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Item Liberdade e reconhecimento na democracia contemporânea: acerca do pensamento de Hannah Arendt e Charles Taylor(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-12-20) Campos, João Pedro Andrade de; Moscateli, Renato; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8852962822237051; Moscateli; Moscateli, Renato; Oliveira, José Luiz de; Adverse, Helton Machado; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Pereira, Rafael RodriguesThe central objective of this study was to reflect on the concepts of freedom and recognition in contemporary democracy. In order to achieve this first aim, a path of interpretation was included that considers fundamental, for contemporary reflections on democracy, to discuss how citizens can freely enjoy their freedoms in a community as beings, at the same time, possessors of singular and plural identities. With the intention of investing in this approach, the work of Hannah Arendt and Charles Taylor were listed as basic theoretical points. On Arendt's side, it was shown that full political freedom is essential so that a political community can be a place in which citizens actions and speeches demonstrate their dignity as human beings. Meanwhile, the recognition of citizens identities is only possible when there is an understanding in society that the other is part of a continuous dialogue with myself, through which my identity as an individual and also as a citizen is formed - this was the point of departure in relation to the reflection supported by Taylor. These first forays were followed by an examination whose intention was to show that when minorities are excluded from political participation, society suffers losses that can lead to its decline. As it is not possible to reflect on the particularities of all existing minority groups, refugees were generally chosen as a category that exemplifies, on the one hand, how freedom and recognition matter for the contemporary discussion about democracy and, on the other hand, how this group reveals, through its private and collective demands, a conceptual embarrassment in the classic debate between liberals, communitarians and republicans. The research concludes with the observation that in current discussions about democracy there is a strong, sometimes distorted, pronouncement of the ideals of freedom and recognition, the harmful nature of which can compromise the relationship between citizens and each other, triggering a move away from political issues concerning community, as well as the worsening of existing inequalities in a democracy, ultimately contributing to the crystallization of groups harmful to the political body.Item O conceito do mal: uma investigação a partir de Hannah Arendt(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-07-31) Oliveira Filho, Valério Luiz de; Silva, Adriano Correia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7465568204123045; Silva, Adriano Correia; Moscateli, Renato; Giacoia Júnior, OswaldoThis dissertation focuses on Nazi totalitarianism, and on the events that took place in the Third Reich's concentration and extermination camps, in order to establish, inductively, an order of phenomena that can epitomize what is assigned the value evil. For this investigation, the work of Hannah Arendt is used as a theoretical reference, as it relates precisely Nazism and its death camps to the problem of evil in philosophy. In the first chapter, the dissertation defends the hypothesis of “good” as any being in the sensible world, with its respective foundations, and of “evil” as the violation of beings and their conditions of possibility. It is shown that Arendt's “radical evil”, in the sense of extreme evil, is an assessment of the intensity of these violations. The second chapter analyzes some of the thinkers with whom Hannah Arendt engaged in dialogue and, in the course of her work, she identified as representatives of the “tradition of our thought”. We will work with the hypothesis that this tradition, namely, the one that starts from Ancient Greece, passes through Augustine and arrives at the Kantian “radical evil”, has always been anchored in the presupposition of a moral order originally present in the world and in human beings, from which the phenomenon of evil can be interpreted as deviation. In the third chapter, it is argued, based on the metaphor of the “web of relationships” present in the work The Human Condition, that evil is not a mere deviation in relation to some rationally and cosmologically pre-established harmony, but, on the contrary, it is the state towards which human experience and spirit tend when beings do not recognize each other, the different “goods”, in the space of plurality. It demonstrates how the “good” of each being is fragile in the face of a potential confrontation with those of all others, and that, therefore, the plural balance and mutual recognition between these “goods” constitute what makes humanity, as humanity, possible. Such a balance, argues the dissertation, is not natural, as it weakens with the lack of political care; or, in Arendt's words, of “care for the world”. And to the extent that the very formation of the human as a person capable of moral judgment, and also the formation of the conscience of evil as the violation of the other, depend on a worldly arrangement balanced and plural enough to make possible the presence of this other in the self, the “banality of evil” would be the other side of the fragility of good.Item Tocqueville e os caminhos da igualdade: da democracia na América aos porões de Manchester, os liberalismos em conflito(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-28) Palma Junior, Carlos Stuart Coronel; Reis, Helena Esser dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1045681574037243; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Limongi, Maria Isabel de Magalhães Papaterra; Silva, Adriano CorreiaThis dissertation seeks to understand the influences of liberalism in political and economic philosophy on the work of Alexis de Tocqueville. In order to contextualize and evaluate the author's adherence to the liberal canon, we sought, through references and bibliographies that study his thought, to survey those authors from the liberal current who influenced his work. Furthermore, due to Tocqueville's particular method for analyzing social phenomena – the object of his study –, which is not restricted only to his theoretical framework, but rather through the direct study of the reality of social facts, we also evaluate the liberal influences on societies and institutions in the countries that served as the subject of their studies; nominally: the United States of America, England and Ireland. Finally, we also collected observations about the author's parliamentary performance, to assess whether Alexis de Tocqueville's political action, as a statesman, reflected or was in line with orthodox ideas related to current liberal thought. Thus, after scrutinizing these three elements, we were able to bring together arguments to answer the question proposed in the theme that guided the research.Item “Apenas setas”: a teoria das categorias como linguagem para uma matemática estruturalista(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-10-20) Saraiva, Igor Souza; Porto, André da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3598537464598916; Porto, André da Silva; Esteban Coniglio, Marcelo; Freire, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; Queiroz, Ruy José Guerra Barretto de; Santos, César Frederico dosFor some years now, there has been a philosophical debate about the relationship between two distinct intellectual movements. Within mathematical practice, the Theory of Categories emerged in the 1940s. Initially without any major foundational pretensions, little by little the theory gained in scope and came to be considered, at the very least, a very useful language for characterizing and studying abstract mathematical structure. Almost simultaneously, philosophers concerned with questions about the nature of mathematical objects proposed a structuralist program, based on the idea of shaping an understanding of the nature of mathematics that takes into account that each area of this science describes the formal factors common to various structured systems. The affinity between Category Theory and a structuralist philosophy of mathematics is almost obvious, leading naturally to the question of the possibility of the theory being employed as an autonomous conceptual framework, capable of articulating a peculiar view of mathematics, without any kind of dependence on other foundational approaches, such as Set Theory or Type Theory. This possibility has been denied by some philosophers of mathematics, giving rise to a dispute without a unanimous solution. This thesis presents a panoramic view of this whole scenario and tries to show that those who reject the autonomy of category theory have epistemological presuppositions that are not unanimously accepted.Item Da cultura afirmativa à dessublimação repressiva: a dialética da sublimação em Herbert Marcuse(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-11-29) Schang, Renata Aparecida Martinussi; Almeida, Fábio Ferreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3543790024810464; Damião, Carla Milani; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2366404598683251; Almeida, Fabio Ferreira de; Oliveira, Robespierre de; Kangussu, Imaculada Maria GuimarãesThis work is dedicated to the dialectic of sublimation present in the work of Herbert Marcuse. This project is carried out through the so-called Freudo-Marxism, whose trajectory is considered here in three typical steps of dialectical materialism. The first step highlights the separation between art and the material conditions of existence, from Antiquity to the transcendent character of the affirmative culture of the 19th century. The second step introduces Freudo-Marxism and, through it, Marcuse's attempt to improve the Marxist program by locating possibilities for emancipation in the instinctual and sensitive spheres, as well as presenting his project for a self-sublimation of sexuality. The third step shows how the repressive desublimation of culture and sexuality has weakened the sensitive functions of the human being and compromised the political objective of happiness under the laws of the performance principle.Item Genealogia e dispositivo de guerra: uma interpretação da produção foucaultiana no período entre 1970 e 1976(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-03-06) Silva Neto, Ildo Corrêa da; Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6269509018217934; Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues; Sugizaki, Eduardo; Silva, Adriano CorreiaLa publication intégrale des cours de la petite enfance de Foucault au Collège de France permet d’explorer la thèse de Daniel Defert selon laquelle la période entre les cours Leçons sur la volonté de savoir (1970) et l’écrit Histoire de la sexualité : La volonté de savoir (1976) présente des informations susceptibles de modifier le Regard que l’on a sur la production intellectuelle de Foucault. A cette époque, la généalogie s’annonce et s’adapta comme méthodologie d'analyse du pouvoir ; le dispositif de guerre apparaît comme une technologie qui traite de forces qui fonctionnent sous l’ordre de l’affrontement, de la lutte des une avec des autres. Defert affirme que l’écrit Surveiller e punir (1975) est une synthèse de tous les travaux qui ont été développés dans la période em question (1970-1976) quelle est le période de guerre ; ce qui permet de penser que l’analyse était consacrée à la présentation du prototype du dispositif de guerre qui imprègne les institutions disciplinaires. Il cherche à identifier le degré de similarité entre le prototype et les dispositifs dérivés ; discuter de l’objet cible des dispositifs disciplinaires que sont les forces du corps ; déduire la dynamique qui opèrent um appareil et le corps d’um individu ; rechercher dans quelle mesure généalogique, les dispositifs de guerre et les forces belliqueuses du cops son liés, et comment l’individu peut participer activement à ce conflit et inverser ses pertes d’autonomie. Os suppose que la discipline des corps passe historiquement par une déclaration de guerre aux dégénérés sociaux et des forces organisées et dirigées contre les forces du corps pour le soumettre et progressivement aliéner la liberté des individus. Ainsi, Surveiller e punir est centré sur la présentation des dispositifs nés de la guerre, fabriques em temps de guerre et orientes vers la guerre. Les institutions disciplinaires, avec l’intention d’utiliser le moins de violence possible, ont migré au niveau micropolitique du traitement de la subjectivité des individus.Item Abstração, pensamento e crítica: Espinosa e o mais materialista dos começos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-01) Teixeira, Rafael Arcanjo; Rezende; Rezende, Cristiano Novaes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3387128026616467; Rezende, Cristiano Novaes de; Itokazu, Ericka Marie; Vieira Neto, PauloIn our study, we explore the issue of abstraction in Spinoza, emphasizing his critique and its relation to the understanding of the mind as an integral part of Reality. Spinoza oscillates between a radical and moderate anti-abstractionism, recognizing that the same cognitive process can be both abstraction and another form of thinking, depending on the level of consciousness involved. Through Spinoza's analysis of abstraction, we find a critique of what we call "self-abstraction" — a form of thinking that places the individual as a detached entity from Reality, observing it from the outside as if not effectively participating in it. Despite critiquing abstraction, Spinoza does not completely reject it. For him, the dangers of abstractions are amplified when the mind is alienated from its own action and reifies its modes of thinking into concrete ideas. Finally, we argue that Spinoza's critique of abstractions is grounded in his materialism, in which the mind can only understand itself by understanding its participation in the Whole. Thus, Spinoza's proposed reflective approach as an epistemic method does not lead to the individualistic solipsism that separates us from the world, but guides us to the intricacies of the reality in which we participateItem Um estudo introdutório sobre a relação entre esquemas conceituais e a(s) realidade(s)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-21) Tinoco, Sérgio Neves Mateus; Vieira, Filipe Lazzeri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5679661993939839; Vieira, Filipe Lazzeri; Leclerc, André; Silva, Guilherme Ghisoni daThis dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between reality and conceptual schemes from two different perspectives: 1st) one that considers reality as being unique, absolute and equal for all human beings, playing science and philosophy the role of discovering how it works and of expressing it through an adequate linguistic system; 2nd) another that considers we do not have direct access to a single reality, but rather need previously constituted conceptual schemes, schemes that determine certain cuts in the multiplicity of sensitive data and conform, from this, different realities. Therefore, according to the second perspective, language does not mirror reality, but rather is one of the instruments that build it. We will study the first view in Chapter 1 and the second in Chapter 2. In this study we will see that the most important theses on the subject are: i) ontological relativity; and ii) incommensurability of conceptual schemes. In Chapter 3, we study Donald Davidson’s article “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,” and we present his criticisms of the notion of conceptual schemes conditioning different realities. We will see that his theoretical attacks are not directly directed at the thesis of ontological relativity, but rather at the thesis of the incommensurability of conceptual schemes, a prerequisite for establishing ontological relativism. Although Davidson establishes the category “conceptual schemes” and unifies Quine’s and Kuhn’s proposals, we will demonstrate that his criticisms are directed more specifically at Kuhn’s. We then restructuct Kuhn’s proposal, and how the author of the Structure of Scientific Revolutions re-signified his theses, in his final writings, in the light of philosophy of language, in particular using reflections that have the aim of focusing on the translation process. Thus, as the subject under study is quite broad, we will place our introductory study of the relations between conceptual schemes and reality(ies) in the discussions established between three great American philosophers of the 20th century: Quine, Kuhn and DavidsonItem O conceito de somação e os termos nomeadores de indivíduos, no artigo identidade, ostensão e hipóstase, de Quine(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-22) Xavier, Caio Bismarck Silva; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8203061798953795; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; Imaguire, Guido; Porto, André da SilvaThe general goal of this dissertation is to explain the influence of the concept of “summation”, that came from the nominalist work developed by Quine together with Goodman, in the way in which Quine proposes to discuss the identity and the role of general and singular terms in the article Identity, ostension and hypostasis (1950). Our dissertation aims to show that in this article, Quine suggests a critique of the distinction between singular terms and general terms based on the concept of “summation”. Our hypothesis is that the philosopher would consider that this distinction could be set aside, if the conception of language as a theory of reference were replaced by another conception that used, in place of the concept of “reference”, the concept of “summation”. In the course of our argument, we will try to show what Quine can and what he cannot recover concerning the conception of language as a theory of reference using only the concept of “summation” and an act of ostension, linguistically represented by the demonstrative pronoun.