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Item Aditivos fitogênicos e ionóforos na degradabilidade da fibra e parâmetro metabólicos em bovinos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-01) Almeida, Jean Sardinha de; Ferreira, Reginaldo Nassar; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4787019Y5; Padua, João Teodoro; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4721189P8; Pádua, João Teodoro; Taveira, Rodrigo Zaiden; Miyagi, Eliane SayuriThe objective this paper was evaluate the inlcusion of crude extract of Croton urucurana Baillon or composed of essential oil of cashew and castorbean oil or monensin on the degradability of dry matter and fiber in vitro and dry matter in situ and fermentation ruminal metabolic parameters in beef cattle. The experiment was conducted in the Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB) and the School of Veterinary and Animal Science of the Federal University of Goiás – GO, from August 2015 until January 2016. There were four treatments through in vitro technique: control, monensin, Croton urucurana Baillon, biophytus (functional oil composed of cashew and castorbean), with five repetitions. Were evaluated the parameters of degradability of dry matter. Metabolic analysis and in situ was through four animals distributed in a Latin square, were measured glucose, urea, urea nitrogen in the blood, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, albumin, total bilirubin and factions, creatinine, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglyceride and lactate dehydrogenase. Ruminal parameters were determined by protozoa count, ammonia nitrogen, pH, short chain fatty acids, bacterial reductive activity. The experimental design was completely at random. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The treatments did not increase the IVDMD (P> 0.05). There was no significant effect (P> 0.05) of the treatments on in vitro degradation parameters of DM and NDF in all evaluated times. For MS degradability in situ parameters, there was a significant effect (P <0.05) between treatments for soluble and effective degradation fraction with 2% by pass rate. The DM intake, had significant difference (P <0.05) between treatments, with lower consumption for monensin with admission was independent of diet type, either directly via the rumen cannula, it can be show that the lower consumption of diet with monensin supplementation is not by means of sensory but physiological and metabolic mechanisms. There was no significant effect (P> 0.05) for pH between treatments, but the collections after feeding was significant (P <0.05) monensin treatment, occurring up before feeding up two hours. Acetic acid levels were significant (P <0.05) for the hours of collection. The levels of butyric acid was affected by treatments (P <0.05) and not the hours of collection (P> 0.05). The concentrations of AST, GGT, LDH FA and was not affected by treatments (P> 0.05). The inclusion of essential oils, Croton urucurana Baillon and monensin in beef cattle diets hay base has not improved the evaluated parameters. The effective degradability of dry matter had better results with the inclusion of functional oils composed cashews and castorbeans. The intake was influenced by monensin and functional oil in addition the fuction of the two are similar, can be used one over the other.Item Produtividade, composição bromatológica e dinâmica do perfilhamento da brachiaria híbrida convert HD364 sob alturas de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-15) Alves, Emanuel Stival Godoy; Basto, Débora de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3166485141668542; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0724478254270327; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; Eichler, Verner; Magalhães, Roberto Toledo deThis study aimed to verify if different height management influence in productive characteristics, bromatological and tillering dynamics of Brachiria Hibrid Convert HD 364. The treatments were four cut heights: 25, 30, 35 and 40 cm with 15 cm residue and three repetitions of each treatment. The distribution in the experimental filed was completed randomized in 12 parcels. Were evaluated production of total dry matter, leafs and culm. Bromatological composition was evaluated in leafs, culms and whole plant. From tillering dynamics were evaluated appearance rate (TAP), surveillance (TSOB), mortality (TMOR), proportion among appearance rate and mortality and tiller stability index (IEST). Dry matter production of whole plant and leafs of Brachiária hybrid Convert HD364 was influenced by cut height with higher production obtained in 40 cm. No differences among whole plant, leafs and cull, were found managing heights varying between 25 and 40 cm in evaluated dry matter content, mineral matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Height cut influenced in crude protein content only at 35 cm. Fractions of B. Convert HD364 cull and whole plant presented differences in bromatological composition being observed higher crude protein and mineral matter in leafs and higher neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in culls. Pastures of B. Convert HD364 managed with varying height of 25 to 40 cm, showed no differences in tillering dynamics, surveillance and stability index. Furthermore, bromatological composition was no compromised by cut heights, being this cultivar suitable to be used in ruminant alimentation.Item Avaliação do mercado de peixes ornamentais em Goiânia e região metropolitana(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-06-28) Araujo, Rafael Martins de; Oliveira, Kellen de Sousa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3336024339176888; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/551096516635207; Paula, Fernanda Gomes de; Leite, Paulo Ricardo de Sá da Costa; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; Mello, Heloisa Helena de CarvalhoThe objective was to study the production chain of ornamental fish, addressing the retail and consumer trade in Goiânia and the metropolitan area. In general, the variables that characterize the production, trade, marketing chain and the rearing of ornamental fish were analyzed. Questionnaires applied online were used for aquarist practitioners, shopkeepers and producers, and responses were obtained from 82 individuals who fall into the category of aquarism practitioners, 25 shopkeepers and 32 producers. The relationships between the variables were analyzed by the chi-square test, considering 0.05 of significance. The results were compared and evaluated through the confidence interval and highlighted those who had interest within the ornamental fish market. Those individuals who responded as producers demonstrated that they started producing only by hobbie (51.4%) and, with demand growing, their production increased. Shopkeepers, mostly representing pet shops, agricultural shops and water shops have little control of water quality (62.5% of the stores), as well as the watercolor practitioners who, although they have knowledge about water quality (62.3% of the individuals), are few who make this type of evaluation (41.9%). Thus, it was found that, for the most part, the ornamental fish market of Goiânia and the metropolitan region do not actually perform the verification and control of water quality in their places of rearing or selling, either due to lack of knowledge or incentive.Item Utilização da torta de Neem (Azadirachta Indica) como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-14) Assunção, Patrícia da Silva; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Andrade, Maria Auxiliadora; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9441751521255467; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5510965166352073; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; Rocha, Fernanda Rodrigues Taveira; Campos, Melissa Selaysin DiAn experiment objective was conducted to evaluate the use of Neem cake (Azadirachta indica) as an antimicrobial in broiler rations. Used 240 chicks cutting males of Cobb, 1 day old, distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 6 replications of 10 birds each. The treatments were basal diet without adding antimicrobial diet with 0.05% tylosin, diet with 0.05% Neem and diet with 0.1% Neem. The performance of the birds, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were evaluated at 7 and 21 days. There was also the analysis of digestibility of the feed nutrients, from 18 to 21 days of bird life. Swabs were performed in five birds each repetition to one, 14 and 21 days of age to Salmonella sp count. and Escherichia coli. At 21 days of age a bird by repetition was euthanized to make the collection and weighing of the lymphoid organs (spleen, bursa and thymus) of birds. Performance data and metabolization of the feed nutrients were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. The E. coli count data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The use of Neem cake did not influence the performance variables evaluated, and also had no effect on digestibility. There was no growth of salmonella during the trial period, the means used. The Neem cake did not reduce the intestinal population of E. coli, and did not affect the weight of the lymphoid organs (spleen, bursa and Timo). We conclude that the use of Neem cake as a growth promoter and antimicrobial, did not affect the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.Item Óleo-resina de copaíba e extrato de barbatimão na dieta de poedeiras comerciais infectadas por Escherichia coli(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-04-17) Barbosa, Aleane Francisca Cordeiro; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4721288T1; Andradae, Maria Auxiliadora; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4780227J3; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4785461T6; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Rodrigues, kênia Ferreira; Stringhini, José HenriqueThe present study was performed to evaluate the supplementation of copaiba oleo resin or barbatimão extract in the diet of laying hens challenged with Escherichia coli. A total of 200 Isa Brown laying hens (64-76 weeks old) were used, and all the birds were intravaginally inoculated with 0.5 mL of 0.85% sterile saline solution containing 8.8 x 109 CFU / mL of Escherichia coli. It was adopted the randomized complete block design (birds weight used as block criteria), with four treatments and five replicates of 10 birds. The treatments consisted of: basal diet without additives (control); basal diet + 30 mg / kg of antibiotic (halquinol); basal diet + 30 mg / kg of copaiba oleo resin and basal diet + 40 mg / kg barbatimão extract. The experiment lasted three periods of 28 days. At the end of each period, the performance and the external and internal egg quality were evaluated as the search for the presence of Escherichia coli in eggs; and at the end of the total period, the search for Escherichia coli in ovarian follicles and oviduct. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means, when necessary, were compared by Tukey test (5%). For the Escherichia coli searching in eggs, follicles and oviduct, it was applied descriptive analysis (absolute and relative frequency). The inclusion of 40 mg / kg diet of barbatimão extract lead to worse feed conversion than the control treatment and decreased egg production compared to antibiotic treatment. The addition of 30 mg / kg diet of copaiba oleo resin did not influence the hens performance. The use of barbatimão extract lead to production of heavier eggs, and worse shell thickness and internal quality (UH) when compared to antibiotic treatment. Egg weight, the albumen percentage and the yolk index in the treatment with copaiba oleo resin were better than those of antibiotic treatment. However, the inclusion of copaiba oleo resin resulted in a lower yolk percentage when compared to antibiotic treatment. There was a lower frequency of isolation of Escherichia coli in intra-vaginal swabs samples from treatment with copaiba. The inclusion of barbatimão or copaiba provided lower frequency of isolation of E. coli in ovarian follicles in relation to antibiotic treatment. There was a lower frequency of isolation of E. coli in the oviduct with the addition of barbatimão extract when compared to antibiotic treatment. The treatment with copaiba oleo resin showed higher frequency of isolation of E. coli in the oviduct than the other treatments. The use of copaiba oleo resin or barbatimão extract resulted in lower frequency of isolation of Escherichia coli in the shell, albumen and yolk samples, in relation to antibiotic treatment. The inclusion of copaiba oleo resin may be an alternative to antibiotics in laying hens commercial diets.Item Impacto da mastite subclínica na chance de cura durante o período seco de vacas leiteiras(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-09) Barbosa, William Marota; Rezende, Cíntia Silva Minafra e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5841210447886226; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4582215859105753; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; Andrade, Maria Auxiliadora de; Cunha, Paulo Henrique Jorge daMastitis is the most important factor to increase somatic cell count (SCC) in cow milk; this increase causes numerous losses to dairy farmers and industries. Several studies measuring cure rates of subclinical mastitis during dry-off have been conducted for several decades with different results depending on the type of pathogen involved in the infection, the age and immunity of the cow, the duration of the dry period, and the protocols used in the dry cow therapy. Few studies in Brazil consider infection time and SCC level before dry-off because of the difficulty in accessing or controlling this information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows before dry-off, the somatic cell count (SCC) values in this period and the odds of subclinical mastitis in the first test day of a new lactation. 2,455 lactations from 2,064 cows were evaluated in 14 farms that included 9,820 individual tests. Lactations were grouped into four categories based on the number of test days ≥ 200,000 cells/mL in the three months prior to dry-off, and were also grouped by the geometric mean SCC of the last three months into five categories. The binary response variable was based on the first test day of the next lactation and was grouped as “healthy” (<200.000 cells/mL) or “subclinical” (≥200.000 cells/mL). Three mixed logistic regression models were created, and also included the explanatory variables parity, duration of dry period, season of calving, season of dry-off. Data set evaluation (model1) showed that 850 (34.5%) of lactations returned with subclinical mastitis in the next lactation. There was a wide variation between the herds and, except for duration of dry period, all variables used influenced the postpartum SCC result. The rate of new cases (Model2) was 20.9% (152/729) and was more influenced by parity, where cows of four or more lactation were more than twice as likely to have a new case compared to second lactation cows (OR=2,40 IC 95% 1,27~4,46). The season of dry-off did not influence the new cases. The cure rate during the dry period was 59.6% (1,028 / 1,726) and ranged from 20.0 to 83.3% between herds. Cows that dry-off with geometric mean SCC below 200,000 cells / mL in the last three months of lactation were six times more likely to cure than cows that dry-off with geometric mean above 1,600,000 cells/mL (OR = 6.41-95% CI). 3.17-13,15). Systematic evaluation of the end lactation SCC can help farmers to make decisions to prevent chronic mastitis and also to establish protocols for management for chronic cows at dry-off, culling must be considered.Item Avaliação nutricional da qualidade do milho para frangos de corte em Goiás(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-11-29) Batista , Lucas Ferreira; Arnhold, Emmanuel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7156945506134934; Viana , Eduardo de Faria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7788105107050702; Stringhini , José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Café , Marcos Barcelos; Laboissière , MicheleThe objective of this study was to increase the knowledge about the nutritional composition of maize grains and correlate the main physical and chemical variables that contribute to the energetic values of maize grains used in broiler rations. For this, corn grains samples received by a commercial broiler feed factory located in southeastern Goias during the years 2012 to 20015 were analyzed. The parameters evaluated were divided into physical variables such as: Moisture content (%),% (Kg / m³), chemical variables such as:% Ethereal Extract,% Crude Protein,% Crude Fiber,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain and the presence of mycotoxins (Aflatoxin and Fumonisin. In the present work, the values, mean, median, maximum and minimum values, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and normality tests and data distribution were described for each physical and chemical variable analyzed. Where there was no normal distribution of the results during the experimental period, revealing variation of these variables. Significant correlations (P <0.05) were found between the physical variables, Density and Humidity (-0.76), Infested Grains and Presence of Fumonisin (0.81); Moderate among the variables Crude Protein and Presence of Fumonisin (0.63) and% of Good Grains and Broken Grains (-0.70); (-0.15), Presence of Aflatoxins (0.28),% Good Grains (0.33) and% of Broken Grains (-0.41), among the variables Crude Protein and (-0.23), Presence of Aflatoxins and% of Humidity (-0,30) and Fumonisins (-0,27), between Presence of Aflatoxins and% of Humidity ( 0.30) and Specific Density (0.28) and the Presence of Fumonisins with Specific Density (0.43). A metabolism test was also carried out with 400 broilers, 14 days old, of the Cobb 500 male lineage, to verify the influence of the specific gravity of the corn kernels on the values of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), Apparent Metabolizable Energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn), in natural and dry matter, Apparent Metabolizable Coefficient of Crude Protein (AMC_CP), Ethereal Extract (AMC_EE), Calcium (AMC_CA), and Phosphorus (AMC_P) were evaluated. For this purpose, different samples of maize with specific densities of 740, 760, 780 and 800 kg / m³ were obtained in a commercial feed factory for broilers, located in southeast Goias. The different fractions of specific density of maize had different bromatological compositions, with variations mainly in the Gross Energy (2.28%), Crude Fiber (21.6%), Ethereal Extract (16%) and Percentage of Infested Grains. The treatments were significant (P <0.05), on the values of AME, AMEn, AMC_DM, AMC_EE, AMC_CA and AMC_P, but did not have trend curve proportional to the stipulated variations for the specific density, not determining which fraction of corn would be of better nutritional quality. What alerts us to analyze all the physical and chemical characteristics of the grains, besides the specific density, in order to determine the quality of the corn received in the feed factory for broiler chicken.Item Probiótico (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) e antimicrobiano melhorador de desempenho em dietas de leitões na fase de creche(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-07-11) Berteli, Carolina Ribeiro; Arnhold, Emmanuel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7156945506134934; Stringhini, Jose Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Stringhini, Jose Henrique; Lopes, Euripedes Laurindo; Silva, Bruno Alexander Nunes; Carvalho, Fabyola Barros deChanges related to weaning are stressful factors and may cause reduced piglet growth, mainly due to the incidence of diarrhea. Considering the limitations to the use of antimicrobial performance enhancers, different strategies were proposed to maintain animal growth and performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of probiotic (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) on weaned piglets diet, associated or not with the use of antimicrobial performance enhancer (tiamulin). A total of 84 piglets with a mean age of 28 days were randomized in blocks and a factorial scheme 2 x 2, with four treatments, corresponding to the inclusion or not of performance improvement antibiotic (tiamulin 80% 150ppm) and probiotic (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens – 1x10 10 UFC/g). The treatments adopted were: T1 - basal diet (DB, control); T2 - DB + antimicrobial; T3 - DB + probiotic; T4 - DB + antimicrobial + probiotic. Avarage daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were calculated. The fecal score was monitored according to the method proposed by Guedes et al. Feces samples were collected for presence and counting analysis of Escherichia coli (Quinn et al.). Statistical analyzes were performed using software R and differences considered significant for P <0.05. For non-parametric data it was used the Friedman test and the Tukey test were used for the others. The absolute data of microbiological counting were logarithmized and analyzed in a descriptive way. The average daily feed intake was affected by the use of antimicrobial, while the use of probiotic did not result in significant effect. Weight gain and feed conversion were not affected by the use of antimicrobial or probiotic. The diarrhea score was significantly affected in the final phase, with lower scores for animals fed with antimicrobial and probiotic. In the descriptive evaluation of the E. coli count, there was a trend of higher fecal bacterial count over the experimental period in all treatments, more prominently in the samples from the animals that did not take probiotic. The use of probiotics (B. amyloliquefaciens) is a valid strategy to replace the use of antimicrobials for weaned pigs. The addition of probiotic keeped piglet consumption and performance in the early stages of life.Item Nitrato encapsulado na suplementação para novilhos de corte em pastejo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-10-02) Berti, Guilherme Felipe; Silva, Maurícia Brandão da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9608210292530980; Fernandes, Juliano José Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Barbosa, Analívia Martins; Araújo, Rafael Canonenco deThe present work evaluated the effects of the partial replacement of soybean meal with encapsulated nitrate in suplemented grazing beef cattle diets. The experimental design was a cross-over, conducted in two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Eight crossbred steers (average body of 345 kg), castrated, fitted with ruminal cannula were distributed in two treatments: Control - multiple supplement based on soybean meal, without nitrate; and NE - supplement with encapsulated nitrate (5% on the concentrate dry matter), replacing soybean meal. Each animal were daily supplemented with 1.0% of his body weight. The data were analyzed using mixed models, using the MIXED procedure of the SAS program and comparisons between treatments were made using the F test, at the level of 5% probability. The total dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P = 0.459), as well as the forage DMI (P = 0.906). However, a decreae of the concentrate DMI rate (% body weight) was observed (from 0.92% to 0.88%) (P = 0.024). Control and EN animals showed higher concentrate intake during three hours after feed, however EN had lower and slower consumption throughout the day. The use of EN did not change the digestibility of the dry matter (P = 0.090), as well as the digestibility of the crude protein (P = 0.160), neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.122) and non-fibrous carbohydrate (P = 0.872), but decreased the ether extract digestibility from 68.81% to 61.21% (P <0.05). The EN decreased butyrate (P <0.01) and valerate rates (P <0.0095) 9 hours after feeding. There was no effect of EN on propionate (P> 0.1215) and total AGCC rates (P> 0.8620), whereas EN increased the total acetate rates 3, 6 and 12 hours after supplementation (P <0.0018). There was no effect of EN on the ruminal NH3 concentration (P> 0.5845). In summary, EN provides lower palatability to concentrate diets, maybe increasing the time spent in the trough throughout a day, but did not decreases the dry matter intake of suplemented grazing cattles.Item Ácido guanidinoacético em dieta pré-inicial para frangos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-28) Borges, Kamilla Martins; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5510965166352073; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; Rocha, Fernanda Rodrigues Taveira; Leandro, Nadja Susana MogycaCreatine is a substance that provides temporary energy. Guanidinoacetic acid (AGA) is a natural precursor of creatine, and can be added to feeds. The AGA provided acts as an energetic substrate with lower protein degradation with amino acid shift for gluconeogenesis, improving the initial performance of the birds. To evaluate the AGA in broiler chicken diet, an experiment was carried out using rations formulated for the pre-initial phase. Treatments consisted of a basal diet without AGA and rations with 0.10 and 0.20% AGA. A total of 252 male cutting chicks, distributed in a completely randomized design (DIC), with seven replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit were used. Feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated at seven, 14 and 21 days of age. Six days later, blood samples were collected for the determination of creatinine, creatine kinase (CK) and glucose and two metabolism tests were performed one at three and the other at 17 days of age. Data were submitted to analysis of variance ANOVA and the means were compared by the Tukey test. In the period of 1 to 7 days, an improvement in the feed conversion of animals receiving 0.20% AGA was observed. In the period from 7 to 14 days there was improvement in feed conversion and tending to improve the weight gain of the animals that received 0.20% AGA. There was no cumulative effect of AGA use on experimental rations fed to broiler chickens from 1 to 7 days of age on performance up to 21 days of age. Blood creatinine values at six days of life did not show significant differences. Animals that received 0.20% AGA presented higher CK blood concentration than the other treatments. The blood glucose concentration did not present statistical differences between treatments. The crude protein metabolism coefficient (CMPB) was increased within 3 to 7 days for animals receiving 0.20% AGA in the diet. There was no difference between treatments in the period from 17 to 21 days for the metabolization coefficient. The animals' intestinal weight and length did not show differences between treatments. Levels of 0.10 and 0.20% of AGA in the pre-starter diet improves weight gain and feed conversion over the period from 1 to 14 days of age in broilers.Item Terminação de vacas e novilhas com diferentes períodos de confinamento(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-08) Brandão, Bruno Monteiro; Nuñez, Amoracyr José Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9646810846757315; Restle, João; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7559938697233077; Restle, João; Okada, Eliane Sayuri Miyagi; Bilego, Ubirajara de OliveiraThe performance, carcass and meat characteristics and economic viability of Nellore cows and heifers feedlot finished during 40 or 60 days were evaluated. The experimental design used was completely randomized with treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with two female categories and two confinement periods. Twenty-two cows with 74.3 months and 22 heifers with 20.4 months were used. The experimental diet included corn silage and concentrate containing 18% CP and 74% NDT. In the 21-days adaptation period, cows showed much lower performance. The food consumption expressed as a percentage of body weight was higher in heifers, with average daily weight gain of 821 and 938 g, while cows practically maintained their weight with average daily weight gain of 62 and -291 g. Heifers were more efficient in feed conversion during adaptation. After the adaptation period, cows showed greater average daily weight gain, with similar feed conversion to heifers. The cold carcass yield was higher (p<0.04) in heifers, which also showed greater subcutaneous fat thickness (P<0.01) with the 40-day finishing, but with no difference to the 60-day finishing. The increase in the feedlot period provided a higher marbling content (P<0.01) in the Longissimus lumborum muscle in both categories, the increase being more evident in cows. The net profit from finishing the heifers was 47.2% higher (P<0.5) in relation to the profit obtained with the cows.Item Uso do probiótico Bacillus amyloliquefaciens na dieta para frangos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-05) Brasileiro, Júlio César Lopes; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Mello, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5510965166352073; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Leite, Paulo Ricardo de Sá da Costa; Mascarenhas, Alessandra GimenezThe use of antibiotics in animal feed is increasingly a reason for questioning and discussion with the focus on food safety and the possibility of the emergence of bacterial resistance that may reflect on human therapy. Alternatives have been researched to replace the use of antibiotics in animal production with additives considered more innocuous, especially probiotics. Thus, to evaluate the use of probiotic associated or not with the presence of performance-enhancing antibiotic, 1400 one-day-old male Cobb-500® chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design (DIC) in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme totaling four treatments and ten repetitions including 35 birds in each plot covering the 42-day experimental period. Avilamycin was used as a performance-enhancing antibiotic and the variables studied in the present study included the zootechnical performance index, carcass yield and intestinal histomorphometry. For the variable of zootechnical performance index in the period of one to 21 days, an effect of the use of probiotic for feed conversion was observed, with the birds that received the probiotic presented a better conversion index when compared to the group of birds that did not receive addition. of probiotic and antibiotic in diets. For the intestinal histomorphometry parameter, the interaction between factors was observed, in which the group of birds that consumed the antibiotic-free diet and included with the probiotic presented better villus height concomitant to the villus: crypt in the duodenum ratio and better villus height concomitant to the depth of crypts in the ileum, demonstrating to be a viable alternative of substitution against the antibiotics used in the poultry farming.Item Estudo genético-quantitativo de características de crescimento, reprodução, carcaça e escores visuais em um rebanho nelore sob seleção para precocidade sexual(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-02-23) Brunes, Ludmilla Costa; Rey, Fernando Sebastian Baldi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2142265309634106; Costa, Marcos Fernando Oliveira e; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9680699222245462; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhoa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1852112832119187; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhoa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1852112832119187; Lobo, Raysildo Barbosa; Mamede, Mariana Marcia SantosThe reproductive efficiency in cattle herds, as well as the anticipation of puberty, has positive effects on zootechnical indexes and on the profitability of production systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and the genetic and phenotypic trends for growth, carcass, and reproductive traits in a Nellore cattle herd under selection for sexual precocity, given age at first conception and age at first calving as selection criterion. Furthermore, this study also aimed to evaluate, using multivariate analyzes, which traits, among growth, carcass and visual scores, better discern early pregnancy. Genetic parameters were estimated for birth weight (BW), weight at 120 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365) and 450 (W450) days of age, average daily gain pre-weaning and post-weaning (ADGPRE e ADGPOS), rib eye area (REA), backfat thickness (BF), rump fat thickness (RF), marbling (MAR), hot carcass weight (HCW), weight of edible portion (WEP), scrotal circumference at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days of age, gestation length (LG), days open (DO), calving interval (CI), real fertility (RF), cumulative productivity (CP), relation to weaning (RW), age at first conception (AFCo) and age at first calving (AFCa). Data were provided by Vera Cruz Ranch and the National Association of Breeders and Researchers (ANCP). The covariance components were estimated using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood method, available on BLUPF90 package, in univariate and bivariate analyzes using animal model. The heritability estimated for BW (0.39), W120 (0.32), W210 (0.31), W365 (0.33), W450 (0.34), ADGPRE (0.23), ADGPOS (0.27), REA (0.39), BF (0.34), RF (0.34), MAR (0.38), HCW (0.39), WEP (0.39), SC365 (0.33), SC450 (0.33), LG (0.23), DO (0.34), CI (0.23), RF (0.21), CP (0.25), RW (0.26), AFCo (0.21) and AFCa (0.24) indicated the possibility of genetic selection. The maternal heritability estimated for BW (0.06), W120 (0.08), W210 (0.07), W365 (0.05), W450 (0.11), ADGPRE (0.12), ADGPOS (0.08), SC365 (0.07) and SC450 (0.03) indicated genetic effects of the dam on the progeny performance, until the post-weaning phase, for growth traits. The genetic correlations estimated within growth traits, between growth and carcass traits, within carcass traits and reproductive trait were favorable and of moderate magnitude. The traits that indicate sexual precocity showed genetic correlation coefficients ranging from -0.51 to -0.15, -0.62 to -0.33 and -0.61 to 0.14, between growth, carcass and reproductive traits, respectively. Genetic correlation coefficients were, in most cases, favorable. The genetic trends obtained showed, in general, the effectiveness of the adopted selection criteria with satisfactory genetic gains. Selection for sexual precocity, based on age at first conception, shall promote opposite direction genetic changes on growth, carcass and reproductive traits, which is the desirable effect. Birth weight, fat thickness, bone structure, musculature, rib depth, tail and rump insertion were the traits that presented greater discrimination power for early pregnancy. Thus, these traits can be used as such management targeting criteria and decision-making practices, in order to enable animals to express early pregnancy, guiding the breeders in selecting females for sexual precocity.Item Probiótico na terminação de bovinos em pastejo durante o período da seca(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-02-26) Calaça, Alana Maria Menezes Di; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Santos, Mateus Castilho; Restle, JoãoProbiotics have been promised to be an alternative additive to antibiotic use and as a growth promoter. However, the performance results of animals fed probiotics are variable. The objectives were to evaluate the productive performance of Nellore bulls on grazing system for intensive fattening during the dry season, receiving probiotic concentrate composed of Bacillus toyonensis; influence of probiotic on ruminal and intestinal mucosa development and probiotic effect on digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The experiment was carried out between July and November 2017, which corresponds to the dry period in the region. Four animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment so that the initial carcass yield could be estimated. Nellore bulls (n = 80) with initial mean weight of 354.02 ± 3.38 kg were blocked according to body weight and divided into two treatments: concentrate with probiotic and concentrate without probiotic (control). They were allocated in 16 paddocks formed by Urochloa brizantha, supplemented at 2% of the body weight in concentrate. At the end of 133 days of experiment, the animals were slaughtered and data of carcass weight, yield, carcass gain, average daily carcass gain and 12th-rib fat thickness were obtained. The in vivo digestibility assay was performed with eight rumen cannulated steers, in a cross over 2x2 design, with two treatments and two periods. Titanium dioxide was used as an external marker to estimate fecal excretion and iFDN was used as an internal marker to estimate dry matter intake. On the last day of each experimental period, ruminal fluid was collected to evaluate the concentration of short chain fatty acids and ammoniacal nitrogen. The use of probiotic composed of Bacillus toyonensis did not improve final body weight (528.2 ± 3.38 kg – p=0,2360) nor the daily average gain (1,333 kg– p= 0,2531) and feed efficiency (0.165– p=0,2016). The subcutaneous fat thickness was lower in animals receiving the probiotic (4.06 vs. 2.97 mm mm – p=0,0423). There was no influence of probiotic on other carcass traits. No significant effect on the development of the ruminal and intestinal epithelium was observed with the use of probiotic. Bacillus toyonensis did not improve dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility. There was no effect on rumen fermentation. Probiotic based on Bacillus toyonensis altered fat deposition in carcasses.Item Influência da condição e tempo de armazenamento na qualidade de ovos de poedeiras comerciais em idades avançadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-09-27) Camargo, Sarah Maria Pires; Racanicci, Aline Mondini Calil; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5304081966255411; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Stringhini, José Henrique; Tenório, Clarice Gebara Muraro Serrate Cordeiro; Rocha, Fernanda Rodrigues TaveiraAn egg begins to lose its quality as soon as it is laid, an inevitable phenomenon that happens as time passes, and could be slowed down or accelerated by many factors. Based on this topic, the goal of this study was to assess the influence of storage conditions, hen age, and storage duration evaluating the chemical, physical and rheological properties of eggs from commercial hens of different ages (31, 62 and 88 weeks) in correlation of two methods of storage: refrigerated(fridge) and on a shelf(room temperature) and four storage periods (1st, 10th, 20th and 30thday). The experiment was executed for the duration of 30 days, at Setor de Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil. 288 eggs were utilized, of which were distributed randomly, in a factorial arrangement 3x2x4 (age, methods of storage, and storage periods), totaling 24 treatments with 4 repetitions of 3 eggs. Each egg was subjected to breakage and analyzed in regards to its quality in an interval of 10 days, and were evaluated based on: weight of the yolk, shell and albumen (as percentages), thickness of the shell (cm), height of the albumen and yolk (mm) , diameter of the albumen and yolk (mm), specific gravity, Haugh unit, Haugh index of albumen and yolk, pH of albumen and yolk, shell resistance and viscosity. Statistics of this study consisted in analyzing tests of normality, homoscedasticity and ShapiroWilk test, Levene and BoxPlot and z-score. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and to Tukey's test(p<0,05). In order to analyze the viscosity, a graphical analysis of dispersion during a specific interval was utilized. The software R-Project was used as a tool in order to help analyze the data obtained. Regardless of the storage periods, the eggs stored in refrigeration presented higher values of albumen index when compared to eggs kept on shelf. Eggs from hens with age from 66 to 88 weeks displayed lower percentages of shell and albumen, as well as a lower shell resistance and lower yolk index when compared to other eggs, regardless of time of storage or environment. Viscosity was stable with eggs stored in a refrigerated environment. Viscosity of eggs kept at room temperature displayed newtonian fluid behavior, indicating that hen age is an important factor to reduce albumen viscosity. Eggs stored for 10 days kept their qualities, regardless of the hen's age.Item Avaliação de coprodutos ensilados da indústria do milho em dietas de vacas em lactação(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-12-16) Cardoso, Rogério Rezende; Lima, Milton Luiz Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7562710128026687; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4582215859105753; Zacaroni, Ozana de Fátima; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; Silva, Thiago Carvalho daFibrous co-products in the feeding of ruminants contribute to the mitigation of environmental impacts and decrease the consumption of animals of digestible products by humans. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of the conventional substitution concentrated (constituted in its base of corn and soy bran) by concentrate constituted by co-products of the corn industry in lactating cows ration on the consumption of dry matter (DMI), production of milk, milk components, selectivity behavior, digestibility, blood and ruminal parameters. The statistical design used was a 2x2 cross-over with two effects differentiated by the concentrated resource (conventional concentrate and concentrate consisting of corn by-products) in two 22-day experimental ones, with 14 days of adaptation for use and eight final days of data collection. Ten crossbred lactation cows (Holstein x Jerseys) were used, distributed five in each treatment and balanced in the orders according to the calving order, days in lactation and milk production. The data were analyzed by the PROC MIXED of the SAS, considering the statistical model of random effect by cow and fixed treatment effect and period at the level of significance P <0.05 and trend 0.05≤P≤0.10. The DMI and DMO were statistically higher (P=0.005 and P=0.008) for control group, while the NDF consumption did not differ statistically (P=0.76) and the consumption of physically effective fiber was statistically higher (P<0.0001) for treatment with co-products. The production of milk, protein, casein and lactose in milk in percentage and production per day were statistically higher (P<0.01) in treatment control, while the fat in kg/day did not differ statistically (P=0.35), the production of fat and urea nitrogen in milk was higher (P=0.001 and P=0.007) in the treatment with co-products. As the dry matter digestibilities, organic matter and NDF did not differ statistically (P>0.10) among the treatments and that have the highest (P=0.03) consumption of digestible organic matter in the control treatment. The animals with diet control in the 24h period select more (P=0.004) against 19 mm of treatment with co-products, while no sieve of the state of the 8 mm pen or the rejection index was lower than the 19 mm, however still the treatment control (P<0.0001) selects against 8 mm effects and the treatment with co-products does not show selection in this section, being the bottom of the sieve in both tests with selection in favor of the bottom of the sieve. An acetate: propionate ratio was higher (P=0.005) for treatment with by-products evaluated for the control treatment, with ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen and urea nitrogen in the blood greater (P=0.003 and P<0.0001) for by-product concentrate. The control treatment animals with greater (P=0.01 and P=0.03) meal size and meal duration with smaller (P=0.05) number of meals compared to treatment with co-products. The results demonstrated are the necessary ruminal degradation studies of the mixture of corn by-products with the method of efficient use in the feeding of dairy cattle.Item Diversidade haplotípica da região promotora e do éxon 8 no gene ghr e suas relações com a lactação observada e ajustada para 305 dias em vacas da raça holandesa(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-07-15) Cardoso, Vanderlei Alves; Reis, Angela Adamski da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3243656364470085; Arnhold, Emmanuel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7156945506134934; Reis, Angela Adamski da Silva; Cruz, Alex Silva da; Zacaroni, Ozana de FátimaThere are several factors that may affect the milk yield in cattle, among which the environmental characteristics and the genetic profile are the most important. The use of tools for genetic evaluation of animals, in particular the identification of SNPs, which are able to interfere with the production capacity, is being widely studied and used in animal production. In this sense, the objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of polymorphic variants of the promoter region and éxon8 in gene of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in Holstein cows in milk. They used data from lactations and milk composition in the first and second lactation of 106 cows in the municipality of Cristalina, Goiás. The blood samples were collected and the genomic material was purified (DNA). The genotypes were analyzed by PCR-FRLP technique using the AluI enzyme in the promoter region and Sspl to the exon8 of the GHR gene, respectively. For the data analysis of lactation and milk composition was performed analyses of varyance and Tukey test. Allelic frequencies of 47.64% were observed for AluI (-) and 52.36% for AluI (+) for the polymorphism of the promoter region, 49.53% for Ssp (-) and 50.47% for Ssp (+ ) for the polymorphism of exon8 of the gene. As to the genotypic frequencies, the promoter region had 12.26%, 70.76% and 16.98% for AluI genotypes (- / -), AluI (+/-) and AluI (+ / +) respectively. While the region of exon8 presented frequencies of 7.55%, 83.96% and 8.49% for genotypes Ssp (- / -), SspI (+/-), and SspI (+ / +) respectively. No statistically significant differences were found (P> 0.05) for the production and composition of milk on the effects of polymorphisms of the promoter region (AluI) and exon 8 (SspI) of the GHR gene. The composition EST and ESD were higher for SspI genotypes (- / -), but with significance level P = 0.06 and P = 0.05 respectively for EST and ESD. The interaction between the two polymorphisms and their effects on milk production and composition, no statistically significant differences were observed (P> 0.05).Item Protease em dietas contendo farinhas de origem animal para frangos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-11) Carvalho, Deborah Pereira; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3136809931691012; Andrade, Maria Auxiliadora; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9441751521255467; Stringhini, José Henrique; ttp://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Stringhini, José Henrique; Laboissière, MIchele; Carvalho, Fabyiola Barros deResearch with use of exogenous enzymes in feed for broiler, has shown its advantages in improving the digestibility and nutrient availability for birds, resulting in better performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding "on the top" the enzyme protease 0.05% (Cybenza DP 100) in diets for broilers containing animal meal. Two experiments were conducted divided into 4 treatments each experiment. In both experiments were using the same treatments, the treatments offered were: T1 - corn-based feed and soybean meal, T2 - corn-based feed and soybean meal with addition of protease, T3 - based feed corn and soybean meal with addition of meat, feathers and viscera, T4 - corn-based feed and soybean meal with addition of meat, feathers and viscera, with the addition of protease. The "experiment 1" was carried out with 320 chicks Cobb500 strain of 1 to 21 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, divided into batteries, with 4 treatments and 8 repetitions each containing 10 broiler per cage. The variables analyzed were: digestibility and performance variables. The "Experiment 2" was carried out with 720 chicks Cobb500 strain of 1 to 42 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, divided into box with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions each containing 30 broiler per box. The analyzed variables were: performance and Biometry of the gastrointestinal tract organs and the intestines and bowel. In all treatments the data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance. In the " experiment 1 " it was observed that supplementation of the enzyme protease improved the feed conversion only in the pre- initial stage , but proved advantageous to use also in the initial phase , because even with the reduction in nutrient levels the results did not differ . In the " second experiment " it was observed that the use of animal meal for broilers from 1 to 21 days of age proved advantageous , since treatments with animal meal in their composition showed better weight gain and lower feed intake . The protease enzyme supplementation improved viability.Item Uso de aditivos a base de óleos essenciais no consumo alimentar de bovinos confinados(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-03-02) Carvalho, Rafael Assunção; Eifert, Eduardo da Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/197071591617834; Gonzalez, Roberto Daniel Sainz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7128624824011246; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhôa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1852112832119187; Eifert, Eduardo da Costa; Nuñez, Amoracyr José Costa; Ferreira, Reginaldo NassarObjetivou-se avaliar a adição de um palatabilizante a base de óleos essenciais na alimentação de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 72 bovinos (½ taurino x ½ zebuíno), machos não castrados, com idade entre 20 e 24 meses e peso médio de 490 kg. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (com e sem a inclusão de palatabilizante), em que cada tratamento foi constituído de 36 repetições, considerando cada animal como repetição. A alimentação foi fornecida ad libitum, composta por silagem de milheto, soja triturada, sorgo triturado, ureia e núcleo mineral atendendo uma relação volumoso concentrado de 63:37, contendo 68% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e 14% de PB, de acordo com as exigências estimadas pelo software RLM Corte 3.3, para ganhos de 1,3 kg/dia. O palatabilizante foi fornecido diariamente ao lote tratado, associado à dieta total em uma proporção inicial de 9 gramas/animal/dia. Os animais foram submetidos a um período de adaptação às instalações, ao manejo e dieta de 14 dias, após esse período, se iniciou a coleta efetiva de dados com duração de 56 dias, com pesagem inicial, final e quatro pesagens intermediárias a cada 14 dias, totalizando 70 dias de teste. Os dados de consumo de alimento ingerido, foram mensurados pelo sistema de cochos eletrônicos da marca Intergado®. As variáveis coletadas para esse experimento foram, peso inicial (PI, kg); peso final (PF, kg); ganho médio diário (GMD, kg/dia); consumo de matéria seca (CMS, kg); (EA). O efeito do peso inicial como covariável foi testado para todas as características. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos cada tratamento foi constituído de 36 repetições, considerando cada animal uma repetição. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e de regressão. Os modelos foram selecionados com base nos coeficientes de determinação e significância dos coeficientes de regressão, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5% de probabilidade, utilizando-se o teste F. Também foi adotado um esquema fatorial 2x7 dois níveis de tratamento e 7 semanas de avaliação. Todas as estimativas e análise estatística foram realizadas com auxílio do Programa R. O uso do aditivo palatabilizante na proporção estudada, não apresentou efeitos significativos para as características de desempenho avaliadas durante o período experimental.Item Qualidade de carne e bem-estar de suínos submetidos a diferentes tamanhos de lote no embarque(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-03) Castro, Izabela Cruvinel di; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9082632592936909; Nunes, Romão da Cunha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4335133347523404; Nunes, Romão da Cunha; Lopes, João Batista; Stringhini, José HenriquePig production starts on the farms until reaching the final product that is generated in the refrigerator. One of the impasses in the pig termination phase is the best shape and the ideal batch size to be taken to the transport truck for shipment in order to minimize or eliminate animal stress and factors detrimental to carcass and quality Of meat. When driving the pigs to the truck, it is necessary to use management methods that minimize stress. For the conduct of the animals it is necessary to determine the number of animals to be driven at a time since a very large group could be subject to greater stress and agitation which can interfere in the final quality of the meat. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between the size of the group of finished pigs driven to the truck, the influence on meat quality, number of lesions and parameters of animal welfare. The experiment was carried out in five pig growth and finishing farms in the western region of Santa Catarina. Were used 198 finishing pigs of both sexes (females and males), divided in three ways of conduction (lot of three, five and ten animals) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 54 animals from one of the farms (corresponding to three replicates for each treatment) and 36 animals from each farm (representing eight replicates per treatment). The variables analyzed were number of lesions, aspects of meat quality, physiological parameters of stress. Measurements of lesions in the farm, slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse, injuries of the type of fight, density and management, lesions in the loin, palette, leg and total, meat quality parameters in the Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus muscle, meat classification in CSR, NFP And RFN, and physiological measures of cortisol and lactate. In all treatments the data were submitted to analysis of variance, through the SAS program, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of significance. There were no significant differences between batch sizes, for lesions caused on the farm, slaughterhouse, slaughterhouse and totals, as well as between carcass, loin, palette, shank and total cuts. There were differences (p <0.05) in loin lesions, caused by fights where the group of ten animals had a larger number. Density-type lesions were also found in batch treatments of three and five animals when compared to the batch of ten animals. For management-type lesions, there was a statistical difference in the loins of the animals from a group of three animals that had a lower number of lesions when compared to five and ten animals. In the Longissimus dorsi muscle, at 45 minutes post-mortem temperature, there was a significant difference between the treatment of five animals that had a lower temperature than the other treatments. In the Semimembranosus muscle, the temperature 45 minutes post-mortem obtained a difference (p <0.05) in treatments five and ten animals with lower temperatures, when compared to the treatment with three animals. The pH measured 24 hours post mortem in the treatment of five animals is inferior to the other treatments and in the driploss the treatment of five animals obtained greater loss of water. As for the sizes of finishing pig lots driven to the truck, the results indicate that batches of three, five and ten animals can be shipped without impairing the quality of meat and animal welfare.