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Item Adição de enzimas em dietas de frangos de corte a base de milho de diferentes qualidades(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2020-03-31) Andrade, Tiago Vieira de; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Café, Marcos Barcellos; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; Arnhold, Emmanuel; Carvalho, Genilson Bezerra de; Fortes, Bruno Duarte AlvesThe nutritional quality of stored corn grains is of paramount importance to formulate more efficient diets, given that corn grains with low nutritional value, trigger metabolic disturbances and consequently negative effects on the performance and use of nutrients in birds. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the addition of exogenous enzymes in diets of broilers based on corn kernels of different qualities. with 696 birds of the Cobb 500 strain. In experiments 1 and 3, with the purpose of evaluating performance at 1, 7, 21, 35 and 42 days of age and intestinal histomorphometry at 21 and 42 days of age, 600 chicks were used 1 day old males. In experiments 2 and 4, metabolism assays were carried out with 96 14-day old male chicks from experiment 1 and 3 to estimate the metabolizable energy values of corn of different qualities with the inclusion of exogenous enzymes and mycotoxin adsorbent in diets for broilers. In all experiments, a completely randomized design (DIC) was used, distributed in a factorial arrangement (2x2), with experiment 1 and 2 being the addition or not of the XAP enzyme blend (Xylanase, Amylase and Protease) and two types of corn (types 1 and 3), and for experiment 3 and 4 with or without the addition of mycotoxin adsorbent and with or without the addition of the enzymatic blend. It was observed that the birds that consumed type 1 corn with enzyme had higher average weight and better feed conversion. It was observed that the birds that consumed diets containing enzyme showed better digestibility for the values of EMAn, EMA and CMMS in the period of 17 to 21 days. It was observed that birds that consumed type 1 corn with enzyme showed better intestinal development for height of the jejunum and ileum up to 21 days of age. There was a reduction in uric acid and AST for birds that consumed type 1 corn with enzyme. There was a reduction (p <0.05) in LDH for birds that consumed type 1 corn. There was a higher (p <0.05) average weight for birds that consumed diets containing enzyme and adsorbent in the period from 1 to 7 days . In conclusion, it can be said that birds that consumed type 1 corn with enzyme showed good performance, carcass yield, use of nutrients and intestinal development.Item Suplementação in ovo de vitamina E e cantaxantina para embriões de frango de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-11-09) Araújo, Itallo Conrado Sousa de; Café, Marcos Barcellos; Mello, Heloisa Helena Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3136809931691012; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Stringhini, José Henrique; Lopes, Karina Ludovico Almeida Martinez; Carvalho, Fabyola Barros; Lara, Leonardo José CamargosTwo experiments were conducted to avaluate the effect of in ovo supplementation of antioxidants to broiler chickens on neonatal oxidative status, incubation results, chick quality and broiler performance. In the first experiment, five levels of vitamin E (0.0, 25.0, 35.0, 45.0 and 55.0 mg) were diluted in 0.5 mL of sunflower oil and in the second experiment five levels were used of cantaxanthin (0.000, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055 and 0.065 mg) obtained from a commercial product (canthaxanthin 10%), diluted with 0.5 mL of distilled water. In both experiments were used 780 eggs, distributed in three incubators (block), 260 eggs in each. Vitamin E supplementation improved egg hatchability, lower birth rate of chicks and better physical quality of chicks. There was also a positive response in the small intestine weight and villus height of the duodenum of the chicks, which provided improvement in feed conversion for all the periods studied during the performance. The results of protein concentration in the liver and striated muscle were higher for the chicks that received vitamin E. It was concluded that vitamin E supplementation in ovo improves the oxidative state of the chick and this improves the incubation results, quality of the chick and performance in the initial phase. On the other hand, supplementation with the commercial product of canthaxanthin showed worsening for the hatching and birth window variables, with a consequent increase in the number of neonatal chicks with physical quality below 71 points. Supplementation of canthaxanthin did not influence the weight or length of neonatal chicks. Furthermore, it was possible to verify a higher amount of total proteins in the liver of the chicks supplemented with the commercial product of canthaxanthin, it was also possible to verify improvement in the catalase activity present in the chicks liver. It can be concluded that the commercial product is not indicated for inoculation in ovo because it contains compounds that hinder chicks hatching. However, the improvement in oxidative status was evident, and further studies could be indicated with the use of pure canthaxanthin in ovo for broiler chickens.Item Desenvolvimento do trato gastrintestinal de aves de corte de genótipos de crescimento lento na fase inicial e digestibilidade de alimentos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-04-18) Assis, Saullo Diogo de; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3136809931691012; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Café, Marcos Barcellos; Leite, Paulo Ricardo de Sá da Costa; Minafra, Cibele da Silva; Hellmeister Filho, PauloThree experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the differences in performance, nutritional utilization of the ration and development of the digestive tract of four slow - growing broiler strains. The effects of the breeding system on the development of the digestive tract and determine the metabolizable energy values of the main feed of broiler chickens slow growing. In the experiment I were evaluated the zootechnical performance, the bioeconomic index and the metabolizability of the nutrients of the ration of different strains of slow - growth and early - growth broilers. A total of 544 day - old chicks, 136 of each genotypes were used: Label Rouge Pesadão, Isa Label Rouge Naked Neck, Carijó and CarijóNaked Neck, distributed randomly in eight replicates of 17 animals each. The studied variables were performance, bioeconomic index, nutrient metabolizable coefficients, apparent metabolizable energy (EMA) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn). In experiment II, 600 slow - growing chickens (Label Rouge Naked Neck) were housed initially in a conventional masonry shed, raised up to 70 days old. At 35 days of age they were divided into two groups, one of which had access to free area and another one remained in the shed until the end of the experiment. The variables studied were live weight, digestive tract development and intestinal histomorphometry at different ages. For experiment III, six hundred broiler chicks of the Label Rouge Naked Neck line were used. The treatments consisted of seven foods and one reference diet. The methodology used was the total collection of excreta. The tested foods were: soybean meal, corn grain, rice bran, sorghum grain, 60% corn gluten, wheat bran and soybean oil. There were differences (P <0.05) for live weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion among the four lines studied, at 7, 14, 21, 28and 63 days of age. The Carijó Neck strain showed the worst performance results from 1 to 63 days of age compared to the other lines studied. There was a difference (P <0.05) for the bioeconomic index (IBE). The Carijó, Label Rouge Neck and Label rouge lines had the highest IBE values. The metabolizable coefficients of the nutrients differed (P <0.05) between the lines at seven and 21 days of age. The highest value of the metabolizable coefficient of the protein and mineral matter of the diet was obtained by the Carijó line at seven and 21 days of age. There was a difference (P <0.05) between the lineages in live weight, allometry of digestive tract organs and intestinal histomorphometry at one, seven and 28 days of age. The breeding systems influenced (<0.05) the live weight and the allometry of the organs of the digestive system of broiler chickens of the Isa Label Neck Snack Line at 72 days of age. The semiconfined breeding system improved the performance and growth of the small intestine of the Isa Label Naked Neck line. The values of AMEn (kcal / kg) of foods based on natural matter were: soybean meal, 2215 kcal / kg; corn grain, 3568 kcal / kg; sorghum grain, 3212 kcal / kg; rice bran, 2365 kcal / kg; wheat bran, 2482 kcal / kg; soybean oil, 7902 kcal / kg and 60% corn gluten, 2860 kcal / kg. The slow growing strains present differences in performance, nutritional utilization, allometric digestion tract and energetic utilization of the ration when compared to each other.Item Associação e seleção genômica para eficiência alimentar em bovinos Nelore(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-02-22) Brunes, Ludmilla Costa; Rey, Fernando Sebastian Baldi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2142265309634106; Lopes, Fernando Brito; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1399785191420919; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhoa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1852112832119187; Magnabosco, Cláudio Ulhoa; Mascioli, Arthur dos Santos; Carmo, Adriana Santana do; Coelho, Alexandre Siqueira Quedes; Costa, Marcos Fernando Oliveira eThe aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for feed efficiency, growth, reproductive and carcass traits in commercial Nelore cattle herds, and the correlated response between them. It was also aimed perform a study of genomic selection evaluating prediction methods, validation approaches and pseudo-phenotypes, and conduct a weighted single-step genome-wide association study and an enrichment analysis for feed efficiency of feed efficiency related traits. Residual feed intake (RFI), dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), residual live weight gain (RG), residual intake and live weight gain (RIG), birth weight (BW), weight at 120 (W120), 240 (W240), 365 (W365), and 450 (W450) days of age, scrotal circumference at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days of age, rib eye area (REA), backfat thickness (BF) and rump fat thickness (RF) were evaluated. The growth, reproductive and carcass traits records from 15,639 Nelore cattle were used. Data from feed efficiency tests carried out between 2011 and 2018, with phenotypic and genotypic information of 4,329 and 3,594 animals, respectively, were considered. The genetic parameters were estimated in a single step approach (ssGBLUP). Six prediction methods of genomic breeding values (GEBVs) were used: ssGBLUP, Bayes A, Bayes B, Bayes Cπ, BLASSO, and Bayes R. Three validation approaches were used: 1) random: the data set was randomly divided into ten subsets and the validation was done in each subset at a time; 2) age: the population was divided into training and validation set based on the year of birth, with the first group consisting of animals born between 2010 and 2016 and the second group born in 2017; 3) genetic breeding value (EBV) accuracy: were divided into two groups, with animals with accuracy above 0.45 considered as the training population, and below 0.45 the validation set. We checked the accuracy and bias of GEBV. The percentage of variance explained by windows of 10 adjacent SNPs was used to identify regions that explained more than 0.5% of the additive genetic variance on each trait. The feed efficiency related traits showed low to moderate heritabilities, ranging from 0.07 to 0.20. Feed efficiency related traits showed low genetic correlations with growth (-0.19 to 0.24), reproductive (-0.24 to 0.27) and carcass (-0.17 to 0.27) traits, except for growth with DMI (0.32 to 0.56) and FE (-0.40). The results showed that the prediction ability were similar between the prediction methods. The low heritability obtained, mainly for FE (0.07±0.03) and FCR (0.09±0.03), limited the GEBVs accuracy, which ranged from low to moderate. The regression coefficient estimates were close to 1, and similar between the prediction methods, validation approaches, and pseudophenotypes. On average and despite low variation (0.0331), the random cross-validation presented the most accurate predictions, ranging from 0.07 to 0.037, than EBV accuracy and age. The prediction ability was higher for phenotype adjusted for fixed effects than for EBV and EBV deregressed (30.0 and 34.3%, respectively). Enrichment analysis by The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) revealed several functional vias such as neuropeptide signaling pathway (GO:0007218), negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0090090), detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste (GO:0001580), bitter taste receptor activity (GO:0033038), neuropeptide hormone activity (GO:0005184), bile secretion (bta04976), taste transduction (bta0742), and glucagon signaling pathway (bta04922). The selection to improve growth, reproductive and carcass traits would not change RFI, RG, and RIG. On the other hand, DMI, FE and FCR may lead to an increase in body weight, in addition to the selection for FCR may lead to a reduction in carcass yield. The genetic background of feed efficiency related traits are different, which would lead to different genetic responses. The choice of the most adequate selection criterion depends on the production system and goals. Genomic prediction methods can provide a reliable estimate of genomic breeding values for RFI, DMI, RG and RGI, traits that may have higher genetic gain and selection viability than FE and FCR. Enrichment analyzes showed genes associated with in insulin, leptin, glucose, protein and lipid metabolism, energy balance, heat and oxidative stress, zinc finger system, bile secretion, satiety, feed behavior, salivation, digestion and absorption of nutrients. The identification of these genomic regions and their respective genes provide information about genetic basis and biologic regulation for Nelore feed efficiency related traits.Item Aditivos antimicrobianos e processamento de grão na terminação bovinos de corte confinados(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-02-17) Camilo, Fernando Rossi; Siqueira, Gustavo Rezende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9873354467031857; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; Silva, Rodrigo Medeiros da; Oliveira Júnior, Reinaldo Cunha de; Pádua, João Teodoro; Ribeiro, Marinaldo DivinoThe experiment 1 objectives were to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of the virginiamycin (VM) and monensin sodium (MON) on performance, feed intake, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle fed with high concentrate diet, the experiment 2 had the objective evaluate ruminal parameter the bulls Nelore with use the isolated and combined effects of the virginiamycin (VM) and monensin sodium (MON) and the experiment 3 had the objective to determine the optimal moisture content for reconstituted ensiled corn grain, evaluating final moisture concentrations of 27%, 30%, 33%, and 36%. In Exp. 1, 339 crossbred bulls Nellore x Guzera; were used in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and seven replicates. The blocks were defined by initial body weight. The animals were allocated in group pens for 103d, including 28d adaptation period. Treatments were defined by levels of VM and MON (mg/kg of DM) as follows: 30MON; 15VM+30MON; 25VM+30MON; 34VM+ 30MON e 34VM. In the phase of adaptation was no statistical (P>0.05) in body weight initial, body weight final, and average daily gain. Already to dry matter intake have the statistical difference (P<0.05) to compare 30MON vs 34MON e 34VM vs 34VM+30MON, in the phase adaptation the dose association 34VM+30MON have the smaller dry matter intake. In Exp. 2, 15 Nellore bulls with ruminal cannula were used in a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Animals were blocked by initial body weight. The animals were kept in individual pens for 35 days has received the same diet to Exp.1. The sample liquid ruminal was collected in days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for evaluation pH, VFA, N-NH3, and protozoan. After this period was realized the digestibility. The values of pH, NH3-N, and VFA were no differences (P>0.05) for contrast and linear and quadratic regression, except for acetic acid concentration that was difference (P<0.05). The protozoa concentration total had effect in contrast 34VM vs 34VM+30MON (P<0.05), being that the dose 34VM provide more concentration. In the Exp.3 sixty cattle (Bos taurus) were randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 10 replicates was used. The treatments were corn grain reconstituted with water until they reach to final moisture concentrations of 27 (HMC27%), 30 (HMC30%), 33 (HMC33%), and 36% (HMC36%) and grains were allowed to ensile for 101 days. The steam-flaker corn and dry-rolled corn also were usually with treatment. Were no statistical difference (P<0.05) in performance the cattle confined for 89 days. Already in experiment in vitro the gas production the high moisture corn. To usually the high moisture corn in diet the cattle no increased the performance. Already the processing corn were availed in vitro, high moisture result in high fermentation and gas production.Item Níveis e fontes de metionina na nutrição de frangos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-03-20) Carvalho, Genilson Bezerra de; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Carvalho, Fabyola Barros de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4936451314440305; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Leandro, Nádja Susana Mogyca; Arnhold, Emmanuel; Laboissiere, Michele; Barbosa, Nei André ArrudaMethionine is an essential amino acid and the first limiting factor in broiler feed. Knowing the bioefficacy of methionine sources and the nutritional requirements of methionine + cystine, as well as their effects on broilers in the different stages and conditions of breeding, is necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the relative bioefficacy of the dietary source of methionine hydroxy analogue calcium salt (MHA-Ca), compared to DL-methionine (DL-met) and methionine + cystine requirement (M + C). Its effect on blood parameters and bed quality in the initial and growth stages of broiler chickens. For this, two experiments (I and II), in the 1 to 21 days and 22 to 42 days of age phases, were performed using a total of 3528 male, oneday-old broilers of the lineage (Cobb-500). In the experiment I, 1728 birds distributed in 9 treatments - (basal diet - without methionine, and four levels of methionine (6 replicates / 32 birds) were used in order to determine the bioefficacy of MHA-Ca compared to DL-Met In the experiment II, in order to determine the Met + Cis requirement, as well as its effect on blood parameters and bed quality, 1800 birds were used in 5 treatments (6 replicates / 30 birds), of which 900 (MHA-Ca, DL-Met) and (DL-Met), respectively, were used in experiments I and II, respectively, in the initial phase and the rest in the growth phase. The mean bioavailability for MHA-Ca for weight gain and feed conversion was 65% and 22% in the 1 to 21 days phase, and 41% and 58% in the 22 to 42 days phase. Of digestible M + C requirement, estimated for the 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, was 0.764 and 0.716% corresponding to a Met + Cys / lysine ratio of 64% and 68%, respectively. The levels of Met + Cys influenced in some blood parameters (hemoglobin, heterophilic ratio: lymphocytes and monocytes, total leukocytes, hemocytes and hematocrits, uric acid, albumin, PST, total LDL cholesterol and TG) and bed quality And excreted nitrogen) of broiler chickens.Item Gel nutritivo e simbiótico para frangos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-12-15) Castejon, Fernanda Vieira; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Andrade, Maria Auxiliadora; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9441751521255467; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Stringhini, José Henrique; Laboissière, Michele; Rocha, Fernanda Rodrigues Taveira; Santos, Bruno Moreira dos; Pôrto, Regiani Nascimento GagnoTwo experiments aimed to evaluate the association between a nutritive gel and synbiotic, offered on different days and pharmaceutical formulations in face of the situations of pre-allotment fasting and sanitary challenge. At the first trial, the synbiotic supplementation associated to the nutritive gel were evaluated at the performance of broilers, nutrient metabolizability, intestinal histomorphometry, blood biochemistry, organ morphometry and carcass traits in chicks submitted to fasting. The treatments were: CN - negative control; G - nutritive gel in the hatchery; GS - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel; GSS - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel+synbiotic offered in drinking water on specific days and S - only synbiotic, on specific days, in the water. Significant differences were observed on 7, 21, 28 and 35 days of age, with higher values for the G, GS and GSS treatments, as well as higher metabolizable values for the ether extract. There were no differences of total intestinal length or segments, but the relative weight of some organs differed between treatments. Carcass yield were not influenced by the treatments. In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the synbiotic supplementation associated with nutritional gel in mortality, lesion scores, oocyst excretion, litter quality, zootechnical performance and organ morphometry in chickens challenged with E. acervulina, E tenella and E. maxima. The treatments were: CP - positive control; GSA - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel in the hatchery and supply, of synbiotic in the water on specific days; GSR - synbiotic dissolved in the nutritive gel in the hatchery+ continuous use of synbiotic in the diet and SAL - anticoccidial salinomycin added in the diet. Higher absolute mortality in all treatments was observed in the third experimental week and higher total mortality was found in the CP group. No differences were found for intestinal lesions, oocyst excretion, pH and dry matter of the bed between treatments. Some differences were found between relative weight of organs at the ages evaluated. Better overall performance was observed in the SAL group. It is concluded that in the pre-accommodation fasting situation, the early supplementation of nutritive gel associated or not to the synbiotic can stimulate or contribute to the functional development of the gastrointestinal tract, which was reflected in better performance and metabolizability. Under the conditions of the second experiment, the same observed benefits of the use of the gel associated or not to the synbiotic were not observed, since no improvement could be verified in the evaluated parameters, so the use of anticoccidial in the diet should still be recommended.Item Níveis de fitase e redução de cálcio em dietas de frangos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2019-12-06) Costa, Miliane Alves da; Café, Marcus Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Stringhini, José Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8505634095383289; Stringhini, José Henrique; Laboissiere, Michele; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Jardim Filho, Roberto de Moraes; Brito, Alexandre Barbosa deTwo experiments were conducted at the Poultry Department of the Federal University of Goias to evaluate the inclusion of different phytase doses and reduction of calcium levels in diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days old. In the first experiment the experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments, eight replications and 18 birds in each plot. In the second experiment the experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments, six replications and 10 birds in each plot. The treatments consisted of three levels of Ca (100%, 82% and 64%) and two phytase inclusions 750FTU / kg and 1500FTU / kg of feed. The 1.011% level was considered as 100% of the calcium recommendations for the pre-initial phase, 0.907% for the initial, 0.822% for growth and 0.661 for the final phase. For the phosphorus (P) requirement in the diet, the requirement of each phase was reduced by 0.150% for the treatments. Phytase overdose improved feed intake weight gain (P <0.05). In the first experiment, at 21 days of age, 36% calcium reduction and phytase supplementation of 1500FTU provided higher final weight, weight gain and feed intake (P <0.05). At 42 days, 1500FTU phytase supplementation improved final weight, weight gain and feed conversion. Reducing calcium inclusion improved feed conversion (P <0.05). Phytase supplementation of 1500FTU and calcium reduction by 18% showed higher carcass yield (P <0.05). In the first experiment, phytase overdose (1500FTU / kg of feed) increased the length, diameter, weight and bone strength of 21-day-old chicken (P <0.05). Regarding bone quality of broilers at 42 days of age, there was only effect of phytase factor for bone length and diameter (P <0.05). When birds were supplemented with 1500FTU phytase / kg feed, there was no effect of calcium levels on bone breaking strength (P <0.05). In the first experiment, reducing calcium inclusion in diets reduced cooking fluid loss and increased shear force of chicken breast meat (P <0.05). The inclusion of 1500FTU of phytase provided less liquid loss by thawing (P <0.05). The reduction in calcium inclusion associated with phytase supplementation decreased shear strength (P <0.05). In the second experiment, there was no effect of calcium levels and phytase enzyme supplementation on the incidence of woody breast at 42 days of age (P> 0.05). Regarding the histopathological evaluations, in the second experiment, the treatments were not effective in the action on meat quality (P> 0.05). Up to 36% reduction in calcium supplementation with inclusion of 1500 FTU / kg phytase can be used without adverse effects on performance, bone quality and meat quality of 42-day-old broilers.Item Caracterização e potencial de comércio da carne de capivara criada em sistema semi-intensivo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014-10-30) Cunha, Waldeliza Fernandes da; Miranda, Luciana Batalha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8602509262472528; Sousa, Cleiton Mateus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5212392589323518; Sereno, José Robson Bezerra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0848686465662209; Sereno, José Robson Bezerra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0848686465662209; Monteiro, Elias de Pádua; Silveira, Miriam Fontes Araújo; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; Torres, Maria Célia LopesThe objective of this study was to evaluate efficiency, profitability and quality of housing, físicos- chemical parameters and acceptability of capybara meat grown in semi-intensive system, as well as knowing the profile and beliefs of consumers of exotic meat. The thesis is composed of five chapters, the chapter 1, initial considerations that addresses the motivations of research and so on and finally concludes as all, as this is the thesis summary. We conducted a literature review on the topic, from biology and habits of the capybara, the market of wild animals and meat quality. Subsequently characterized the carcass and cuts capybara as income, profitability and microbiology. For this, we used six coming adult capybaras (76kg) the commercial breeding of Jatai GO, slaughtered in the experimental abattoir IF Goiás Campus Ceres. The results showed hot carcass dressing (WHR) in relation to body weight (BW) of 52,9%. The yields of retail cuts (RCC) in descending order were: ham and (31,33%), shoulder (26,67%), rib (17,33%) and loin (10,67%), the profitability of housing is incremented when the cuts are marketed separately, there was no contamination by Salmonella. The physicochemical analyzes, we evaluated the proximate composition, water holding capacity (WHC), shear force (FC) and the color, the cuts from the loin, shank and the palette of six capybaras were used. The results showed that capybara meat has low levels in relation to Domestic meat lipids, highlighting the palette. There was no difference between the cuts for the CRA, HR ranged from 5,3 to 7,1, indicating softness. For color, the palette contents were lower in red (a *) for revealing lower lipid contents. Assessing the acceptability of capybara meat cuts and types of crackling, offering up different types of meat to consumers. The results showed that the capybara meat had similar acceptance pork and lamb, being lower than the beef. To know the profile and beliefs of consumers (end and distributors) of these products in the towns of Caldas Novas, Ceres and Goiânia, GO . The results showed that respondents consume meat of any wild form, capybara meat is the most consumed in the form of meatballs. It was evident that even family and friends influenced the consumption of these products. Finally, we observed the existence of belief that meat from animals raised in captivity is healthier, attributing the quality, price and availability of the product as determinants of increased consumption of meat of wild animals in these regions studied. We conclude that capybara meat has the potential consumer and marketing.Item Delipidação química na produção in vitro e criopreservação de embriões bovinos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-09-13) Diesel, Tiago Omar; Porto, Regiani Nascimento Gagno; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6367040339353532; Arnhold, Emmanuel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7156945506134934; Gambarini, Maria Lúcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4440003524956701; Meirinhos, Maria Lúcia Gambarini; Biancardi, Manoel Francisco; Oliveira Filho, Benedito Dias de; Matos, Moema Pacheco Chediak; Mascioli, Arthur dos SantosChemical delipidation has been used as an alternative to improve the cryotolerance of in vitro produced embryos (IVP). The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on the development and survival of vitrified IVP bovine embryos by the Cryotop method in the first assay, and in the second trial the effect of LC and Forskolin on Cryotop cryopreserved embryos Experiment 1), or by modified slow freezing (Experiment 2), so mitochondrial activity, intracytoplasmic lipid (LI) content, cellular apoptosis (NCA) and hatching after heating were evaluated. In the first essay LC was used at the concentration of 0,6 mg/mL in maturation culture medium (IVM), embryo culture (IVC) and / or post-thawing (REC), in four treatments: without LC (Control), LC added to CIV (LCiv), LC to CIV + LC to REC (LCivR), and LC to MIV / CIV + LC to REC (LMivCR). The addition of LC increased the production of blastocysts in D7 by 28.6% (LCiv) and the amount of embryos grade I by 36.9% (LCivR), the re-expansion rate in 22,7% and hatching in 20.1% (LCiv), and mitochondrial activity was 1.9 times higher (P <0.001) (LCivR) than Control. The LI quantity was 29% lower in LCiv and LCivR and 50.2% in LMivCR compared Control (P <0.001). In the second experiment the embryos were cultured without addition of delipidators (Control), in the presence of 10μM of Forskolin added to the IVC in D5 (FORSK) or L-carnitine (0.6 mg / mL) added to the IVC and in post-thawing (LC). LC supplementation increased the production of blastocysts in D7 by 22.0% and grade I embryos by 30.1% (P <0.05), in relation to Control and FORSK. In Experiment 1, the re-expansion rate in LC increased (P <0.05) 28.9% in relation to FORSK. In Experiment 2, two Control treatments were used for slow freezing (Classic and Modified). Hatching after 48 hours was greater (P <0.05) in LC compared to FORSK and Classical and Modified Controls (77.5%, 41.9%, 40.5%, 40.8% respectively). In the LC treatment, there was a decrease (P <0.05) of 64.7% in the degenerate embryo rate in relation to the Classical Control. Treatment with delipidators reduced LI content (P <0.001) by 2.2 fold in FORSK and four times in the LC compared to Control. The addition of 0.6 mg / mL of L-carnitine to the culture medium and the post-thawing increased the rate of in vitro production of bovine embryos acting positively on mitochondrial potential, reducing the amount of intracellular lipids and cellular apoptosis and increasing cryotolerance of embryos submitted to the modified slow freezing protocol.Item Níveis de sombreamento artificial sobre as respostas fisiológicas, comportamentais, desempenho animal e características de carcaça e carne de nelore em confinamento(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-12-07) Ferro, Diogo Alves da Costa; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; Bueno, Claudia Peixoto; Arnhold, Emmanuel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7156945506134934; Arnhold, Emmanuel; Santos, Aracele Pinheiro Pales dos; Coelho, Karyne Oliveira; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; Hellmeister Filho, PauloThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of different levels of artificial shading on the physiological, behavioral, animal performance and carcass characteristics of males and meat Nellore cattle in an intensive production system. The experiment was carried out from July to October 2014, in the experimental feedlot in the Animal Science Department at the State University of Goiás. Twenty-four double 24 m² stalls were used: six in the open air, six covered with black shading net with 30% light interception, six with shading net 50%, and six with shading net 80%, covering 6 m² in shade per stall, totaling 48 male Nellore cattle with an average initial weight of 310 kg. Temperature-humidity index and respiratory frequency were evaluated twice weekly, and behavior was evaluated fortnightly, starting at 06h00 and ending at 18h00, in a total of 12 h of evaluation. Feeding, rumination, rest, other activities, social, body care, playful, and abnormal behaviors were observed. The feed supplied to the animals and the orts left in the trough were weighed daily to determine their intake. Animals were weighed at the onset of the experiment and another three times until its end, followed by slaughter and assessments of characteristics and carcass and meat quality. The lowest values for temperature-humidity index and respiratory frequency were found in the stalls and animals under shading net with 80 and 50% light interception. There was no significant difference between the feeding and rumination times and frequencies of urination, defecation, self-cleaning act, and social and abnormal behaviors between the animals kept without and with access to artificial shading. Rest, other activities, and playful behaviors did not differ between the animals kept in the stalls with 30, 50, and 80% of light interception. No significant difference was observed between feed intake, initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, carcass dressing, marbling, texture, fat cover degree, subcutaneous fat thickness, loin-eye area, meat color, length and circumference thigh and leg, or carcass length of the animals in the different treatments. The use of artificial shading had no significant effect on most behavioral variables, performance, and meat quality of feedlot Nellore cattle, as the ambient temperature remained within the thermal comfort zone.Item Implante auricular de progesterona em características de carcaça, carne e comportamento de fêmeas nelore confinadas(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015-12-08) Ferro, Rafael Alves da Costa; Arnhold, Emmanuel; Bueno, Cláudia Peixoto; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0724478254270327; França, Aldi Fernandes de Souza; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; Gonçalves, Klayto José; Taveira, Rodrigo Zaiden; Basto, Débora de CarvalhoA large number of heifers and cows are used in Brazil for the production of meat, mainly due to the disposal of these animals on farms at the time of the herd replacement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a synthetic-progesterone ear implant in weight, meat quality, physiological responses, and behavior of Nellore heifers raised in an intensive system. Twenty-eight Nellore heifers with an average initial weight of 240.89 kg were used in the experiment. All animals received the same feeding management, in an intensive raising system, with mineral salt and water available ad libitum. Heifers were distributed in a randomized complete design with two treatments (with and without a progesterone ear implant) and seven replicates, in 14 stalls. The parameters relative to carcass and meat quantitative and qualitative characteristics, represented by carcass weight and carcass dressing, conformation, marbling, color, meat texture, carcass measurements, longissimus dorsi area, and fat thickness were not affected by the progesterone hormone, provided by the ear implant. In the evaluation of the feeding, rumination, rest, sleeping, social, and body-care behaviors, no significant differences were observed. For the abnormal behavior, however, in which sodomy predominated, a significant difference was observed between the groups with and without the implant (p<0,05), whose frequencies were 1.3 and 2.3, respectively. For the physiological indicators rectal temperature, surface temperature, and respiratory frequency, only the frequency showed a significant difference between the treatments, with mean values of 35 and 32 movements per minute, respectively, for the heifers with and without the implant. Based on the responses obtained in this experiment, the progesterone ear implant does not influence the performance, meat quality, physiological responses, or the normal behavior of animals.Item O nitrato encapsulado aumenta a eficiência de utilização do suplemento para bovinos de corte em pastejo(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-12-14) Figueiredo, Cibelle Borges; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Silva, Maurícia Brandão da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9608210292530980; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; Cunha, Paulo Henrique Jorge da; Cabral Filho, Sergio Lucio Salomon; Ribeiro, Marinaldo Divino; Araújo, Rafael Canonenco deEncapsulated nitrate has been pointed out as a promising tool for reducing methane production by ruminant animals. The objective was to evaluate, in Chapter 2, the effects of the use of encapsulated nitrate on the performance of beef cattle on pasture in the dry season, dry transition of water and water, and in Chapter 3 the fermentative parameters in in vitro assays using substrates in proportions and similar compositions of the performance experiment. The evaluated treatments were: Control – protein-energy supplement without inclusion of encapsulated nitrate, and EN – protein-energy supplement with inclusion of 50 g of encapsulated nitrate per kg of dry matter. In the performance experiment (Chapter 2), the supplement was given daily at 1.0% of body weight. The leftover concentrate was weighed daily to estimate supplement intake. The animals were weighed every 28 days, and the rate of supplement consumption was also evaluated. There was a reduction in supplement dry matter intake with the inclusion of EN in the supplement in the dry period (P < 0.01) (2.404 to 2.283 kg/day), dry-water transition (P < 0.01) (2.922 kg to 2.496 kg/day), water (P < 0.01) (3.631 to 3.143 kg/day) and total period (P < 0.01) (2.943 to 2.605 kg/day). The average daily gain was not influenced by the inclusion of NE in any of the evaluated periods (P > 0.13). The inclusion of EN resulted in an increase in the feed efficiency of the animals in the dry-water transition period from 0.362 to 0.411 (P < 0.01). In Chapter 3, three experiments were carried out, corresponding to the dry season, dry-water transition and water, in order to evaluate the Control and EN treatments. The evaluation times were zero, three, six, nine, 12, 24 and 48 hours after incubation. Each time was composed of its respective triplicates. In these times, the in vitro degradability of dry matter (IVDDM) and neutral detergent fiber (IVDNDF), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3), methane and gas production were evaluated. At 24 hours, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was evaluated. There was a reduction in methane production from 22.2 to 19.3 mg (P < 0.01) in the dry season. The total incubation time (48 hours) was marked with a 5% reduction in IVDDM with inclusion in EN (741.4 vs 703.9 g/kg) (P < 0.02) in the dry transition season substrate. waters. An increase in the molar proportion of acetate from 14.36 to 20.33 mM/L (P < 0.04) was observed with the inclusion of encapsulated nitrate in the wet season substrate. There was no significant effect of including nitrate in the wet season substrate on IVDDM and IVDNFD (P > 0.06). The inclusion of encapsulated nitrate in the proportion of 50 g/kg of supplement DM increases the feed efficiency of grazing animals, and reduces the methane production with the use of dry season forage.Item Desempenho e viabilidade econômica de tourinhos de diferentes grupos genéticos, suplementados no pasto com fonte mineral ou energético-mineral, com posterior terminação em confinamento(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017-12-01) Guimarães, Tiago Pereira; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Pádua, João Teodoro de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0308044304591375; Restle, João; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7559938697233077; Rstle, João; Leão, Karen Martins; Bilego , Ubirajara Oliveira; Okada, Eliane Sayuri Miyagi; Ribeiro, Marinaldo DivinoThe aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and economic viability of young bulls backgrounded in rotated pasture of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85, in the rainy season. Eightyone bull calves with average age of 12 months and average weight of 252±33 kg were used. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, using mineral supplement (MS) and energy-mineral supplement (EMS), and three genetic groups Nellore (NEL), ½Canchim½Nellore (CAN) and ½Brangus½Nellore (BRN). The average forage availability was 13.6 kg DM/day per animal. The consumption of MS was statistically similar between genetic groups with overall mean of 0.073 kg/day per animal. The consumption of EMS was higher for the BRN with 2.10 kg/day, followed by CAN with 1.57 kg/day and lower for NEL with 1.28 kg/day. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and total weight gain were higher for animals receiving EMS than those receiving MS (P<0.05). In the MS treated animals, the BRN had ADG of 0.64 kg, and the NEL and CAN were similar with average of 0.46 kg/day. For animals that consumed EMS, the CAN had higher ADG with 0.97 kg, and the NEL and BRN were similar with average of 0.86 kg/day. Levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and creatinine were not changed by the type of supplement or genetic groups. Higher levels of urea were found in NEL and CAN animals with MS. The BRN were more compact, with greater development of chest and hindquarters, the CAN had intermediate development of thorax and hindquarters, and presented greater growth in length, while the NEL had higher growth in height and lower in thorax and hindquarters. The highest spending on MS per animal/day was for the NEL (R$0.14), the lowest for the BRN (R$0.06), and intermediate for the CAN (R$0.07). For animals treated with EMS the highest spending per animal/day was for the BRN (R$1.95), the lowest for the NEL (R$1.14), and intermediate for the CAN (R$1.40). The cost of EMS was higher in all genetic groups in relation to MS. The net income per animal with MS was better for the BRN with R$282.04, followed by the CAN with R$197.18, and lower for the NEL with R$117.21. For bulls that received EMS, the CAN had the best net revenue of R$317.40 per animal, followed by BRN with R$175.55 and lower for NEL with R$165.30. The NEL and CAN bulls that received EMS had a higher economic return than those treated with MS, whereas BRN had a better return for animals treated with MS. The energy-mineral supplement provided better performance of animals. The use of energy-mineral supplement during the rainy season in Tifton 85 grass is recommended only for Nellore and ½Canchim½Nelore bulls, for ½Brangus½Nelore the mineral supplement is recommended.Item Desempenho agronômico e nutricional do capim "Mulato II" sob doses e fontes de nitrogênio(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-12-21) Jacovetti, Reginaldo; Bastos, Débora de Carvalho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3166485141668542; Oliveira, Leonardo Guimarães de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0462958970440868; França, Aldi Fernandes Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0724478254270327; França , Aldi Fernandes de Souza; Eichler, Verner; Miyagi , Eliane Sayuri; Reis, Angela Adamski da Silva; Arnhold, EmmanuelAiming a commercial competitiveness to the brazilian final product, in the current situation, the beef cattle industry shows itself as the largest herd in the world, but with low production by area. To Brazil improve zootechinical indexes, is necessary to product with knoledge, enviromental sustainability and first of all respecting the limits of all involved in the process like wather, soil, environment, plant, plant and man. Amomng this limits we need to respect all productive process of each regional structure and comerce for example large curlures, horticulture and livestock. If not respected this limits and regional structure is compromised the economical part of the system. To produce beef we need a lot o sources like wather "scarce resource" , agricultural area, and so cattle as feeded by grass, what kind of feed could be inserted in each region, and finaly we bring the knowledge that we need informations like local annual precipitation, maximun and minimum temperature, informations about phisical and chemical characteristics os the soil to be secure about your investiment. To animal production is required specific knowledge to produce without degradate the environment, making the zootechical indexes persist, respectiong the plant limit production, aminal limit production and environmental sustainability. There are many forrage cultivars to pasture, among them a recently released hybrid Brachiaria genotype "Convert HD 364" cv Mulato II, that requires research to identify the type of growth, production per area of dry matter and bromatological parameters to define the forrage production potencial. So was analysed the total area production, laboratory analyses to characterize the bromatological production, apparent nitrogen recover and total crude protein production of Mulato II. To qualitative analyse was made a in situ and in vitro gas production of Mulato II grass.Item Índices microclimáticos e indicativos de estresse térmico em bovinos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-08-13) Karvatte Junior, Nivaldo; Alves, Fabiana Villa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1153061642306224; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5838290185532582; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; Almeida, Roberto Giolo de; Santos, Darliane de Castro; Ferro, Diogo Alves da Costa; Ferro, Rafael Alves da CostaThe objective was to use microclimatic indexes and to propose indicators of thermal stress in beef cattle to evaluate animal production systems. For that, two experiments were carried out: (i) using infrared thermography to evaluate microclimate and thermal comfort in silvopastoral systems; and (ii) evaluating the physiological adaptability of beef cattle in feedlot and pasture submitted to thermal stress. The first experiment was conducted at the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, from June 2015 to February 2016. The evaluations were carried out in two silvopastoral systems with different densities and spatial arrangements of cultivated and native trees, from 08h to 16h, with intervals of one hour between evaluations. Infrared radiation emissions of temperature (°C) and humidity (%) of the canopy and pasture surface were recorded, in the shadow projection and in the full sun. At the same time, the microclimatic parameters were evaluated and the main thermal comfort indeces were subsequently calculated. Variations of canopy and pasture temperature and humidity were observed, with direct influences on microclimate and animal thermal comfort. The greatest fluctuations occurred during the summer and at noon with substantial improvements in the environment under the canopy. The Principal Components Analysis extracted two components in order of their importance to explain 70.6% of the total variance observed between the variables. Moderate and strong correlations (r ≥ 0.63; or, r ≤ 0.80) showed positive linear effects (R²adj ≥ 0.40, or, ≤ 0.63) between thermography, microclimate and thermal comfort indeces. The results show that temperatures and humidities of canopy and pasture surfaces can be continuously monitored using infrared thermal imagers, making it a potential tool (r ≥ 0.53; or, r ≤ 0.78) for microclimate prediction and thermal comfort in silvopastoral systems. The second experiment was conducted on farms located in Civitella Paganico, Grosseto province, Italy, in partnership with Università di Pisa (Italy), from May to September 2017, using 60 animals (20 Aubrac, 20 Maremmano and 20 ½ Maremmano x ½ Piemontês) divided into two production systems (confinement and pasture). Cortisol in the hair, physiological variables (rectal, hair and skin temperatures, cardiac and respiratory frequency) and hematological variables (complete blood count) were evaluated. No effects of production system were observed (P> 0.05). However, the effects of genetic groups, the evaluation period and the interaction between genetic groups and production systems significantly affected (P <0.05) all evaluated parameters. The crossbreed genetic group had the highest concentrations of cortisol during the whole experimental period, favoring the greater variations in the physiological parameters and being more susceptible to chronic stress. Non-invasive methods, such as the sampling of hairs on animals and the application of infrared thermography for the evaluation of production systems, contribute to the advancement of scientific research in several areas of knowledge.Item Análise multifatorial e preditores para características de importância econômica de matrizes suínas em granja multiplicadora(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2021-09-30) Leal, Guilherme Brunno de Medeiros; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9860968235125158; Antunes, Robson Carlos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7590358205144485; Carmo, Adriana Santana do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0782572407995106; Carmo, Adriana Santana do; Mascarenhas, Alessandra Gimenez; Cadavid, Verónica González; Leite, Carla Daniela Suguimoto; Masciol, Arthur dos SantosThe present work aimed to investigate the relationship between the productive characteristics and to identify the factors that affect the number of weaned piglets (NLD) per sow/year, the accumulated productivity in kilograms (kg) of weaned piglets (LD) per sow/year and the productive longevity of swine breeders in order to support the selection process of a breeding farm. In chapter 2, factor analyzes were performed in order to understand the relationship between the characteristics and multiple linear regression to identify the main predictor variables for the variables NLD per matrix/year and accumulated productivity in kg of LD per matrix/year. In chapter 3, the females were evaluated as to their longevity, according to two distinct stayability criteria, STAY1 and STAY2, which consider as longevity, respectively, the females that presented the number of live born piglets (NLNV) and kilogram of piglets weaned to the fourth parturition above the herd average. It was identified by the main latent factors that 55% variance between breeders on the farm is explained by the characteristics of maternal ability, piglet viability, fertility and perinatal mortality. The best regression models for prediction explained approximately 66% of the variation both for the NLD traits and for the total weight of weaned piglets adjusted for 21 days (PTD21), evidencing the characteristics number of stillborn piglets (NLNAT), number of dead piglets at birth (NLMN), mean piglet birth weight (PMN) and number of piglets weaned (NLD) with common explanatory factors. It was not possible to obtain a good predictive model for the characteristic mean weight of weaned piglets adjusted to 21 days (PD21) in the present study. The analysis of females by NLNV and PD21 categories indicated that sows that present NLNV below the herd average do not have the potential to exhibit an adequate accumulated production under the evaluated conditions of the farm. The best predictive models for female longevity by STAY1 criteria include age at first mating (IPC) and NLNV and for STAY2 it included only IPC. The prediction model proposed for STAY1 was more efficient (78%) than for STAY2 (55%). Selection for STAY1 can be performed with the NLNV of the first calving, while for STAY2 should preferably be performed later, by the accumulated NLD of the first three calvings. Survival analysis showed that by STAY1, females would be discarded later (8th parturition), when compared to STAY2 (6th parturition).Item Aditivos antimicrobianos e inclusão de fibra em dietas de milho grão inteiro para bovinos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-03-09) Lemos, Barbara Juliana Martins; Castro, Flávio Geraldo Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7651676206685012; Couto, Victor Rezende Moreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4329309889502866; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949776443064259; Fernandes, Juliano José de Resende; Ferreira, Reginaldo Nassar; Oliveira Júnior, Reinaldo Cunha de; Lima, Milton Luiz Moreira; Melo, Heloisa Helena de CarvalhoThe objective of this study was evaluate the effects of antimicrobial feed additives and inclusion of pelleted sugarcane crop residue (SCR) as a fiber source in whole shelled corn (WSC)-based finishing diets (85% WSC + 15% pelleted concentrate, DM basis) on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation and eating behavior of zebu cattle. Growth performance trials were conducted in randomized block design, and metabolical trials were conducted in Latin Square design using ruminally fistulated steers. In the antimicrobial feed additives studies, 100 bulls were fed for 101 d in Exp. 1 to evaluate the treatments M30 (30 mg of monensin [M]/kg DM), V25 (25 mg of virginiamycin [V]/kg DM), M20V25 (M 20 mg/kg DM + V 25 mg/kg DM), F4 (4.4 mg of flavomycin [F]/kg DM), and M20F2 (M 20 mg/kg DM + F 2.2 mg/kg DM); and in the Exp. 2 (Latin Square 7 × 7) were evaluate the same 5 treatments of Exp. 1 plus 2 additional treatments: M30V25 (M 30 mg/kg DM + V25 mg/kg DM) and M20F4 (M 20 mg/kg DM + F 4.4 mg/kg DM). In the SCR studies, 80 bulls were fed diets with 0, 3, 6, and 9% SCR (DM basis; SCR-0, SCR-3, SCR-6, and SCR-9, respectively) for 103 d in Exp. 1; and in the Exp. 2 (5 × 5 Latin Square) were evaluated the inclusion of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of SCR (DM basis; SCR-0, SCR-3, SCR-6, SCR-9, and SCR-12, respectively). In the antimicrobial feed additives studies growth performance (final BW, ADG in live weight basis, DMI, and G:F), carcass characteristics (HCW, ADG in carcass basis, carcass transfer, dressing percent, and 12th-rib-fat), apparent total tract DM, OM, CP, and NDF digestibility were similar among treatments. There were no treatment effects and no interaction of treatment × time in rumen fermentation responses (ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, number of protozoa, and VFA). In the WSC study, inclusion of SCR linearly increased daily DMI up to 25% (P = 0.01). Dry matter intake, as percentage of BW, increased (P = 0.01) 0.06 percentage units with each 1% inclusion of SCR. Over the entire finishing period (d 0 to 103), there were trends for linearly increase final BW up to 3.3% (P = 0.10), and ADG up to 10.7% (P = 0.07) in response to dietary SCR levels, consequentially G:F tended (P = 0.07) to linearly decrease up to 10.2% with inclusion of SCR compared with CTL diet. Apparent total tract digestibility linearly decreased (P < 0.01) 30% for DM, 28% for OM, 45% for CP, and 61% for NDF, from CTL for SCR-12. No treatment effect and no interaction of treatment × time were observed on ruminal pH, concentrations of rumen ammonia nitrogen and VFA. Time spent eating, eating rate, and meal frequency were not affected by inclusion of SCR up to 12%. There was a quadratic response on meal size (P = 0.04). In summary, feeding isolated or combined antimicrobial feed additives to zebu cattle resulted in similar responses. Pelleted SCR seemed to be low fermentable and non-effective to stimulate rumination by cattle fed WSC-based finishing diet.Item Alternativas para melhorar o desenvolvimento e a criotolerância de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016-02-23) Marques, Thaisa Campos; Oliveira Filho, Benedito Dias de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6171669841505540; Martins, Carlos Frederico; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1432343540761591; Gambarini, Maria Lúcia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4440003524956701; Gambarini, Maria Lúcia; Leão, Karen Martins; Biancardi, Manoel Francisco; Costa, Marcos Fernando Oliveira e; Porto, Regiani Nascimento GagnoMelatonin treatment and blastocoel collapse had been suggested to be potent options to enhance embryo development and viability after cryopreservation of bovine embryos. The present study tested these alternatives with the aim to improve cryotolerance of bovine embryos produced in vitro. First, the effects of melatonin (MEL) were evaluated at three concentrations in Maturation Media (IVM) and/or Culture Media (IVC) (0, 10-7, 10-9, 10-11 M). The results showed that MEL10-9 in IVM could improve slightly the cleavage rate. However, when applied during IVC, MEL10-9 resulted in improved blastocysts rates and reduced numbers of apoptotic cells (NAC), a higher expression of antioxidative genes without changing the expression metabolism-related, placentation and anti-apoptotic genes. After, the MEL treatment giving the best result in first experiment (MEL 10-9 M in IVC) was combined with blastocoel collapse (BC) immediatly before vitrification. The survival and embryo quality were investigated. This experiment confirmed that independent of BC, MEL supplementation in IVC enhanced re-expansion and hatching rates of vitrified embryos. However, embryos cultured without MEL required more time during re-culture for all expansion. Embryos produced with MEL had similar NAC irrespective of vitrification and BC. BC did not affect embryo quality, in terms of the expression of genes involved in metabolism, oxidative stress, cell repair, placentation and implantation. Therefore, this research concluded that: (i) at 10-9 M concentration, MEL used during IVC improved embryo quality and development, and it minimized the oxidative stress and apoptosis in cells; (ii) embryos cultured with melatonin, vitrified and re-cultured can be transfered in less time; (iii) the blastocoel collapse benefited hatching when embryos were cultured with MEL in IVC; (iv) embryos cultured in IVC with MEL showed better quality and viability, and independently of BC. This information has a potential value for researchs on embryo cryotolerance.Item Suplementação de glicosaminoglicanos na ração de frangos de corte(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018-08-17) Martins, Julyana Machado da Silva; Sgavioli, Sarah; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4717770A4; Café, Marcos Barcellos; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4721288T1; Café , Marcos Barcellos; Faria, Doulglas Emygdio de; Rocha, Fernanda Rodrigues Taveira; Leandro, Nadja Susana Mogyca; Stringhini, José HenriqueTwo experiments were carried out to evaluate performance, hematology and serum biochemistry, locomotor problems, bone and cartilage development, and nutrient metabolizability of broilers supplemented with glycosaminoglycans on ration. The first experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme (three levels of chondroitin sulfate: 0, 0.05, 0.10%, and three levels of glucosamine sulfate: 0, 0.15 and 0.30%), each treatment with six replicates of 30 birds. It was evaluated variables of performance, gait score, valgus and varus, hematology and serum biochemistry, carcass yield, femoral degeneration, tibial dyschondroplasia, macroscopy of tibia and articular cartilage, bone densitometry and strength, bone mineral profile, chondrocyte number, proteoglycans and type II collagen detection tibia articular cartilage, and gene expression of MMP-9 metalloproteinase and its inhibitor in femur articular cartilage. Glucosamine sulfate supplementation increased weight gain at 35 and 42 days old (p = 0.0470 and p = 0.0385, respectively). Chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates reduced the frequency of gait score (p = 0.0067 and p = 0.0001, respectively), and valgus and varus (p = 0.0138 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Glucosamine sulfate reduced frequency of femoral degeneration in the right (p = 0.0139) and left (p < 0.0001) femurs and linearly increased (p = 0.0284) the proliferating cartilage area. Interaction (p < 0.05) was observed of sulfates for leukocytes, lymphocytes, triacylglycerols, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and total calcium at 21 days; high density lipoprotein (HDL) and ionic calcium at 21 and 42 days; and for phosphorus, chlorides and sodium at 42 days. Chondroitin sulfate increased linearly (p = 0.0099) albumin and quadratic (p = 0.0140) total serum proteins at 21 days, and linearly (p = 0.0012) calcium blood at 42 days. Glucosamine sulfate linearly reduced (p = 0.0237) the chlorides at 21 days and demonstrated a quadratic effect (p = 0.0450) for albumin at 42 days. There was interaction (p < 0.05) of sulfates for tibial length at 21 days, proximal epiphysis width at 21 and 42 days, and epiphysis distal at 42 days, transverse and medial thickness of articular cartilage of proximal epiphysis at 21 days, and distal epiphysis at 42 days. At 42 days, there was a quadratic effect of glucosamine sulfate levels on tibial length (p = 0.0320) and increasing linear on distal articular cartilage weight (p = 0.0322). There was a higher percentage of calcium (p = 0.0009) and phosphorus (p = 0.0007) on tibia at 21 days with inclusion of glucosamine sulfate, as well as interaction (p < 0.0001) of sulfates for calcium at 42 days. There was interaction (p < 0.05) of sulfates for chondrocytes number, collagen type II and proteoglycans at 21 and 42 days, and for MMP-9 genes expression and its inhibitor at 42 days. The second experiment was performed in completely randomized design, was used in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (two levels of chondroitin sulfate: 0 and 0.10%, and two levels of glucosamine sulfate: 0 and 0.30%), with eight replicates of 10 birds. Performance, feed nutrient metabolization and intestinal histomorphometry were evaluated. At 21 days old, broilers supplemented with glucosamine sulfate presented greater weight gain (p = 0.0229). There was interaction (p < 0.05) of sulfates for the metabolic coefficients of nitrogen, mineral matter and calcium, and for jejunum villi height. It was concluded that supplementation with glucosamine sulfate in broiler ration increased weight gain and stimulated intestinal histomorphometry and together with the chondroitin sulfate improved the locomotion condition and the bony and cartilaginous development. Sulfates alone promoted greater metabolism of minerals.