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Item Tratamento de esgoto sanitário em sistemas alagados construídos utilizando Typha angustifolia e Phragmites australis(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-28) ABRANTES, Lorena Lemes Martins; ALMEIDA, Rogério de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7455447665040845This study aimed to assess the efficiency of two vegetal species in the treatment of the sanitary sewer, in constructed wetlands system. Specifically, it aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the species Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaf cattail) and Phragmites australis (common reed), in their possible combinations, in the treatment of the sanitary sewer, in a constructed wetlands system, of vertical subsuperficial flux, with two flux directions (ascendant and descendant), related to the attributes: organic material, apparent color, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate, turbidity, chlorides, hardness, electrical conductivity, solids and thermotolerant coliforms. The experiment was conducted in the Researching Station in Sewer Treatment with Plants RSSTP (UFG), located in the Sewer Treatment Station (STS) Samambaia, in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil. The experimental unit has twenty four modules, grouped sequences of two modules (initial and final modules). Raw sewage which comes from the initial part of the ETE facultative pond was pumped into the deep of the treatment initial modules, filled up with substrate layers (in the deep filled up with rocks category number 3, followed by rocks category number 1, washed sand, and again rocks category number 1) and planted with cattail or reed. After going up by the vegetated substrate (ascendant vertical flux) the sewer was drained and conducted to the final treatment modules equally filled up and vegetated with one of the species, although being applied in the surface and drained by the deep (vertical descendant flux). The tax of sewer application was of 80 L.m-2dia-1, corresponding to a treatment area of 2 m2 per inhabitant. A year after the system implementation, during the period of 6 months, sewer samples were collected after passing through the flux sequences, each one with the combination of the two vegetal species, for the evaluation of the sewer attributes and calculation of the efficiency in the treatment. The results were analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS program), being used the tests F and the Tukey Kramer, considering 5% of probability. There were no meaningful differences in the efficiency of the treatments in the removal of the attributes: biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate, thermotolerant coliforms, chlorides, hardness, dissolved total solids and volatile total solids. The cattail was more efficient in the apparent color removal and turbidity. The reed presented more efficiency in the total solids removal. The position of the plant in the module sequence did not influence the apparent color and turbidity removals. The reed in the final module increased the removal of the attributes total solids and fixed total solids. It´s possible to verify that the technology of sewer treatment by using plants is efficient, since the species cattail and reed in the adopted system, provided results with removals higher 60% for the of the attributes: biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, apparent color, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate, thermotolerant coliforms and turbidity.Item Implantação de um programa de uso racional de água na universidade federal de goiás estudo de caso edifício da reitoria(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-09-01) GOMES, Marcelus Isaac Lemos; ARAÚJO, José Vicente Granato de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2401010575058480The water scarcity has led to changes in position of economic environmental and political issues besides trying to seek new sources of water located at further distances in places more distant. That is to reduce the amount of water needed by, urban population without compromising the quality of activities. This work had the objective to establish a water conservation program, initiated by the implementation of programs for the Rational Use of Water in the building of the Rectory of the Federal University of Goiás, in the city of Goiania. The building selected for the development of a Case Study is used for administrative activities. It comprises two floors, with total built up area of 2,013.84 m2, which was chosen because it showed characteristics that allowed the installation of water meter, for monitoring the daily consumption, and the registration of all points of water consumption, as well as the classification of user categories (including fixed and transitory people). The methodology used considered initially an evaluation and a diagnostic of the building selected for the study. In the sequence a plan was developed and the proposed actions to help in the reduction in water usage was later implemented. Finally, the management of the actions to keep rational usage of water took place including daily monitoring. Based on the analysis of the collected data an economic analysis was carry out to quantify the economic benefits achieved. The consumption data were collected over a period of 240 days, including 120 days before and 120 days after the implementation of water saving measures. The collected data allowed an analysis of the potential for reducing the monthly consumption of water, which in this case was around 30%. The economic analysis showed that the amount invested, including equipment and manpower, would be paid in approximately 20 months, considering average rate of the capital return equal to 0.75% per month.Item Seleção de área para implantação de aterro sanitário simplificado: estudo de caso para o município de Guapó GO(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-08-29) MARQUES, Marília Daher; CARVALHO, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482The disposal of Municipal Solid Waste is one of the major sanitation problems found in Brazil. The disposal of these wastes in inappropriate places brings social, environmental and economic disorders. Currently the state of Goiás has extremely low rate of proper disposal of MSW, especially in small cities. Recent regulatory instructions of ABNT and of SEMARH GO brought simplified methodology for the construction of simplified landfill for municipalities with untill 50.000 inhabitants, considered as small municipalities. As those have simplified structure, the area selection for deployment of those landfills must be careful to avoid possible environmental and social damages. Therefore, this work aimed to select viable areas for implementation of simplified landfill having as scenario the city of Guapó GO. It was determined a project horizon of 20 years. The selection of viable areas was performed using the geographic information system (GIS) ArcGis 9.3, which was used to exclude unsuitable areas according to current legislation. In the first stage of the study were used shapes provided by the State System of Statistics and Geographic Information of the State of Goiás. Were identified five possible areas for the implementation of simplified landfill which were submitted for individual evaluation using weighting matrices in which the areas were evaluated and scored according to aspects required by environmental legislation. Done the hierarchy process was searched for the presence or absence of legal reserves in them. As a result we obtained the three best areas for the implementation of simplified landfill in the city of Guapó and concluded that the selection of viable areas that meets the legal parameters can and should be done by all small municipalities in order to adjust the final disposal of their MSW and promote the welfare of local people and the preservation of the environment.Item Desinfecção de águas naturais por radiação solar utilizando os bioindicadores : Escherichia coli e Clostridium perfringens(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-25) MORGADO, Waleska Fernanda Ferreira; CAMPOS, Luiza Cintra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3977306124746850; SANTIAGO, Mariângela Fontes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7143224488081563Latin-American countries are facing serious problems related to waterborne diseases due to the lack of basic sanitation, affecting in particular those people living in small and rural communities. Solar radiation for water disinfection, SODIS, seems a promising process for small communities since it does not require electric energy and it has low cost and easy operation. This work aimed to evaluate the inactivation of the pathogens Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens by SODIS in the Center-West region of Brazil, Goiânia-GO. The Colilert® and multiple tubes (NMP/100 mL) were used to determine the Escherichia coli and the Clostridium perfringens bacterias, respectively. The inactivation and the re-growth of these bioindicators, the physico-chemical parameters of the raw and disinfected waters were the main focus of this work. Raw water was collected from a well located at the Civil Engineering School (EEC) of Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and it was inoculated apart using pre-determined concentrations of these bio-indicators. Samples were put in transparent PET bottles with capacity of 2L and left under sunlight exposure between 9am and 3pm. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory after 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours of exposure. The work was divided into two phases: the first evaluate the effect of the use of two water volumes (1.5 L and 2 L) on the pathogen inactivation. In addition, the re-growth of these pathogens in the PET bottles after 3 storage days at ambient temperature was also investigated. In the second phase, PET bottles containing 1.5 L of contaminated water were exposed to sunlight radiation with and without solar reflectors. The results showed that there was a small difference (0,25-Log to Clostridium perfringens and 0,5-Log to Escherichia coli) in the inactivation of both bioindicators between the two volumes evaluated in the first phase. The use of the solar reflector did not improve the inactivation of the Clostridium perfringens and their re-growth was proportional to the final concentration after 6 hours of sunlight exposure.Item Proposta de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos do instituto de química da Universidade Federal de Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008-08-19) NOGUEIRA, Sandro Alves; CARVALHO, Eraldo Henriques de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604679266344482The quantity of waste generated grows and can cause many problems to human health and the environment. Recently, increased the discussions around the management of chemical waste in laboratories for teaching and research in Brazil, with that, details emerged of how this waste could provide occupational risks, besides offering damage to the environment. Hence, the plan for managing waste to the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Goiás (IQ/UFG) was idealized. At work diagnoses and predictions for each stage of waste management were executed simultaneously, in a horizon of five years of the project. We raised the chemicals and materials used and the waste-generating activities, and then identified, quantified and ranked all waste generated. The diagnosis and prognosis of segregation, minimization, packaging, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal of waste generated were prepared. The results indicated that some materials were purchased in excess and many reagents are inadequately stored in the laboratories. The management at IQ/UFG is worrying, because there is no treatment and appropriate place for the storage of waste. 900 kg of common waste and 600 kg of chemical waste are generated per year. The chromatographic analyses are the activities that generate more chemical waste and administrative work is the activity that generates more common waste. Most of the chemical waste is of class I and flammable waste represents the greater percentage. Most of the common waste is paper and cardboard. It was proposed to build a shelter for the chemical waste and the acquisition of other containers for common waste. The chemical waste will be incinerated but waste containing mercury and cyanide, which will be forwarded to a hazardous waste landfill. The common recyclable waste will be transported to recycling cooperatives and non-recyclable waste will be sent to the landfill.Item Tratamento de esgoto sanitário pelo sistema zona de raízes utilizando plantas de bambu(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-08-31) QUEGE, Karina Eliane; ALMEIDA, Rogério de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7455447665040845This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of three species of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia, Phyllostachys aurea and Phyllostachys bambusoides) in the sanitary sewage treatment, with a vertically downward sub-surface flow root zone system, in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Sewage from a university was applied to asbestos cement water tanks with 1,000 liters volume capacity, filled with oxisol above a 0,26 m drainage layer of gravel # 3. Bamboo seedlings were planted in nine beds and three beds remained without plants (controls). The wastewater was captured at the initial part of a facultative pond and applied to the surface of the treatment beds, three times a day, using a timer controlled pump. It was used a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.3 days for 150 days and a HRT of 5.2 days for 360 days. Within the treatment beds, the wastewater was maintained two inches below the substrate surface. For a period of twelve months sewage samples were collected before and after passing through each treatment bed. The samples were submitted to laboratory testing for determination of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, phosphates, fecal coliforms and hydrogenic potential. The evapotranspiration rate of each treatment was measured, their efficiencies in removing the sewage pollutant load were calculated and the behavior of plants in treatment beds were observed. The results were submitted to F and Tukey (5% of probability) tests. Bamboo plants of G. angustifolia and P. bambusoides species developed normally, while the plants of the specie P. aurea had developmental delay because of the sewage application. In general, the specie G. angustifolia showed greater efficiency in removing the pollution load of all attributes. Effluent attended the Brazilian legislate for disposal in to receiving bodies. There was a higher removal of BOD and phosphate to the HRT of 5.2 days. The HRT of 2.3 days was better on removing ammonia nitrogen, while the removal of COD and fecal coliforms were not affected by different HRTs.Item HIGIENIZAÇÃO DE LODO ANAERÓBIO DE ESGOTO POR MEIO ALCALINO ESTUDO DE CASO DA ETE LAGES APARECIDA DE GOIÂNIA - GO(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009-08-25) ROCHA, Ana Lúcia Colares Lopes; ALMEIDA, Rogério de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7455447665040845The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the alkaline treatment of sanitary sewage sludge produced in the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) of the Lages Sewage Treatment Plant, located in Aparecida de Goiânia, GO, Brazil and operated by Saneamento de Goiás, S.A. Saneago. The sludge, which was dewatered into drying beds until a mean moisture of 47.55%, was mixed in a cement mixer with hydrated lime and quicklime in two experiments. The limes were mixed with sewage sludge and four treatments were established, one of them without lime and the others with concentrations of, 12.6%, 21% and 29.4% for each experiment, with three repetitions. Samples of the treated sludge in each treatment were collected 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after mixing. Thermotolerant coliforms, total helminth eggs, viable helminth eggs, volatile solids, total solids (TS), pH and moisture were evaluated. All treatments in the two experiments met the condition of reduction in vector attractiveness cited in appendix one of Conama resolution no.375 except the hydrated lime treatment, whose lime dosage was 12.6%. Although growth of thermotolerant coliforms occurred in association with the drop in pH in some treatments during the storage period, in all the results of both experiments the values were below the limit established in Conama resolution no.375 for type A sludge: 1,000 NMP.g.MS-1. Among the species of viable helminth eggs identified, Ascaris sp. was predominated. All the treatments with quicklime reached concentrations of viable helminth eggs below 0.25 egg.g.MS-1, the limit for type A sludge, immediately after mixing, except for the treatment with 12.6% of quicklime. For the hydrated lime treatments, this condition was met within 15 days except for the treatment whose lime dosage was 12.6%. Both, hydrated lime and quicklime, were efficient in meeting the requirements of Conama resolution no.375 for type A sludges in regard to the parameters for thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs. In terms of dosages applied and storage time, the quicklime treatments stood out because of their greater potential for raising and maintaining pH and because of their greater efficiency in removing thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggsItem Desenvolvimento de biossensor contendo polifenoloxidases de sementes de jatobá para análise ambiental(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-09-08) SANTIAGO, Patrícia de Oliveira; FERNANDES, Kátia Flávia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9737543228759171; GIL, Eric de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3218622824233303The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of phenolic compounds to quinones in the presence of oxygen. This enzyme is widely used in biosensor production and selective evaluation of phenol content in industrial effluents. In this work a biosensor modified with enzyme extract containing polyphenoloxidase from Hymenaea stigonocarpa (jatoba) seed was developed to detect phenolic compounds. The extraction was performed using Structural Risk Minimization (SRM) factorial design with 22 more central point. The extraction conditions were optimized in 1.0% (w / v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in 50 mmol l-1 phosphate buffer pH 7.5, time 40 min. The activity obtained was 0,97 ± 0,03 UEmg-1 proteins. The crude extract was partially purified using precipitation with ammonium sulfate 60% (w / v) and fractionated in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 in 1.0% Triton TX-100.The PPO activity resulting precipitated fraction was 2.7 times higher than in the crude extract. In 10% SDS gel were found six bands, three of which have molecular weights characteristic of PPO. The biosensor was constructed with a mixture of 60 mg of graphite powder, 30 mL of mineral oil and 10 mg of the enzymatic extract. The amperometric response was measured as the concentration of phenol, a voltage range of +0.13 - +0.38 V vs. SCE in phosphate buffer pH 7.0, the sweep speed in 100mVs-1. The electrode has a linear response range from 0.5 to 3.0 mol L-1 (r = 0.9981) using catechol as substrate. This biosensor was used to detect different types of phenolic compounds and when subjected to a sample of effluent from the pharmaceutical industry, no reading was obtained.Item Estudo da aplicação do resíduo de decantador de ETA como auxiliar de floculação no tratamento de água(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011-06-21) SOUZA, Leonora Milagre de; SCALIZE, Paulo Sergio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0957896448117207The residue generated in Water Treatment Plant (WTP) are derived from different stages of water treatment, especially the discharge of decanters. The most common practice in Brazil is the residue disposal directly into rivers, causing negative impacts to the environment. In general, the WTP have difficulties in managing the residue because the high costs of transportation and disposal, the steady increase in the consumption of chemicals, among other complicating factors. Aiming to reduce the coagulant used in the process and improving the characteristics of the residues for the outflow, this research examined the effects of biosolids application decanter of WTP in the processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation of water treatment. Through laboratory tests, using Jar Test, there were three series of tests, each one using gross water with distinct turbidity. In these trials were used differents dosages of aluminum sulfate and applied to WTP samples with different concentrations of total solids suspended (TSS). After the Jar Test, the decanted water was characterized as turbidity and color, solids and coliforms were not found significant changes in their quality. For most situations, the residue application in treatment has reduced the coagulant in the range 50% to 60%. The increased turbidity of gross water allowed the application of more concentrated residue without reducing the efficiency of treatment in terms of turbidity removal. Regarding the sedimented material in the Jar Test, the decreasing of the dosage of coagulant favored the reduction of the occupied volume by the material, independent of the concentration of residue applied. The specific resistance of sedimented material was higher when compared to the situation without the application in virtually all studied situations. For water with 100 NTU and implementation of residue greater than 7.500 mg/L, and water with 210 NTU and residue less than 8.600 mg/L there was improvement in the sedimentability. The dewatering ability of the sediments by centrifugation was also improved with the application of the residue with 3.642 mg/L and 75% of the coagulant, and 7.500 mg/L using 50% of coagulant. The chemical conditioning by nonionic polyelectrolyte did not improved in the dewatering of sedimented material, but in improving water quality supernatant. Based on this study it was noticed that the application of WTP residue in water treatment was satisfactory as for the analyzed parameters, considering the dosage of coagulant used and the residue applied.