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Item Produção e caracterização de enzimas quitinolíticas produzidas pelo fungo Trichoderma asperellum e sua aplicação no biocontrole do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus e do inseto Aedes aegypti(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-02) Aguiar, Jackeline de Paula Santana de Andrade; Monteiro, Caio Marcio de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2496419306394657; Souza, Guilherme Rocha Lino de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1127532567066692; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; Campos, Ivan Torres Nicolau de; Souza, Guilherme Rocha Lino deChemical acaricides or insecticides are widely used to control pests or vectors of agricultural interest and public health worldwide. The molecules on the market have an average duration of a decade due to the genetic selection of resistant individuals. In addition, these chemical compounds can affect other living organisms, contributing to environmental pollution and contamination of products of animal or vegetable origin for human consumption. With options for chemical control of pests and parasites increasingly scarce, studies are described stimulating the search for alternative and effective control methods. The use of living organisms or products of their metabolism to control pests or diseases, whether obtained by genetic manipulation or not, are called biocontrol. Several studies demonstrate the use of fungi as alternative or auxiliary agents for vector control, with low environmental impact, easy application and degradation. As an example of these microorganisms, the fungus Trichoderma asperellum stands out. The genus Trichoderma corresponds to free-living fungi, mostly of asexual reproduction, found from temperate to tropical climates. These fungi are known for their capacity as biological control agents, against phytopathogens. This action can occur by the release of enzymes or other secondary metabolites. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential use of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum grown on different carbon sources (commercial chitin (CWDE), external chitinous tegument of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus (T-CWDE) and Aedes aegypti (L-CWDE) larvae) , as an agent producing enzymes of the chitinylitic complex, for the biocontrol of the vectors Rhipicephalus microplus and Aedes aegypti. The fungus was grown in MEA medium and the spores, together with different chitinous sources, were added to the TLE medium and incubated for six days at a temperature of 38ºC. The crude extract, resulting from the induction by carbon sources, after undergoing the process of dialysis and lyophilization, was used to perform the biocarrapaticidogram and larvicide tests. The results showed that the T-CWDE and L-CWDE media showed greater activity against both the tick larvae Rhipicephalus microplus and L3 of Aedes aegypti compared to CWDE. The enzymatic action in the target vectors was also evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (MET), suggesting that the biotechnological strategy proposed in this work has the potential to be explored for the biocontrol of these vectors, given their viability and the likely benefits such as the generation of natural bioactive and biodegradable compounds compared to conventional pesticides.Item Soroprevalência e fatores de risco associados com a infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos no estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-06-25) Alves, Larissa Núbia; Oliveira, Vanessa Silvestre Ferreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6090098982472156; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4480577038117234; Ferreira, Lorena Lopes; Teixeira, Weslen Fabrício Pires; Lopes, Welber Daniel ZanettiThe aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in female bovines in reproductive age (above 24 months of age) of the State of Goiás, Brazil and the risk factors associated with its presence. Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction was used in samples of 2,970 cows from 263 farms, distributed in 223 municipalities. Epidemiological questionnaire was used to evaluate the risk factors. Results showed an average seroprevalence of T. gondii of 8.48% in cows of the State of Goiás and the microregions with higher chances (P≤0.05) of having infected animals were from Vão do Paranã, Anicuns, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Entorno do Distrito Federal, São Miguel do Araguaia, Ceres and Anápolis. Acquisition of females or males regarding reproductive purpose had a significant association (P≤0.05) with the occurrence of T. gondii in these regions, and there was also a positive correlation (correlation 0.7618; p = 0.047) amid the prevalence of T. gondii and the total area (in hectares) of forests present in these regions previously mentioned. These results highlight the importance of the meat from these animals being considered as an important route of infection for humans who eat this raw or undercooked food.Item Avaliação do mercado de peixes ornamentais em Goiânia e região metropolitana(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-06-28) Araujo, Rafael Martins de; Oliveira, Kellen de Sousa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3336024339176888; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/551096516635207; Paula, Fernanda Gomes de; Leite, Paulo Ricardo de Sá da Costa; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; Mello, Heloisa Helena de CarvalhoThe objective was to study the production chain of ornamental fish, addressing the retail and consumer trade in Goiânia and the metropolitan area. In general, the variables that characterize the production, trade, marketing chain and the rearing of ornamental fish were analyzed. Questionnaires applied online were used for aquarist practitioners, shopkeepers and producers, and responses were obtained from 82 individuals who fall into the category of aquarism practitioners, 25 shopkeepers and 32 producers. The relationships between the variables were analyzed by the chi-square test, considering 0.05 of significance. The results were compared and evaluated through the confidence interval and highlighted those who had interest within the ornamental fish market. Those individuals who responded as producers demonstrated that they started producing only by hobbie (51.4%) and, with demand growing, their production increased. Shopkeepers, mostly representing pet shops, agricultural shops and water shops have little control of water quality (62.5% of the stores), as well as the watercolor practitioners who, although they have knowledge about water quality (62.3% of the individuals), are few who make this type of evaluation (41.9%). Thus, it was found that, for the most part, the ornamental fish market of Goiânia and the metropolitan region do not actually perform the verification and control of water quality in their places of rearing or selling, either due to lack of knowledge or incentive.Item Avaliação da qualidade do leite cru refrigerado de silos de estocagem em laticínios do estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-07-30) Barbosa, Valessa Teixeira; Tenório, Clarice Gebara Muraro Serrate Cordeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5073363015303780; Nicolau, Edmar Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9601723963736071; Rezende, Cíntia Silva Minafra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5841210447886226; Tenório, Clarice Gebara Muraro Serrate Cordeiro; Cerqueira, Mônica Maria Oliveira Pinho; Coelho, Karyne OliveiraBovine milk is the main raw material for dairy production and has a high nutritional value, as it provides essential nutrients for human nutrition. Although the dairy industry strictly controls microbial quality along milk processing lines, a large number of bacteria that can cause changes in its quality are identified during storage in silos. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the quality of refrigerated raw milk in storage silos in dairy industries in the state of Goiás and to study the influence of storage time and temperature on the growth of microorganisms during the silo emptying process for the processing of milk. Six dairy industries were selected in the state of Goiás, where one or two storage silos were randomly chosen for monitoring during the emptying of the silo. Samples were collected during the emptying of each silo, in duplicate, every thirty minutes. Milk samples from the same silos were also evaluated during simulation of a temperature increase of 2 to 7 ° C. The duration of emptying of the silo was evaluated; the temperature at the beginning of the process and every 30 minutes until the end of the process and the volume of milk in the silo or storage tank. The physicochemical characteristics (alizarol 72% stability, pH, titratable acidity, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and non-fat total solids) and the microbiological characteristics (total bacterial count, aerobic count, psychrotrophic, total coliforms and E. coli). It was possible to observe that the majority of the industries still have difficulties in maintaining the temperature of the milk in the storage silos below 4 ° C, with TBC within the allowed by the Brazilian law. It was observed that the time interference during the emptying of the storage silo on the milk quality was more significant than the increase in temperature. It is possible to affirm that it is necessary to guarantee the conditions that minimize the growth of microorganisms since obtaining the milk so that there is less impact on the quality of the milk and dairy productsItem Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos e tratamento da tripanosomose bovina por trypanosoma vivax no estado de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-01) Bastos, Thiago Souza Azeredo; Linhares, Guido Fontgalland Coelho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6261928164195145; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4480577038117234; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; Felippelli, Gustavo; Krawczak, Felipe da Silva; Ferreira, Lorena Lopes; Silveira Neto, Osvaldo José daThis study reports the first case of bovine trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax in Goiás, Brazil, as well as other cases that occurred within a period of 24 months, demonstrating epidemiological aspects such as needle sharing and commercialization of infected cows influencing the spread of this disease. Furthermore, it was observed that T. vivax was able to infect and develop the disease in calves when they were inoculated by the intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous route. The presence of Anaplasma marginale latent in calves with trypanosomiasis interfer directly in the percentage of mortality of the animals. Finally, with regard to efficacy, only animals that received isometamidium were able to remain without new parasitaemia after 180 days of study. Treatment with diminazene allowed new parasitemia when reinfected 50 days after treatment and, finally, imidocarb was not effective in the treatment of bovine trypanosomosis. This is the first study that describes the presence of T. vivax, as well as its epidemiology in the State of Goiás, evaluated the infection capacity of this parasite by different pathways, clinical signs, and diagnostic methods and also evaluated the efficacy of the treatment with imidocarb, diminazene and isometamidium in cattle experimentally infected with T. vivax in Brazil.Item Nitrato encapsulado na suplementação para novilhos de corte em pastejo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-10-02) Berti, Guilherme Felipe; Silva, Maurícia Brandão da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9608210292530980; Fernandes, Juliano José Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Barbosa, Analívia Martins; Araújo, Rafael Canonenco deThe present work evaluated the effects of the partial replacement of soybean meal with encapsulated nitrate in suplemented grazing beef cattle diets. The experimental design was a cross-over, conducted in two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Eight crossbred steers (average body of 345 kg), castrated, fitted with ruminal cannula were distributed in two treatments: Control - multiple supplement based on soybean meal, without nitrate; and NE - supplement with encapsulated nitrate (5% on the concentrate dry matter), replacing soybean meal. Each animal were daily supplemented with 1.0% of his body weight. The data were analyzed using mixed models, using the MIXED procedure of the SAS program and comparisons between treatments were made using the F test, at the level of 5% probability. The total dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P = 0.459), as well as the forage DMI (P = 0.906). However, a decreae of the concentrate DMI rate (% body weight) was observed (from 0.92% to 0.88%) (P = 0.024). Control and EN animals showed higher concentrate intake during three hours after feed, however EN had lower and slower consumption throughout the day. The use of EN did not change the digestibility of the dry matter (P = 0.090), as well as the digestibility of the crude protein (P = 0.160), neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.122) and non-fibrous carbohydrate (P = 0.872), but decreased the ether extract digestibility from 68.81% to 61.21% (P <0.05). The EN decreased butyrate (P <0.01) and valerate rates (P <0.0095) 9 hours after feeding. There was no effect of EN on propionate (P> 0.1215) and total AGCC rates (P> 0.8620), whereas EN increased the total acetate rates 3, 6 and 12 hours after supplementation (P <0.0018). There was no effect of EN on the ruminal NH3 concentration (P> 0.5845). In summary, EN provides lower palatability to concentrate diets, maybe increasing the time spent in the trough throughout a day, but did not decreases the dry matter intake of suplemented grazing cattles.Item Terminação de vacas e novilhas com diferentes períodos de confinamento(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-08) Brandão, Bruno Monteiro; Nuñez, Amoracyr José Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9646810846757315; Restle, João; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7559938697233077; Restle, João; Okada, Eliane Sayuri Miyagi; Bilego, Ubirajara de OliveiraThe performance, carcass and meat characteristics and economic viability of Nellore cows and heifers feedlot finished during 40 or 60 days were evaluated. The experimental design used was completely randomized with treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two female categories and two confinement periods. Twenty-two cows with 74.3 months and 22 heifers with 20.4 months were used. The experimental diet included corn silage and concentrate containing 18% CP and 74% NDT. In the 21-days adaptation period, cows showed much lower performance. The food consumption expressed as a percentage of body weight was higher in heifers, with average daily weight gain of 821 and 938 g, while cows practically maintained their weight with average daily weight gain of 62 and -291 g. Heifers were more efficient in feed conversion during adaptation. After the adaptation period, cows showed greater average daily weight gain, with similar feed conversion to heifers. The cold carcass yield was higher (p<0.04) in heifers, which also showed greater subcutaneous fat thickness (P<0.01) with the 40-day finishing, but with no difference to the 60-day finishing. The increase in the feedlot period provided a higher marbling content (P<0.01) in the Longissimus lumborum muscle in both categories, the increase being more evident in cows. The net profit from finishing the heifers was 47.2% higher (P<0.5) in relation to the profit obtained with the cows.Item Uso do probiótico Bacillus amyloliquefaciens na dieta para frangos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-05) Brasileiro, Júlio César Lopes; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5510965166352073; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Leite, Paulo Ricardo de Sá da Costa; Mascarenhas, Alessandra GimenezThe use of antibiotics in animal feed is increasingly a reason for questioning and discussion with the focus on food safety and the possibility of the emergence of bacterial resistance that may reflect on human therapy. Alternatives have been researched to replace the use of antibiotics in animal production with additives considered more innocuous, especially probiotics. Thus, to evaluate the use of probiotic associated or not with the presence of performance-enhancing antibiotic, 1400 one-day-old male Cobb-500® chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design (DIC) in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme totaling four treatments and ten repetitions including 35 birds in each plot covering the 42-day experimental period. Avilamycin was used as a performance-enhancing antibiotic and the variables studied in the present study included the zootechnical performance index, carcass yield and intestinal histomorphometry. For the variable of zootechnical performance index in the period of one to 21 days, an effect of the use of probiotic for feed conversion was observed, with the birds that received the probiotic presented a better conversion index when compared to the group of birds that did not receive addition. of probiotic and antibiotic in diets. For the intestinal histomorphometry parameter, the interaction between factors was observed, in which the group of birds that consumed the antibiotic-free diet and included with the probiotic presented better villus height concomitant to the villus: crypt in the duodenum ratio and better villus height concomitant to the depth of crypts in the ileum, demonstrating to be a viable alternative of substitution against the antibiotics used in the poultry farming.Item Associação e seleção genômica para eficiência alimentar em bovinos Nelore(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-02-22) Brunes, Ludmilla Costa; Rey, Fernando Sebastian Baldi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2142265309634106; Lopes, Fernando Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1399785191420919; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhoa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1852112832119187; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhoa; Mascioli, Arthur dos Santos; Carmo, Adriana Santana do; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Quedes; Costa, Marcos Fernando Oliveira eThe aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for feed efficiency, growth, reproductive and carcass traits in commercial Nelore cattle herds, and the correlated response between them. It was also aimed perform a study of genomic selection evaluating prediction methods, validation approaches and pseudo-phenotypes, and conduct a weighted single-step genome-wide association study and an enrichment analysis for feed efficiency of feed efficiency related traits. Residual feed intake (RFI), dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), residual live weight gain (RG), residual intake and live weight gain (RIG), birth weight (BW), weight at 120 (W120), 240 (W240), 365 (W365), and 450 (W450) days of age, scrotal circumference at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days of age, rib eye area (REA), backfat thickness (BF) and rump fat thickness (RF) were evaluated. The growth, reproductive and carcass traits records from 15,639 Nelore cattle were used. Data from feed efficiency tests carried out between 2011 and 2018, with phenotypic and genotypic information of 4,329 and 3,594 animals, respectively, were considered. The genetic parameters were estimated in a single step approach (ssGBLUP). Six prediction methods of genomic breeding values (GEBVs) were used: ssGBLUP, Bayes A, Bayes B, Bayes Cπ, BLASSO, and Bayes R. Three validation approaches were used: 1) random: the data set was randomly divided into ten subsets and the validation was done in each subset at a time; 2) age: the population was divided into training and validation set based on the year of birth, with the first group consisting of animals born between 2010 and 2016 and the second group born in 2017; 3) genetic breeding value (EBV) accuracy: were divided into two groups, with animals with accuracy above 0.45 considered as the training population, and below 0.45 the validation set. We checked the accuracy and bias of GEBV. The percentage of variance explained by windows of 10 adjacent SNPs was used to identify regions that explained more than 0.5% of the additive genetic variance on each trait. The feed efficiency related traits showed low to moderate heritabilities, ranging from 0.07 to 0.20. Feed efficiency related traits showed low genetic correlations with growth (-0.19 to 0.24), reproductive (-0.24 to 0.27) and carcass (-0.17 to 0.27) traits, except for growth with DMI (0.32 to 0.56) and FE (-0.40). The results showed that the prediction ability were similar between the prediction methods. The low heritability obtained, mainly for FE (0.07±0.03) and FCR (0.09±0.03), limited the GEBVs accuracy, which ranged from low to moderate. The regression coefficient estimates were close to 1, and similar between the prediction methods, validation approaches, and pseudophenotypes. On average and despite low variation (0.0331), the random cross-validation presented the most accurate predictions, ranging from 0.07 to 0.037, than EBV accuracy and age. The prediction ability was higher for phenotype adjusted for fixed effects than for EBV and EBV deregressed (30.0 and 34.3%, respectively). Enrichment analysis by The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) revealed several functional vias such as neuropeptide signaling pathway (GO:0007218), negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0090090), detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste (GO:0001580), bitter taste receptor activity (GO:0033038), neuropeptide hormone activity (GO:0005184), bile secretion (bta04976), taste transduction (bta0742), and glucagon signaling pathway (bta04922). The selection to improve growth, reproductive and carcass traits would not change RFI, RG, and RIG. On the other hand, DMI, FE and FCR may lead to an increase in body weight, in addition to the selection for FCR may lead to a reduction in carcass yield. The genetic background of feed efficiency related traits are different, which would lead to different genetic responses. The choice of the most adequate selection criterion depends on the production system and goals. Genomic prediction methods can provide a reliable estimate of genomic breeding values for RFI, DMI, RG and RGI, traits that may have higher genetic gain and selection viability than FE and FCR. Enrichment analyzes showed genes associated with in insulin, leptin, glucose, protein and lipid metabolism, energy balance, heat and oxidative stress, zinc finger system, bile secretion, satiety, feed behavior, salivation, digestion and absorption of nutrients. The identification of these genomic regions and their respective genes provide information about genetic basis and biologic regulation for Nelore feed efficiency related traits.Item Probiótico na terminação de bovinos em pastejo durante o período da seca(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-26) Calaça, Alana Maria Menezes Di; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Santos, Mateus Castilho; Restle, JoãoProbiotics have been promised to be an alternative additive to antibiotic use and as a growth promoter. However, the performance results of animals fed probiotics are variable. The objectives were to evaluate the productive performance of Nellore bulls on grazing system for intensive fattening during the dry season, receiving probiotic concentrate composed of Bacillus toyonensis; influence of probiotic on ruminal and intestinal mucosa development and probiotic effect on digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The experiment was carried out between July and November 2017, which corresponds to the dry period in the region. Four animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment so that the initial carcass yield could be estimated. Nellore bulls (n = 80) with initial mean weight of 354.02 ± 3.38 kg were blocked according to body weight and divided into two treatments: concentrate with probiotic and concentrate without probiotic (control). They were allocated in 16 paddocks formed by Urochloa brizantha, supplemented at 2% of the body weight in concentrate. At the end of 133 days of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and data of carcass weight, yield, carcass gain, average daily carcass gain and 12th-rib fat thickness were obtained. The in vivo digestibility assay was performed with eight rumen cannulated steers, in a cross over 2x2 design, with two treatments and two periods. Titanium dioxide was used as an external marker to estimate fecal excretion and iFDN was used as an internal marker to estimate dry matter intake. On the last day of each experimental period, ruminal fluid was collected to evaluate the concentration of short chain fatty acids and ammoniacal nitrogen. The use of probiotic composed of Bacillus toyonensis did not improve final body weight (528.2 ± 3.38 kg – p=0,2360) nor the daily average gain (1,333 kg– p= 0,2531) and feed efficiency (0.165– p=0,2016). The subcutaneous fat thickness was lower in animals receiving the probiotic (4.06 vs. 2.97 mm mm – p=0,0423). There was no influence of probiotic on other carcass traits. No significant effect on the development of the ruminal and intestinal epithelium was observed with the use of probiotic. Bacillus toyonensis did not improve dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility. There was no effect on rumen fermentation. Probiotic based on Bacillus toyonensis altered fat deposition in carcasses.Item Avaliação de coprodutos ensilados da indústria do milho em dietas de vacas em lactação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-16) Cardoso, Rogério Rezende; Lima, Milton Luiz Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7562710128026687; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4582215859105753; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; Silva, Thiago Carvalho daFibrous co-products in the feeding of ruminants contribute to the mitigation of environmental impacts and decrease the consumption of animals of digestible products by humans. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of the conventional substitution concentrated (constituted in its base of corn and soy bran) by concentrate constituted by co-products of the corn industry in lactating cows ration on the consumption of dry matter (DMI), production of milk, milk components, selectivity behavior, digestibility, blood and ruminal parameters. The statistical design used was a 2x2 cross-over with two effects differentiated by the concentrated resource (conventional concentrate and concentrate consisting of corn by-products) in two 22-day experimental ones, with 14 days of adaptation for use and eight final days of data collection. Ten crossbred lactation cows (Holstein x Jerseys) were used, distributed five in each treatment and balanced in the orders according to the calving order, days in lactation and milk production. The data were analyzed by the PROC MIXED of the SAS, considering the statistical model of random effect by cow and fixed treatment effect and period at the level of significance P <0.05 and trend 0.05≤P≤0.10. The DMI and DMO were statistically higher (P=0.005 and P=0.008) for control group, while the NDF consumption did not differ statistically (P=0.76) and the consumption of physically effective fiber was statistically higher (P<0.0001) for treatment with co-products. The production of milk, protein, casein and lactose in milk in percentage and production per day were statistically higher (P<0.01) in treatment control, while the fat in kg/day did not differ statistically (P=0.35), the production of fat and urea nitrogen in milk was higher (P=0.001 and P=0.007) in the treatment with co-products. As the dry matter digestibilities, organic matter and NDF did not differ statistically (P>0.10) among the treatments and that have the highest (P=0.03) consumption of digestible organic matter in the control treatment. The animals with diet control in the 24h period select more (P=0.004) against 19 mm of treatment with co-products, while no sieve of the state of the 8 mm pen or the rejection index was lower than the 19 mm, however still the treatment control (P<0.0001) selects against 8 mm effects and the treatment with co-products does not show selection in this section, being the bottom of the sieve in both tests with selection in favor of the bottom of the sieve. An acetate: propionate ratio was higher (P=0.005) for treatment with by-products evaluated for the control treatment, with ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen and urea nitrogen in the blood greater (P=0.003 and P<0.0001) for by-product concentrate. The control treatment animals with greater (P=0.01 and P=0.03) meal size and meal duration with smaller (P=0.05) number of meals compared to treatment with co-products. The results demonstrated are the necessary ruminal degradation studies of the mixture of corn by-products with the method of efficient use in the feeding of dairy cattle.Item Uso de aditivos a base de óleos essenciais no consumo alimentar de bovinos confinados(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-02) Carvalho, Rafael Assunção; Eifert, Eduardo da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/197071591617834; Gonzalez, Roberto Daniel Sainz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7128624824011246; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhôa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1852112832119187; Eifert, Eduardo da Costa; Nuñez, Amoracyr José Costa; Ferreira, Reginaldo NassarObjetivou-se avaliar a adição de um palatabilizante a base de óleos essenciais na alimentação de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 72 bovinos (½ taurino x ½ zebuíno), machos não castrados, com idade entre 20 e 24 meses e peso médio de 490 kg. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (com e sem a inclusão de palatabilizante), em que cada tratamento foi constituído de 36 repetições, considerando cada animal como repetição. A alimentação foi fornecida ad libitum, composta por silagem de milheto, soja triturada, sorgo triturado, ureia e núcleo mineral atendendo uma relação volumoso concentrado de 63:37, contendo 68% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e 14% de PB, de acordo com as exigências estimadas pelo software RLM Corte 3.3, para ganhos de 1,3 kg/dia. O palatabilizante foi fornecido diariamente ao lote tratado, associado à dieta total em uma proporção inicial de 9 gramas/animal/dia. Os animais foram submetidos a um período de adaptação às instalações, ao manejo e dieta de 14 dias, após esse período, se iniciou a coleta efetiva de dados com duração de 56 dias, com pesagem inicial, final e quatro pesagens intermediárias a cada 14 dias, totalizando 70 dias de teste. Os dados de consumo de alimento ingerido, foram mensurados pelo sistema de cochos eletrônicos da marca Intergado®. As variáveis coletadas para esse experimento foram, peso inicial (PI, kg); peso final (PF, kg); ganho médio diário (GMD, kg/dia); consumo de matéria seca (CMS, kg); (EA). O efeito do peso inicial como covariável foi testado para todas as características. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos cada tratamento foi constituído de 36 repetições, considerando cada animal uma repetição. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e de regressão. Os modelos foram selecionados com base nos coeficientes de determinação e significância dos coeficientes de regressão, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5% de probabilidade, utilizando-se o teste F. Também foi adotado um esquema fatorial 2x7 dois níveis de tratamento e 7 semanas de avaliação. Todas as estimativas e análise estatística foram realizadas com auxílio do Programa R. O uso do aditivo palatabilizante na proporção estudada, não apresentou efeitos significativos para as características de desempenho avaliadas durante o período experimental.Item Avaliação in vitro e in vivo da eficácia de desinfetantes contra Trypanosoma vivax(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-03-01) Couto, Luiz Fellipe Monteiro; Borges, Ligia Miranda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0186857706444299; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4480577038117234; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti; Felippelli, Gustavo; Teixeira, Weslen Fabricio PiresThe present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of different disinfectants against Trypanosoma vivax. In the in vitro phase, 21 disinfectant solutions were tested in quintuplicate. Disinfectants added to micro tubes containing blood with approximately 1x106(1.000.000) trypomastigotes of T. vivax were evaluated at the 30 seconds, one minute, 10, 15 and 30 minutes of homogenization. After the feasibility evaluation from the thick drop technique, the mobile trypomastigotes were quantified for the calculation of efficacy. In the in vivo step, only disinfectants that demonstrated 100% efficacy and easy acquisition in vitro against the protozoan in question were used. To that end, 30 calves, crossbreed, three to six months old, negative for T. vivax (thick drop, Woo and cPCR) were divided into six different groups of five animals each, which were then inoculated with 46% and 70% alcohol disinfectant solutions or iodine 0.5% + 1x106 trypomastigotes of the protozoan in question at the time of 30 seconds or 1 minute of preparation. One group of animals was inoculated with only 1x106 T. vivax trypomastigotes (positive control), while another group of cattle were not infected (negative control). In order to diagnose the possible presence of T. vivax in the blood stream of the calves, on the 7th, 14th and 21st day after inoculation (DPI), blood was collected from each animal to investigate the protozoan by the techniques of Woo, Brener and cPCR. Based on the results, it can be concluded that in the in vitro stage, 13 of the 21 disinfectant solutions tested demonstrated 100% efficacy against T. vivax at all times of evaluation. Among these 13, alcohol 46%, alcohol 70% and iodine 0.5% were selected for in vivo stage. When the efficiency of these three disinfectants was evaluated in vivo, it was possible to verify that 60% and 20%, respectively, became infected by the protozoan in question, when inoculated with the total solution containing alcohol 46% + 1x106 trypomastigotes of T. vivax, after of 30 seconds and 1 minute of disinfection process. These results highlight the importance of performing the in vivo step in cattle when evaluating the immediate efficacy of disinfectants against T. vivax.Item Substituição do cloreto de colina por uma fonte vegetal de colina em dietas de frangos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-02) Dias, Allan Gabriel Ferreira; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Santin, Ana Paula Iglesias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2059115299287800; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Café, Marcos Barcellos; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; Lucca, Érica Crosara Ladir deThe aim of this study was to assess a vegetal source of choline as a replacement of choline chloride and its effects in the animal performance, metabolism and yield of broilers’ carcass. 1120 one day old male Cobb were used, distributed in four treatments with eight repetitions of 35 birds per unit. The treatments were: 1 - control (choline in the form of choline chloride 60%), 2 – 75% of choline chloride and 25% of vegetal choline (Choline-H) as a source of choline, 3 – 50% of choline chloride and 50% of vegetal choline (Choline-H) as a source of choline, and 4 – 100% of vegetal choline (Choline-H) as a source of choline. The animals’ performance was evaluated (weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, viability and uniformity), carcass and cuts yield, feathering patterns, serum biochemical profile, liver and locomotor system health, chest muscular anomalies, and zones of growth of the proximal epiphysis of the broilers’ tibias. There were no significant differences in the evaluation of broilers’ performance (weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and viability) in none of the assessed phases (7, 21, 35 and 42 days). The treatment with 100% of vegetal choline provided greater uniformity of the broilers after 35 days to the carcass yield and the percentage of organs also showed no statistical differences. In the feathering score analysis, no difference was found. However, in the percentage of feathers, the treatment combining the two sources of choline had higher percentage of feathers. For the histopathological analysis and the evaluation of locomotor problems, there were no significant differences between treatments. In the serum biochemical analysis, the treatment using only vegetal choline lowered the levels of LDL and cholesterol in 21 days and of LDL in 42 days, not showing any other significant differences to the other assessed parameters (AF, GGT and AST enzymes, triglycerides, HDL and VLDL). It was concluded that the vegetal source of choline can replace choline chloride as a whole in the diet of broilers, without loss of performance and lowering the levels of circulating LDL.Item Avaliação da inclusão de aditivo simbiótico em dietas de frangos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2022-03-05) Faria, Itallo da Silva; Carvalho, Fabyola Barros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936451314440305; Melo, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5510965166352073; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Santos, Bruno Moreira dos; Costa, Miliane Alves da; Stringhini, José HenriqueThis study aimed to assess the symbiotic inclusion (lysine, methionine, calcium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, glucomannans, and mannooligosaccharides) in broilers diet and to evaluate the possible effects on the inclusion on zootechnic indexes, cuts and carcass yields, blood parameters, and broilers intestinal health. 512 animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, in of four treatments (Treatment 1 - Performance enhancer, Treatment. 2 - Symbiotic, Treatment 3 - Growth promoter + symbiotic, Treatment 4 - without addition of enhancer additive), eight replications consisting of 16 birds per experimental unit. During the experiment, zootechnic performances such as weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and mortality were evaluated in each rearing phase (seven, 21, 35, and 42 days). Withing seven days, poultry fed with growth promoter and growth promoter + symbiotic exhibit higher final weight gain, weight gain, and feed consumption. At 21 days of age, there was higher weight gain and feed consumption with growth promoter and growth promoter + symbiotic. At 35 days of age, it was observed higher feed consumption with growth promoter and growth promoter + symbiotic. At 42 days of age, there were no statistic differences among the treatments for the performance variables. Significant differences were only found to leg quarter yield in poultry fed with symbiotic. On the 21st day, it was observed a higher concentration of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase, and Triglyceride on the animal’s hematological profile that were fed with growth promoter and symbiotic. On the 42nd day, significant differences were observed regarding to uric acid to the poultry fed with growth promoter and symbiotic, which showed lower values to uric acid, broilers that received symbiotic + performance enhancer and or no enhancer additive in the diet had higher serum calcium concentration. There was significative difference to the ileum crypt only on the 21st day of histomorphometry assessment the birds that received the symbioticItem Avaliação histológica, microestrutural e de biocompatibilidade in vivo de cartilagens auriculares de bovino tratadas em solução alcalina(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-05) Ferreira, Kamilla Dias; Silva, Luiz Antônio Franco da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0446055905975647; Vulcani, Valcinir Aloisio Scalla; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9821938265591545; Vulcani, Valcinir Aloisio Scalla; Silva, Danilo Conrado; Martins, Apóstolo Ferreira; Franzo, Vanessa Sobue; Oliveira, Kellen de SousaWith the advancement of techniques for the correction of tissue defects or losses, the use of biomaterials that promote repair with a minimum of inflammatory response is sought. Previous studies carried out used different means of preparing and obtaining elastic bovine cartilage, aiming at the use as biomaterial. However, one of the major challenges related to the use of these membranes, refers to the occurrence of unwanted immunogenic reactions at the implantation site. This study aimed to characterize the physical-chemical, microstructural and histological properties of elastic bovine cartilages treated in alkaline solution and their biocompatibility in vivo. Therefore, physical-chemical analyzes were carried out to characterize this material. The thermal analyzes performed, Thermogravimetry (TGA) and Differential Exploratory Calorimetry (DSC), verified the possible changes in the material in view of the temperature variations in which it was submitted. The TGA curves showed the variation in the mass of treated and untreated auricular cartilages as a function of temperature and in the DSC the temperature of the collagen denaturation of the cartilage samples was evaluated. The analyzes showed that the treated cartilage had physicochemical characteristics similar to untreated cartilage. In the microstructural evaluations, 2D and 3D computed microtomography and confocal laser scanner microscopy were performed. Two-dimensional Micro-Ct showed that the cartilage region showed higher density in relation to the perichondrium, and the alkaline treatment was effective in decellularization, due to the presence of gaps observed in the extracellular matrix interspersed with the collagen structure. The three-dimensional Micro-Ct showed that the cartilage has less porosity and pores with a larger diameter and in the laser scanner microscopy it was noted that the treated cartilage has considerable roughness, factors that can contribute to cell proliferation and adhesion. In this study, histological processing of cartilage was also performed, demonstrating that the alkaline treatment promoted tissue decellularization, with the maintenance of the architecture of the extracellular matrix and the structure of elastic and collagen fibers. It was concluded that the alkaline treatment was efficient to promote decellularization in the auricular cartilage. The last stage of the study consisted of evaluating the in vivo biocompatibility of elastic cartilage implants treated with alkaline solution (CA) compared to polypropylene (TP) mesh in rabbits. It was found that the group (CA) had a less intense inflammatory process than the group (TP), in which the formation of a fibrous capsule around the implants was observed. It was noted in the group (CA) the presence of calcification promoted by osteoinduction of osteoblasts due to alkaline processing, which can be considered a bias of interest for further studies, involving the regeneration of bone tissues, in which the cell-type applicability observed is feasible.Item O nitrato encapsulado aumenta a eficiência de utilização do suplemento para bovinos de corte em pastejo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-12-14) Figueiredo, Cibelle Borges; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Silva, Maurícia Brandão da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9608210292530980; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Cunha, Paulo Henrique Jorge da; Cabral Filho, Sergio Lucio Salomon; Ribeiro, Marinaldo Divino; Araújo, Rafael Canonenco deEncapsulated nitrate has been pointed out as a promising tool for reducing methane production by ruminant animals. The objective was to evaluate, in Chapter 2, the effects of the use of encapsulated nitrate on the performance of beef cattle on pasture in the dry season, dry transition of water and water, and in Chapter 3 the fermentative parameters in in vitro assays using substrates in proportions and similar compositions of the performance experiment. The evaluated treatments were: Control – protein-energy supplement without inclusion of encapsulated nitrate, and EN – protein-energy supplement with inclusion of 50 g of encapsulated nitrate per kg of dry matter. In the performance experiment (Chapter 2), the supplement was given daily at 1.0% of body weight. The leftover concentrate was weighed daily to estimate supplement intake. The animals were weighed every 28 days, and the rate of supplement consumption was also evaluated. There was a reduction in supplement dry matter intake with the inclusion of EN in the supplement in the dry period (P < 0.01) (2.404 to 2.283 kg/day), dry-water transition (P < 0.01) (2.922 kg to 2.496 kg/day), water (P < 0.01) (3.631 to 3.143 kg/day) and total period (P < 0.01) (2.943 to 2.605 kg/day). The average daily gain was not influenced by the inclusion of NE in any of the evaluated periods (P > 0.13). The inclusion of EN resulted in an increase in the feed efficiency of the animals in the dry-water transition period from 0.362 to 0.411 (P < 0.01). In Chapter 3, three experiments were carried out, corresponding to the dry season, dry-water transition and water, in order to evaluate the Control and EN treatments. The evaluation times were zero, three, six, nine, 12, 24 and 48 hours after incubation. Each time was composed of its respective triplicates. In these times, the in vitro degradability of dry matter (IVDDM) and neutral detergent fiber (IVDNDF), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3), methane and gas production were evaluated. At 24 hours, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was evaluated. There was a reduction in methane production from 22.2 to 19.3 mg (P < 0.01) in the dry season. The total incubation time (48 hours) was marked with a 5% reduction in IVDDM with inclusion in EN (741.4 vs 703.9 g/kg) (P < 0.02) in the dry transition season substrate. waters. An increase in the molar proportion of acetate from 14.36 to 20.33 mM/L (P < 0.04) was observed with the inclusion of encapsulated nitrate in the wet season substrate. There was no significant effect of including nitrate in the wet season substrate on IVDDM and IVDNFD (P > 0.06). The inclusion of encapsulated nitrate in the proportion of 50 g/kg of supplement DM increases the feed efficiency of grazing animals, and reduces the methane production with the use of dry season forage.Item Produtividade e valor nutricional de cultivares de milheto sob adubação fosfatada(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-18) Firmino, Anderson Eugênio; Arnhold, Emmanuel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7156945506134934; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0724478254270327; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; Okada, Eliane Sayuri Miyagi; Barros, Emanoel Elzo Leal deForage grasses are the main source of food for cattle, as it is the most economically viable source of dry matter. With the introduction of new species / cultivars of forage plants improved and adapted to the most different types of soils and edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil, which allows a better performance of animals raised in exclusive grazing regime. In the region of Central Brazil, especially in the Cerrado, climatic conditions are defined by two seasons throughout the year: a rainy season, characterized by high forage production and, usually of good nutritional value, while the dry season that occurs between the months from April / May to October / November, with low forage production and low quality. It is believed that the seasonality of forage production is the biggest obstacle to the production of cattle under exclusive grazing regime, due to the great damage caused to the herd, whether in the production of meat or milk. In this way, there is a search for forages more adapted to the weather conditions that affect the forage production in the critical period of the year. In this context, forage millet appears as an alternative capable of contributing to the shortage of forage in the dry period of the year, in view of its physiological characteristics that allow it to adapt to acidic and low fertility soils, in addition to its high resistance to water stress. Two cultivars of forage millet were evaluated - ADR-500 and ADRf-6010, submitted to phosphate fertilization, in order to determine the potential of dry matter production and chemical composition in cut regime. The research was carried out at the Department of Zootechnics of the School of Veterinary and Zootechnics at UFG, from December 2018 to April 2019.Item Características de estro pós-parto associadas às chances de prenhez de vacas holandesas em lactação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-03) Frota, Wilson Vagner Vilas Boas; Alves, Benner Geraldo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2502439704413583; Gambarini, Maria Lúcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4440003524956701; Gambarini, Maria Lúcia; Lopes, Dyomar Toledo; Carmo, Adriana Santana doThe detection of estrus remains a major problem in dairy cattle, despite the enormous progress in the knowledge of the reproductive physiology of the cow and in the development of auxiliary methods. The success of any estrus detection program will depend, at least in part, on the cows' ability to exhibit estrus, which is affected by a multitude of physiological and management factors that favor or suppress estrus behavior. Parity, number of days postpartum, body condition score, milk production, calving problems, postpartum disease is recognized for influencing estrus expression. In addition, heat stress, building and the size of the herd can also affect estrus behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with estrus behavior, identified by an automated estrus detection system. Data from three experiments carried out between August 2015 and July 2018, in the state of Florida, United States of America, were collected and processed. The number of animals that participated in the experiments A, B and C was 565, 671 and 678, totaling 1914 lactation cows and 3029 estrus events. The animals enrolled in the experiments were monitored by an automated estrus detection device (SCR Inc., Netanya, Israel). Estrus was determined according to changes in activity and rumination patterns within the two-hour interval compared to the average activity and rumination for the same period in the previous five and seven days, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, logistic regression and Cox proportional regression using the SAS statistical software. The duration and intensity of estrus showed a negative correlation with the proportion of time cows were subjected to heat stress. The return to ovarian cyclicity before the end of the voluntary waiting period increased the chances of pregnancy at the first service and the pregnancy for artificial insemination up to 150 DIM. Uterine disease, subclinical ketosis and BCS were associated with delayed return to cyclicity, potentially negatively impacting reproductive performance.Item Índices microclimáticos e indicativos de estresse térmico em bovinos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-08-13) Karvatte Junior, Nivaldo; Alves, Fabiana Villa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1153061642306224; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5838290185532582; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; Almeida, Roberto Giolo de; Santos, Darliane de Castro; Ferro, Diogo Alves da Costa; Ferro, Rafael Alves da CostaThe objective was to use microclimatic indexes and to propose indicators of thermal stress in beef cattle to evaluate animal production systems. For that, two experiments were carried out: (i) using infrared thermography to evaluate microclimate and thermal comfort in silvopastoral systems; and (ii) evaluating the physiological adaptability of beef cattle in feedlot and pasture submitted to thermal stress. The first experiment was conducted at the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, from June 2015 to February 2016. The evaluations were carried out in two silvopastoral systems with different densities and spatial arrangements of cultivated and native trees, from 08h to 16h, with intervals of one hour between evaluations. Infrared radiation emissions of temperature (°C) and humidity (%) of the canopy and pasture surface were recorded, in the shadow projection and in the full sun. At the same time, the microclimatic parameters were evaluated and the main thermal comfort indeces were subsequently calculated. Variations of canopy and pasture temperature and humidity were observed, with direct influences on microclimate and animal thermal comfort. The greatest fluctuations occurred during the summer and at noon with substantial improvements in the environment under the canopy. The Principal Components Analysis extracted two components in order of their importance to explain 70.6% of the total variance observed between the variables. Moderate and strong correlations (r ≥ 0.63; or, r ≤ 0.80) showed positive linear effects (R²adj ≥ 0.40, or, ≤ 0.63) between thermography, microclimate and thermal comfort indeces. The results show that temperatures and humidities of canopy and pasture surfaces can be continuously monitored using infrared thermal imagers, making it a potential tool (r ≥ 0.53; or, r ≤ 0.78) for microclimate prediction and thermal comfort in silvopastoral systems. The second experiment was conducted on farms located in Civitella Paganico, Grosseto province, Italy, in partnership with Università di Pisa (Italy), from May to September 2017, using 60 animals (20 Aubrac, 20 Maremmano and 20 ½ Maremmano x ½ Piemontês) divided into two production systems (confinement and pasture). Cortisol in the hair, physiological variables (rectal, hair and skin temperatures, cardiac and respiratory frequency) and hematological variables (complete blood count) were evaluated. No effects of production system were observed (P> 0.05). However, the effects of genetic groups, the evaluation period and the interaction between genetic groups and production systems significantly affected (P <0.05) all evaluated parameters. The crossbreed genetic group had the highest concentrations of cortisol during the whole experimental period, favoring the greater variations in the physiological parameters and being more susceptible to chronic stress. Non-invasive methods, such as the sampling of hairs on animals and the application of infrared thermography for the evaluation of production systems, contribute to the advancement of scientific research in several areas of knowledge.
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