Tensões entre liberdade e igualdade na teoria política de Hannah Arendt a partir da necessidade
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2018-08-31
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Universidade Federal de Goiás
Resumo
According to Hannah Arendt, the full exercise of freedom and equality in life is characterized by action and speech. And these two activities can only be carried out thanks to human plurality. It is by both, the action and the speech, that the human being perceive himself in his double condition: everybody is equal and different from each other. Thus a life without the experience of speech and action can not be constitutive of an active political life. Because it is not possible to think of a freedom that is not exercised among equals, that is, among its peers, the one who dominates the other can not be free, nor even move "in a space where there is freedom." Therefore, only through the action that takes place in the political life, it becomes possible to assure an environment of maintenance of freedom and equality. By equality, Arendt is assertive in telling us that it is not justice, as conceive in modern times. Indeed, according to the Arendt’s political theory, equality would be the very essence of freedom, once to be free meant to be exempt from the inequality present in the act of governing and also moving in a sphere where there was neither governing nor being governed. To be free meant not being under the command or in a position of command. And, finally, not being subject to the life necessities. Then in the light of these issues, we try to revisit the hard conditions reserved for the exercise of freedom and equality, from Antiquity to the Modernity, as presented in the Hannah Arendt’s political theory in conflict with the necessity. It is under this background, that the problem we are dealing with seeks to consider, from the start, the difficulty of articulating freedom and equality in the context of the critical diagnosis that the author makes of our political modernity, from a phenomenon that arises and is named by her as Social Question. However, in view of the fact that such concepts on Arendt are not trivial in a single text of her work, it is necessary to articulate some of her writings. Therefore, in the writing process of this dissertation, we focused on the following writings: "What is Freedom?", an essay present in the work Between the Past and the Future (1968), in order to demonstrate the hues about the phenomenon of freedom experienced in Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic presented by Arendt; The Human Condition (1958) where we seek to indicate the principles of action and speech, both central for the maintenance of freedom and equality; and, finally, On Revolution (1963), a work in which the author credits to the emergence of the Social Question (this hybrid space where private affairs assume the primacy of public affairs) the loss of freedom and political equality. Therefore, from the Social Question that emerges in modernity, Arendt identifies the glorification of animal laborans, which is the moment when all human force and action are turned out exclusively to the maintenance of biological needs. This relationship of work and consumption causes modern human being to replace his capacity for action and discourse for behavior and obedience, enabling the manifestation of a mass society.
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Liberdade , Igualdade , Ação , Discurso , Questão social , Freedom , Equality , Action , Speech , Social question
Citação
LOPES, S. O. Tensões entre liberdade e igualdade na teoria política de Hannah Arendt a partir da necessidade. 2018. 117 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Filosofia) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2018.