculture requires the introduction of biological control as one of the components in the integrated disease management. The microorganisms associated to plants are capable of producing secondary metabolites such as alkaloids which may have a role in biological control. The objective of the present study consists, isolation and identification of secondary metabolites of the micorrhizal fungus Rhizoctonia sp. obtained from Epidendrum nocturnum and evaluate in vitro and in vivo antagonism to M. oryzae. Ten fungal isolates were used to test the antibiosis against M. oryzae. The isolate En07 of Rhizoctonia sp. exhibited a greater halo of inhibition and consequently was considered the best in vitro antagonist to M. oryzae. Crude, mycelial and lyophilized extracts of micorrhizal isolate were obtained. The analysis by CCD of these three extracts showed positive results in relation to Dragendorff, indicating the presence of phenolics. The analysis of RMN 1H and masses showed the presence of aromatic hydrogens and phenolics. Five concentrations of each extract were prepared and utilized in the studies on in vitro mycelial inhibition of M. oryzae and observed 77.86% of pathogen reduction by crude extract (700 μg/mL). Two crude extract treatments (520 μg/ml and 120 μg/ml) significantly reduced the radial growth of the pathogen compared to control. The crude extract showed best results for mycelia inhibition of the pathogen, followed by lyophilized and mycelial extracts. In two trials, the crude extract at 0.52 μg.μL-1 also reduced the formation of appressoria of M. oryzae by 100%. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted on leaf blast suppression with the cultivar Primavera, using completely randomized design with three replications. In both these trials, the mycelial extract (1860 μg/ml and M.o 3x105) showed marked reduction of leaf blast severity in relation to control by 59.27% and 77.58% respectively. In the second trial, the second treatment (1040 μg/mL and M.o3x105) of crude extract reduced AUDPC by 64.63% compared to control. The results showed that the metabolites of Rhizoctonia sp. posses great potential for biological control of rice blast.Item Variação genética quantitativa e estrutura populacional de Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne) no cerrado(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-05-30) Castro, Rodrigo Soares de; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Diniz Filho, José Alexandre Felizola; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0706396442417351; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Chaves, Lázaro José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9990967290797379; Novaes, Evandro; Rodrigues, Flávia Melo; Moura, Nara Fernandes; Soares, Thannya NascimentoThis study aimed to analyze the quantitative genetic variation within and between natural subpopulations of Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne), fruit tree from the Cerrado region. Six mother trees were sampled in each of the 25 subpopulations from the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Bahia, covering a large area of the Cerrado biome. In each tree they were collected twenty fruits, which served for evaluation of biometric data of fruits and seeds. Twenty seeds of each mother tree were sown in a nursery, with five seeds per plot in four randomized blocks, constituting a test of provenances and progenies of half sibs. Analysis of variance were performed using the hierarchical model for the characters of initial development. With the produced seedlings it was planted a germplasm collection in vivo in Escola de Agronomia of Universidade Federal de Goias.The major phenotypic variation coefficients in fruits and seeds were found in the characters number of seed (47,87%) weight of the pulp (47.74%) and fruit weight (44.06%). The analysis of variance of the physical characteristics of the fruits and seeds revealed the existence of significant variation for all characters in all levels analyzed: among subpopulations, between mother trees within subpopulations and between fruit within mother tree. Of the ten characters analyzed in six the greatest variation was found between fruit within mother tree. Significant variability was found between subpopulations and between progenies within subpopulations for most quantitative traits studied, showing a great genetic variability of the sampled material, which is important for sustainability of the species and future breeding program. The heritability estimates of traits were also high, indicating success in the selection of desirable traits in a breeding program for the species. The comparative analysis between the estimated value of the QST and FST index showed no significant difference for eight of ten characters analyzed, demonstrating that there is no evidence of the action of natural selection in the differentiation between the studied subpopulations and that the differentiation found can be explained by the action of genetic drift combined with gene flow restriction between subpopulations. The value of correlation coefficient between phenotypic and geographical matrix was 0.164 (p <0.05) by Mantel test, indicating a weak correlation between the phenotypic subpopulations means and the distances between them.Item Caracterização de híbridos e associação entre caracteres para produção de silagem em milho(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-18) Ciappina, Angelina Luzia; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4582215859105753; Resende, Marcela Pedroso Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2080097211870591; Silva, Adelmo Resende da; Silva, Wilton Ladeira; Resende, Marcela Pedroso MendesThe corn hybrids available on the market do not have all the desired traits for making silages with good nutritional value and high productivity. To carry out an improvement breeding program achieve these objectives, it is necessary to characterize the genotypes that can form the base populations of the programs and to understand the interrelationship between the various characters of interest to draw up the best strategies improvement. The objectives of the present work were: i) to perform the agronomic and bromatological characterization of maize hybrids, aiming at the identification of superior genotypes that may comprise base populations of maize breeding programs for silage; ii) to study the interrelationship between characters agronomic and bromatological conditions in maize. Twenty one commercial maize hybrids were evaluated at the Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO, in the 2017/18 harvest, in two experiments, using the conventional planting density of 55,500 plants.ha -1 , and with a density of 111,000 plants.ha -1 . The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications, of a 4.00 m line with twenty plants spaced at 0.20 m. The line spacing was 0.90 m for the standard density and 0.45 m for the densified experiment. The evaluated characters were: male flowering; female flowering; range of flowering; plant height; ear height; ear placement; kernels per ear; number of grains per row; ear diameter; corncob diameter; grain length; ear length; ear weight; weight of one hundred grains; acidity (pH); dry matter content; mineral content; organic matter content; crude protein; neutral detergent fiber (NDF); acid detergent fiber (ADF); total digestible nutrients (TDN); green matter productivity and yield of matter dry. For the experiment with conventional planting density, genetic and phenotypic correlations between the two-to-two traits were estimated, and the direct and indirect effects of these traits on dry matter yield and TDN content. Subsequently, a canonical correlation analysis was performed between the group of characters related to productivity and the group of characters related to silage quality. The increase in density resulted in increase in plant height and a reduction in the size of the ear and biomass produced per plant, however, resulting in higher production per hectare. The AS1596 and AG1051 hybrids presented the best performance, and can be used in the formation of base populations in maize breeding programs for the production and quality of silage, along with hybrids DKB310, BM3061, SHS7920, DKB390, P4285 and RB 9110. A strong relationship was identified between ear components and biomass productivity, and plants with higher grain yields can be used in the indirect selection for dry matter yield. The fiber contents presented a negative correlation with the digestibility of silage and positive with plant height. Knowledge of the indirect effects of the characters between them is important so that the breeder does not make hasty decisions based solely on the correlation estimate. Finally, it is possible to improve maize to simultaneously increase the productivity and the quality of the silage.Item Estrutura genética intrapopulacional e dispersão de pólen em Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013-03-23) Costa, Camila Fernanda; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4648436798023532; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Collevatti, Rosane Garcia; Chaves, Lázaro José; Martins, KarinaHancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae) is a fruit species which has a wide distribution in areas of Cerrado vegetation type restricted sense. Its flowers have a complex pollination mechanism and unique, co-adapted to pollination by moths and butterflies and their fruits are dispersed by mammals large and medium-sized. It has high economic potential and its use has been conducted in an exploratory way. To implement conservation programs, breeding and enabling the commercial use of species, knowledge about the genetic variability, the spatial genetic structure, the reproductive system and gene flow in natural populations are needed. In this context, in the present study was performed the molecular characterization of the genetic variability in three stages of individuals (adults, juveniles and seedlings) and the assessment of genetic structure spatial (adults and juveniles), of the system of crossing and of the gene flow via pollen in a subpopulation of Hancornia speciosa located in the State Park of Serra de Jaragua, Jaragua-GO. To this end, 113 adults and 100 juveniles were sampled and georeferenced in an area of approximately 2.5ha. Of the total number of adults, 20 trees were selected matrices to obtain seedlings and formation of families of open pollination. Genomic DNA was obtained from the leaves of all individuals (adults, juveniles and seedlings) and was amplified with the use of seven microsatellite loci for obtaining of genotypes. The analyzes of genetic diversity, of spatial structure, rates of cross-fertilization and distance of dispersal of pollen were obtained from these genotypes. The total number of alleles at seven loci evaluated was 125, with an average of 17.8 alleles per locus. For adults the mean allele was 15.8, for the juveniles was 13.5and the seedlings were 11alleles. The average total values of heterozigosidade expected (He) and observed (Ho) were equal to 0.750 and 0.698, respectively. In adults He = 0.750 and Ho =0.714, in juveniles He =0.744 and Ho =0.679 and in seedlings He = 0. 712 and Ho =0. 763. These values indicate that the subpopulation evaluated presents high levels of genetic diversity. The fixation index(f) waspositive and significantforthe generations ofadults(0.052, p <0.05)andjuvenile(0.087, p <0.05), indicating the existence of inbreeding in this subpopulation. The analysis of spatial autocorrelation evidenced that kinship is weakly related to the geographical distance in in bothstagesof lifeevaluated (adults: b= -0.00223, R2 = 0. 000514, p < 0.05 and juveniles: b: - 0.00440, R2 = 0.00148489; p < 0.001).Concomitantly the values of Sp were low and the size of neighborhoods (Nb) were high for the two generations. This result shows that there is no restriction of gene flow via seed and corroborates the hypothesis that the dispersal by animals have high potential to disperse the seeds over long distances.The rates of crossfertilization multilocus (tm= 1.000) and single locus (ts = 0.972 a 1.29) were high and significantly different from zero in all families. The difference in the rate of the crossfertilization multilocus and single locus combined for all families analyzed (tm-ts = 0. 077) was also positive and significant, suggesting that 7% of crossings that occur in this population are between related individuals. The correlation of selfing negative(rs=-0.999), indicates absence of selfing and the correlation of paternity(rp=0.107) not significantly different from zero (SD = 0.135) shows that this subpopulation no full siblings. Every subpopulation resulting outcrossing and individuals are evaluated relatives at least to the 15 level of half-brothers. The paternity analysis assigned pollen donors to 75.2% (64) seedlings, and 24 (37.5%) assignments at a confidence level of 85%, 30 (46.8%) assignments at 95% probability assignments and 10(15.6%) at a confidence level of 99%.This low assignment can be explained by sampling: due to the size of the total area of the population and distribution in aggregate, many individuals may not have been sampled. Moreover, the loci battery used in this analysis could not demonstrated the optimal values for the combined exclusion. Although the maximum distance of pollination has been of 292m and covers the entire area evaluated, most events of pollination (77%) occurred at distances less than 200m. The flowering in mass, the distribution in aggregate and the floral structure are the main responsible for predominance of events of cross-pollination at short distances.