Liberalismos econômicos e suas relações políticas: do liberalismo “clássico” ao “novo liberalismo” do capitalismo regulado
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2020-12-07
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
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The work is dedicated to exploring the hypothesis of the existence of a liberal strand largely ignored by the economic and political sciences literature: the new liberalism. In this sense, the objective of the study lies in pointing out the similarities and divergences between these two liberalisms, at the same time that it affirms the existence of this new liberalism. It is postulated that the similarities are in the worldview and the centrality of the individual, so that for both the defense of individual freedoms is a substantial part of their concerns. With regard to the divergences, these are located, in the 1920s and 1930s, in the field of economic theory. In fact, the new liberalism underwent a substantial transformation in its theoretical bases, given that it arises within the scope of classical orthodox economic theory, but is forced, by the First World War and the Great Depression, to adopt a new economic theory capable of explaining the economic phenomena of capitalist societies and at the same time propose positive solutions to the socioeconomic problems of these societies. The change in the theoretical basis, that is, the abandonment of classical economic theory and the adoption of the Monetary Theory of Production, developed by John Maynard Keynes in the inter-war period, caused a real transformation in the proposals for solving social problems. During the 19th century, the way in which the new liberalism chose to tackle socio-economic problems was via one-off reforms, that is, reforms that were not aimed at structural changes in the way capitalism functioned. With the adoption of the new Keynesian theoretical framework, the new liberalism was able not only to make the correct diagnosis of the functioning and, therefore, of the problems of the capitalist system, but also to have the tools to reform the
system on bases substantially more efficient, without sacrificing individual freedom and still guaranteeing social justice. The work concludes by emphasizing the existence of the new liberalism, demonstrating how its worldview was derived from economists widely regarded as liberals, such as John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall. Furthermore, it demonstrates how the new Keynesian economic theory was present in this liberal dialogue, in the search for a more just and efficient economic system, allied to the moral bases of liberalism.
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SOUSA, F. R. Liberalismos econômicos e suas relações políticas: do liberalismo “clássico” ao “novo liberalismo” do capitalismo regulado. 2020. 138 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Politica) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2020.