Mestrado em Filosofia (FAFIL)

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Obra De Arte Um Estranhamento Na Direção Do Sensível: O Perecimento Do Perene E O Declínio Do Belo Clássico Para Hegel
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-11-13) Silva, Edney Augusto Cordeiro; Silva, Márcia Zebina Araújo da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6711525917597159; Silva, Márcia Zebina Araújo da; Tassinari, Ricardo Pereira; Klotz, Hans Christian
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the way in which the classical art form manages to capture both the rise and fall of the Greek gods, providing a revelation of the mutations that permeated society at that era. From the perspective of Hegelian aesthetics, we investigate the evidence that points to the decline of the Greek gods and their manifestation through the classical art form, highlighting the crucial role played by sculpture in this process. In addition, we delve into the interconnection between the philosophy of history and Hegelian aesthetics, thus aiming to understand how art echoes Greek thought and culture, manifesting itself throughout temporal continuity. As a conclusion, we find that the decline of the Greek gods is a recurring theme, manifested in an especially striking way in art, with emphasis on sculpture, which emerges as a silent testimony of the profound metamorphoses in the worldview and beliefs of Greek society.
Linguagem e realidade no crátilo 383A-390E
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2025-03-05) Nascimento, Eduardo Freitas; Borges, Anderson de Paula; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2037539775539289; Borges, Anderson de Paula; Araújo, Carolina de Melo Bomfim; Silva, José Lourenço Pereira da
This dissertation examines the relationship between language and reality in Plato’s Cratylus (383a- 390e), investigating how the philosopher conducts the dialectical examination of the theses of linguistic naturalism and conventionalism. The study analyzes the positions defended by Cratylus and Hermogenes, considering their ontological and epistemological commitments, and subsequently reconstructs Socrates' proposal in light of the concepts of φύσις (“nature”), οὐσία (“essence”), and εἶδος (“form”). It is demonstrated that Cratylus seeks to establish the necessary and sufficient criteria for a term N to be considered a “name”, arguing that only the true description of the nominatum via etymology serves as the foundation of naming. Hermogenes, in turn, investigates not only the necessary and sufficient criteria for a term N to be considered a "name" simpliciter but also the guidelines by which a “good name” is defined from a collective perspective. The study shows that Hermogenes’ conventionalist position is grounded in the articulation between the concepts of τιθέναι (“to establish” or “to impose”) and καλεῖν (“to call”), distinguishing two stages of naming: the imposition of names, governed by individual or collective decision, and the use of names, subject to underlying linguistic conventions. This research demonstrates that the Socratic thesis emerges from the dialectic between these two perspectives, proposing an intermediate conception in which naming must respect both the linguistic norms of the context of interlocution and the ontological structures of reality. The methodology combines philological and philosophical analysis, with a detailed examination of the Greek text and specialized bibliography. The results indicate that, in Cratylus 386e-390e, Plato outlines a highly sophisticated ontological theory, according to which objects possess stable properties and language, to be correct, must respect these attributes.
As duas noções de Multiplicidade no livro Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik de Frege
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2025-01-13) Ferreira, Sarah Lindsay Botão de Oliveira; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8203061798953795; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; Porta, Mário Ariel González; Porto, André da Silva
The theme of this dissertation is the difficulties identified by Frege in the empirical (§§ 22-25) and formalist (§ 29-54) notions of “number” in the book Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik. Our main objective is to discuss these difficulties and the solution that Frege proposes for them, based on the statement expressed in section § 46, that “a statements of number contains an assertion about a concept”, a fundamental idea to understand his proposal for the logical foundation of arithmetic. Our hypothesis is that, in sections §§ 18-44 of this work, Frege rejects two notions of “multitude”, with the purpose of persuading his interlocutor that a statement of number contains an assertion about a “concept” [§ 46].
Isolamento e manipulação: O uso da pós-verdade como arma política na sociedade da informação
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-11-22) Carneiro, André Vinícius Dias; Silva, Adriano Correia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7465568204123045; Silva , Adriano Correia; Lopes, Adriana Delbó; Nascimento, Daniel Arruda
The 21st century is considered by many scholars of both social and political sciences, as well as philosophy, as the information age. With increasingly faster and more comprehensive virtual communication, information has come to occupy a central place in the main aspects of human life, from an economic, political and social perspective. We are increasingly connected to each other in the virtual environment, but this communication often becomes a factor of segregation. Social media allows people to express their desires and opinions about anything, but it also produces a culture of isolation at a time when its algorithms only serve to reinforce the opinions and desires expressed. Recent phenomena can be observed to support this perspective of "lack of connection", such as Fake News, which end up becoming important weapons in favor of political ideology and in the formation of new social masses. With the speed of information transmission, society is also beginning to adopt this speed in its relationships, causing people to come together only momentarily, in very specific situations, and not to form a more lasting bond. This occurs because, despite the ease of information circulation, the digital environment allows people anonymity, which in turn goes against the accountability for its content. While in the 20th century, when citizens came together they ended up revealing themselves to their peers, today this gathering can be done by faceless strangers. This research presents a theoretical nature of a qualitative nature, proposing to reflect on the behavioral manipulation produced by this new technology that serves private economic-political interests and how authoritarian groups are increasingly appropriating digital media as way of propagating their ideologies.
Alegoria e história natural no Trauerspiel-Buch de Walter Benjamin
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2025-01-15) Jinkings, Gabriel Nunes de Souza; Damião, Carla Milani; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2366404598683251; Damião, Carla Milani; Kangussu, Imaculada Maria Guimarães; Machado, Francisco De Ambrosis Pinheiro
This research examines Walter Benjamin's philosophical trajectory in rehabilitating allegory in The Origin of German Trauerspiel (Ursprung des Deutschen Trauerspiels) and its connection to the concept of natural history in two distinct senses: Naturgeschichte, understood as a paralyzed history that takes on the appearance of nature; and Natürliche Geschichte, a history devoid of human intervention. To develop this approach, Benjamin formulates two central critiques: (1) a critique of knowledge and subjectivism in historiography, presented in the “Epistemo-Critical Preface” (Erkenntniskritische Vorrede); and (2) a critique of the aesthetics of the symbol, which contributed to the devaluation of allegory, discussed in the second part of his work, titled “Allegory and Trauerspiel” (Allegorie und Trauerspiel). In the first stage of this study, the focus is on demonstrating how Benjamin proposes a “philosophical history” structured around the category of origin (Ursprung), seeking to overcome the dichotomy between historical contingency and timeless ideas. Here, the concept of natural history assumes a central role in sustaining an objective view of history, wherein any inquiry into reality must necessarily emerge from a concrete historical interpretation. Our thesis argues that, through this effort, Benjamin offers philosophy a renewed perspective for rethinking the relationship between permanence and change within history. In the second stage, we undertake a reassessment of the concept of allegory in Walter Benjamin, addressing the distances and critiques he presents regarding the historical construction of the concept in Romanticism. Our hypothesis is that the suppression of Baroque allegory in favor of the symbol during the 18th century did not stem merely from a conflict of aesthetic values. The privileging of the symbol is also linked to the negative knowledge provided by the temporality of allegory, which exposes the illusion of a stable and timeless self. In the aesthetics of the symbol, Benjamin identifies an attempt to conceal the decay and fragmentation inherent to life. The analysis of Benjamin’s study, along with the works of authors who contributed to this discussion, leads us to conclude that allegory was marginalized because confronting it means facing the conflict between the self and its temporal condition
A irracionalidade numérica na filosofia da matemática de Wittgenstein
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-05-17) Silva, Diogo Conceição da; Porto, André da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3598537464598916; Porto, André da Silva; Tranjan, Tiago; Velloso , Araceli Rosich Soares
The objective of this work is to understand “numerical irrationality” from the perspective of Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics. In the Wittgensteinian conception, an irrational number cannot be understood as just one other type of number within the set of Real Numbers. For Wittgenstein, we can even use “numerical irrationality” for calculation, the mistake is in giving the same treatment similar to that of an integer to a “number” which would be “irrational”. To introduce theses questions, it was necessary to understand how Wittgenstein construes mathematical rules, separating them into geometric mathematical rules and arithmetic mathematical rules, in order to point out the main themes involved in this approach. We emphasize the Greek way of understanding the issue, as it is precisely the Greek understanding which comes closest to the way Wittgenstein understands “numerical irrationality”. The example which shows the entire problem of our work is the relationship between “the side of the square” and the “diagonal of the square”, which, after applying the Euclid algorithm, does not yield a common standard, as the algorithm enters into a loop. This looping of Euclid's algorithm is both a demonstration of “numerical irrationality” and provides a method of approximation of , which does not produce an integer in its result but pairs of upper and lower bounds to the geometrical magnitude.
“Senso de probidade” na Aurora de Nietzsche: para o estilo de um contraideal formativo
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-06) Silva Neto, Hercules Garcia da; Dalla Vecchia, Ricardo Bazilio; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9476600097405010; Dalla Vecchia; Dalla Vecchia, Ricardo Bazilio; Garcia, André Luis Muniz; Lopes, Adriana Delbó
The research aims to investigate the philosophical-argumentative role of the expression “sense of probity” in Nietzsche’s thought, published in Dawn. The methodology consists of source analysis and contextual reconstruction of the published work. The investigative question, which constitutes the hypothesis of the work, can be formulated in the following terms: what are the implications of Nietzsche’s use of the “sense of probity” regarding his style and ideals acquired since the classical training in philology? The main result achieved is that of probity as a formative counterideal, meaning an exercise for characteristic self-styling.
O árduo percurso do vir-a-ser da democracia
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-10-03) Tavares , Gustavo Lenza Kuhn de; Reis, Helena Esser dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1045681574037243; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Chaves , Rosangela Almeida; Costa, Marta Rios Alves Nunes da
The political history of men unveils the complex journey towards equality of conditions, as masterfully illustrated by Alexis de Tocqueville in his works. Skillfully intertwining the Old Regime, the French Revolution, and American democracy in his polyphonic narrative, Tocqueville guides us as a keen observer, aiming to comprehend the turbulent rise of democracy through diverse sociopolitical and economic events. Along this path, the crucial importance of the dialogue between tradition and innovation for a deeper understanding of the upward trajectory of democracy is emphasized. Tocqueville views the French Revolution as a turning point, confronting a decadent aristocracy with the emergence of a democratic society that would help shape the Western world with its values of freedom and equality. Through Tocquevillian analysis, we explore this transition in France, highlighting the ethical-political and economic challenges in transforming unequal structures into a society founded on freedom and equality that is still under construction. Our text not only encompasses the French Revolution but also the unique construction of democracy in the United States, examining administrative decentralization, civic participation, and local politics as vital elements of a democratic political and social system. Furthermore, we will present possible challenges in building a genuine democracy, such as individualism and the potential rise of a "capitalista aristocracy." The research underscores the ongoing relevance of Tocqueville's ideas in understanding the unfolding of democracy in the West, highlighting how each event contributed to its rise in various historical contexts.
Abstração, pensamento e crítica: Espinosa e o mais materialista dos começos
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-01) Teixeira, Rafael Arcanjo; Rezende; Rezende, Cristiano Novaes de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3387128026616467; Rezende, Cristiano Novaes de; Itokazu, Ericka Marie; Vieira Neto, Paulo
In our study, we explore the issue of abstraction in Spinoza, emphasizing his critique and its relation to the understanding of the mind as an integral part of Reality. Spinoza oscillates between a radical and moderate anti-abstractionism, recognizing that the same cognitive process can be both abstraction and another form of thinking, depending on the level of consciousness involved. Through Spinoza's analysis of abstraction, we find a critique of what we call "self-abstraction" — a form of thinking that places the individual as a detached entity from Reality, observing it from the outside as if not effectively participating in it. Despite critiquing abstraction, Spinoza does not completely reject it. For him, the dangers of abstractions are amplified when the mind is alienated from its own action and reifies its modes of thinking into concrete ideas. Finally, we argue that Spinoza's critique of abstractions is grounded in his materialism, in which the mind can only understand itself by understanding its participation in the Whole. Thus, Spinoza's proposed reflective approach as an epistemic method does not lead to the individualistic solipsism that separates us from the world, but guides us to the intricacies of the reality in which we participate
A idade da representação: a relação entre a arqueologia e a genealogia em Foucault
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-17) Soares, Matheus Henrique Borges; Ternes, José; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4963109088070313; Ternes, José; Silva, Adriano Correia; Sugizaki, Eduardo
This research aims to demonstrate the mode of the historical conception of the French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) from his modus operandi, that is, I do not pay attention only to his analytical assumptions in comparison with other historical conceptions that he criticizes, but part of the archeology carried out by the French philosopher. At first, I work with the rupture between the 16th century epistemes with that of the 17th and 18th centuries, the focus of the research is to analyze what Foucault calls the Age of Representation that links the sign to the role of representing, such linking conditioned the emergence of general grammar, natural history and richness analysis. In a second moment, I approach the Foucaultian genealogy that works in complementarity with archeology, in order to link the emergence of a new regime of penalties that arises in the break with the torture, so this new regime of penalties is responsible for establishing a new code criminal law that articulates the advantage of the crime with the disadvantage of the penalty, thus demonstrating that there is a transversality in what became known as classical representationism in the work of Michel Foucault.
Da cultura afirmativa à dessublimação repressiva: a dialética da sublimação em Herbert Marcuse
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-11-29) Schang, Renata Aparecida Martinussi; Almeida, Fábio Ferreira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3543790024810464; Damião, Carla Milani; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2366404598683251; Almeida, Fabio Ferreira de; Oliveira, Robespierre de; Kangussu, Imaculada Maria Guimarães
This work is dedicated to the dialectic of sublimation present in the work of Herbert Marcuse. This project is carried out through the so-called Freudo-Marxism, whose trajectory is considered here in three typical steps of dialectical materialism. The first step highlights the separation between art and the material conditions of existence, from Antiquity to the transcendent character of the affirmative culture of the 19th century. The second step introduces Freudo-Marxism and, through it, Marcuse's attempt to improve the Marxist program by locating possibilities for emancipation in the instinctual and sensitive spheres, as well as presenting his project for a self-sublimation of sexuality. The third step shows how the repressive desublimation of culture and sexuality has weakened the sensitive functions of the human being and compromised the political objective of happiness under the laws of the performance principle.
Tocqueville e os caminhos da igualdade: da democracia na América aos porões de Manchester, os liberalismos em conflito
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-09-28) Palma Junior, Carlos Stuart Coronel; Reis, Helena Esser dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1045681574037243; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Limongi, Maria Isabel de Magalhães Papaterra; Silva, Adriano Correia
This dissertation seeks to understand the influences of liberalism in political and economic philosophy on the work of Alexis de Tocqueville. In order to contextualize and evaluate the author's adherence to the liberal canon, we sought, through references and bibliographies that study his thought, to survey those authors from the liberal current who influenced his work. Furthermore, due to Tocqueville's particular method for analyzing social phenomena – the object of his study –, which is not restricted only to his theoretical framework, but rather through the direct study of the reality of social facts, we also evaluate the liberal influences on societies and institutions in the countries that served as the subject of their studies; nominally: the United States of America, England and Ireland. Finally, we also collected observations about the author's parliamentary performance, to assess whether Alexis de Tocqueville's political action, as a statesman, reflected or was in line with orthodox ideas related to current liberal thought. Thus, after scrutinizing these three elements, we were able to bring together arguments to answer the question proposed in the theme that guided the research.
Autointegração jurídica: uma reconstrução formal do problema das lacunas no direito
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-28) Barbosa, Matheus Gabriel; Schang, Fabien Georges Jacques; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7692539246816433; Schang, Fabien Georges Jacques; Serbena, César Antônio; Leite, Alexandre Fernandes Batista Costa
The concept of a legal gap is studied from various semantic methods and both formal and informal perspectives. Observing that heterointegrable legal gaps are the ones that effectively generate problems of incompleteness in law, the study investigates the use of closure rules as a tool to ensure the completeness of legal systems, starting with Bobbio’s idea of exclusive general norms. Considering that jurists envision two classical closure rules, the principle of permission and the principle of prohibition, Woleński’s work is used to evaluate these principles in light of SDL, concluding that this logic is unable to formally differentiate these two principles. From there, research is conducted on how various renowned authors (Raz, Alchourrón, Bulygin...) have formalized legal gaps, observed the completeness problem, and applied closure rules. Finally, a proposal to use the logic AR4L , along the lines of truth-logic of Von Wright and Fabien Schang’s epistemic justification criteria, is presented. This consists of a four-valued system, where normative sentences Sp are read as promulgations, and the deontic interpretation depends on which legal system the legal proposition was promulgated. In summary, a multivalued formal treatment of closure rules will be proposed after reviewing the available literature in the logic of legal systems.
O conceito do mal: uma investigação a partir de Hannah Arendt
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-07-31) Oliveira Filho, Valério Luiz de; Silva, Adriano Correia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7465568204123045; Silva, Adriano Correia; Moscateli, Renato; Giacoia Júnior, Oswaldo
This dissertation focuses on Nazi totalitarianism, and on the events that took place in the Third Reich's concentration and extermination camps, in order to establish, inductively, an order of phenomena that can epitomize what is assigned the value evil. For this investigation, the work of Hannah Arendt is used as a theoretical reference, as it relates precisely Nazism and its death camps to the problem of evil in philosophy. In the first chapter, the dissertation defends the hypothesis of “good” as any being in the sensible world, with its respective foundations, and of “evil” as the violation of beings and their conditions of possibility. It is shown that Arendt's “radical evil”, in the sense of extreme evil, is an assessment of the intensity of these violations. The second chapter analyzes some of the thinkers with whom Hannah Arendt engaged in dialogue and, in the course of her work, she identified as representatives of the “tradition of our thought”. We will work with the hypothesis that this tradition, namely, the one that starts from Ancient Greece, passes through Augustine and arrives at the Kantian “radical evil”, has always been anchored in the presupposition of a moral order originally present in the world and in human beings, from which the phenomenon of evil can be interpreted as deviation. In the third chapter, it is argued, based on the metaphor of the “web of relationships” present in the work The Human Condition, that evil is not a mere deviation in relation to some rationally and cosmologically pre-established harmony, but, on the contrary, it is the state towards which human experience and spirit tend when beings do not recognize each other, the different “goods”, in the space of plurality. It demonstrates how the “good” of each being is fragile in the face of a potential confrontation with those of all others, and that, therefore, the plural balance and mutual recognition between these “goods” constitute what makes humanity, as humanity, possible. Such a balance, argues the dissertation, is not natural, as it weakens with the lack of political care; or, in Arendt's words, of “care for the world”. And to the extent that the very formation of the human as a person capable of moral judgment, and also the formation of the conscience of evil as the violation of the other, depend on a worldly arrangement balanced and plural enough to make possible the presence of this other in the self, the “banality of evil” would be the other side of the fragility of good.
Genealogia e dispositivo de guerra: uma interpretação da produção foucaultiana no período entre 1970 e 1976
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-03-06) Silva Neto, Ildo Corrêa da; Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6269509018217934; Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues; Sugizaki, Eduardo; Silva, Adriano Correia
La publication intégrale des cours de la petite enfance de Foucault au Collège de France permet d’explorer la thèse de Daniel Defert selon laquelle la période entre les cours Leçons sur la volonté de savoir (1970) et l’écrit Histoire de la sexualité : La volonté de savoir (1976) présente des informations susceptibles de modifier le Regard que l’on a sur la production intellectuelle de Foucault. A cette époque, la généalogie s’annonce et s’adapta comme méthodologie d'analyse du pouvoir ; le dispositif de guerre apparaît comme une technologie qui traite de forces qui fonctionnent sous l’ordre de l’affrontement, de la lutte des une avec des autres. Defert affirme que l’écrit Surveiller e punir (1975) est une synthèse de tous les travaux qui ont été développés dans la période em question (1970-1976) quelle est le période de guerre ; ce qui permet de penser que l’analyse était consacrée à la présentation du prototype du dispositif de guerre qui imprègne les institutions disciplinaires. Il cherche à identifier le degré de similarité entre le prototype et les dispositifs dérivés ; discuter de l’objet cible des dispositifs disciplinaires que sont les forces du corps ; déduire la dynamique qui opèrent um appareil et le corps d’um individu ; rechercher dans quelle mesure généalogique, les dispositifs de guerre et les forces belliqueuses du cops son liés, et comment l’individu peut participer activement à ce conflit et inverser ses pertes d’autonomie. Os suppose que la discipline des corps passe historiquement par une déclaration de guerre aux dégénérés sociaux et des forces organisées et dirigées contre les forces du corps pour le soumettre et progressivement aliéner la liberté des individus. Ainsi, Surveiller e punir est centré sur la présentation des dispositifs nés de la guerre, fabriques em temps de guerre et orientes vers la guerre. Les institutions disciplinaires, avec l’intention d’utiliser le moins de violence possible, ont migré au niveau micropolitique du traitement de la subjectivité des individus.
Um estudo introdutório sobre a relação entre esquemas conceituais e a(s) realidade(s)
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-21) Tinoco, Sérgio Neves Mateus; Vieira, Filipe Lazzeri; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5679661993939839; Vieira, Filipe Lazzeri; Leclerc, André; Silva, Guilherme Ghisoni da
This dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between reality and conceptual schemes from two different perspectives: 1st) one that considers reality as being unique, absolute and equal for all human beings, playing science and philosophy the role of discovering how it works and of expressing it through an adequate linguistic system; 2nd) another that considers we do not have direct access to a single reality, but rather need previously constituted conceptual schemes, schemes that determine certain cuts in the multiplicity of sensitive data and conform, from this, different realities. Therefore, according to the second perspective, language does not mirror reality, but rather is one of the instruments that build it. We will study the first view in Chapter 1 and the second in Chapter 2. In this study we will see that the most important theses on the subject are: i) ontological relativity; and ii) incommensurability of conceptual schemes. In Chapter 3, we study Donald Davidson’s article “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme,” and we present his criticisms of the notion of conceptual schemes conditioning different realities. We will see that his theoretical attacks are not directly directed at the thesis of ontological relativity, but rather at the thesis of the incommensurability of conceptual schemes, a prerequisite for establishing ontological relativism. Although Davidson establishes the category “conceptual schemes” and unifies Quine’s and Kuhn’s proposals, we will demonstrate that his criticisms are directed more specifically at Kuhn’s. We then restructuct Kuhn’s proposal, and how the author of the Structure of Scientific Revolutions re-signified his theses, in his final writings, in the light of philosophy of language, in particular using reflections that have the aim of focusing on the translation process. Thus, as the subject under study is quite broad, we will place our introductory study of the relations between conceptual schemes and reality(ies) in the discussions established between three great American philosophers of the 20th century: Quine, Kuhn and Davidson
O conceito de somação e os termos nomeadores de indivíduos, no artigo identidade, ostensão e hipóstase, de Quine
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-22) Xavier, Caio Bismarck Silva; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8203061798953795; Velloso, Araceli Rosich Soares; Imaguire, Guido; Porto, André da Silva
The general goal of this dissertation is to explain the influence of the concept of “summation”, that came from the nominalist work developed by Quine together with Goodman, in the way in which Quine proposes to discuss the identity and the role of general and singular terms in the article Identity, ostension and hypostasis (1950). Our dissertation aims to show that in this article, Quine suggests a critique of the distinction between singular terms and general terms based on the concept of “summation”. Our hypothesis is that the philosopher would consider that this distinction could be set aside, if the conception of language as a theory of reference were replaced by another conception that used, in place of the concept of “reference”, the concept of “summation”. In the course of our argument, we will try to show what Quine can and what he cannot recover concerning the conception of language as a theory of reference using only the concept of “summation” and an act of ostension, linguistically represented by the demonstrative pronoun.
Limites entre indivíduo e governo na teoria política de Locke
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-04-20) Dores, João Alberto Araújo das; Moscateli, Renato; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8852962822237051; Moscateli, Renato; Almeida, Maria Cecília Pedreira de; Reis, Helena Esser dos
What is the “individual”? On the other hand, what is its natural role in its life in a political context? How does the individual relate to the property that appeals to him or her as the basis of its existence? These are questions that have been asked by philosophy since its inception and have been framed throughout its history. Several philosophers have addressed this question in various interesting ways. Locke was no exception. Like others, he was seized by the complexity of the issue and approached it through the analysis of what causes the emergence of civil society, the origin of its power and its ideal extension. The purpose of this research is to understand and clarify John Locke's efforts and, with him, to describe what the individual is. Also, define its role in relation to itself and others, before and after the establishment of its civil society pact. In this respect, the government's role has also been defined. How should its powers be exercised? If the political pact should be beneficial to everyone, should it ignore the possibility of abuse? The response can hardly be anything but negative. But how to avoid them? Does the legislature have to regulate everything? If such an option is unreasonable and thus dangerous, what constraints should individuals pay special attention to when delimiting civil government? Such questions are imperative and if not genuinely understood, may cause the individual to see his autonomy subdued and used potentially against himself, establishing an unlimited and absolute authority. In light of this, Locke began an investigation, offering a few answers. Therefore, if we can speak of an actual state of nature and a subsequent transition to a political state in which many individuals choose to participate, what can we effectively infer from this? For Locke, this does not imply that the former is necessarily better than the latter, nor does it imply that the latter, because of its benefits, is intrinsically better than the former, paving a way that could be considered more “righteous”. The key is to understand these conditions and extract from them the different forms of human existence.
Sobre a moralidade do costume em Nietzsche: procedência, tradição, loucura
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-02-24) Barbosa, Lucas Romanowski; Vecchia, Ricardo Bazilio Dalla; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9476600097405010; Vecchia, Ricardo Bazilio Dalla; Paschoal, Antonio Edmilson; Lopes, Adriana Delbó
This research aims to investigate the details of the philosophical conception about the morality of custom process, an expression used by Nietzsche (1844-1900) for the first time in Daybreak (1881). This process brings considerations about morality, custom and tradition that are central elements in the articulation for the understanding of the theme. However, our starting point is given by aphorism 9 of the work of 1881, entitled concept of the morality of custom. What is first noticed, and this is what we defend, is the relevance of historical perception, at least not to allow oneself to be ensnared by the metaphysical webs of considerations on morality. In such a way that, by contrasting two moments at the beginning of §9, Nietzsche breaks with a very specific way of reflecting morality, which was seen as something intrinsic, natural and essential of the human being. Before announcing in his Genealogy of Morals (1887) that morality should be placed as a problem, already in Aurora this happens. The tension between community and individual, which permeates our entire text, exalts the mechanisms that one had to use to deal with the other, such as punishment: the individual is restrained in favor of the community. With the analysis of the morality of custom, or the origin of morality as obedience to customs, Nietzsche announces points that form the structure of our work: historical aspect, notions about morality, custom and tradition, the role of punishment in the tension between individual and community and, finally, the case of madness. This, as the possibility, but not the only one, of changing values, a crucial point that closes the argumentative movement, as we propose. Thus, offering a hypothesis about the origin of morality, Nietzsche reallocates a human, all too human conception back on the ways of history, deflating a metaphysical perspective that has been accepted since Plato.
Religião e política no contrato social Rousseau: do ser humano ao cidadão
(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-02-27) Burgarelli, Gabriel Telles dos Santos; Reis, Helena Esser dos; Reis, Helena Esser Dos; Moscateli, Renato; Silva, Genildo Ferreira da
Cette dissertation vise à examiner, à travers les éléments présents dans la théorie politique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, la présence du recours à la religion dans l’œuvre Du contrat social, observable principalement dans ses chapitres Du législateur et De la religion civile (respectivement chapitre VII, livre II et chapitre VIII, livre IV). À cette fin, nous divisons ces éléments par leurs contextes propres, entre ceux qui constituent l'aspect anthropologique de la pensée de Rousseau et ceux qui concernent la structure politique construite par l'œuvre du Contrat. Notre dissertation s'organise donc en trois moments. Dans un premier temps, nous aborderons les principales idées de l'auteur sur la constitution humaine, en utilisant comme sources majoritaires le texte du Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes et l'ouvrage Émile, ou de l'éducation, dont les élaborations fournissent un cadre anthropologique qui doit être pris en compte dans l'approche du Contrat. Dans un deuxième temps, nous abordons la question du Contrat Social lui-même, en discutant les concepts élémentaires qui façonnent le pacte proposé par le genevois comme échelle pour établir les principes du droit politique. Le troisième est consacrée à la présence directe du thème de la religion dans le Contrat, en essayant de rechercher, par les éléments disposés précédemment, quel est le caractère du recours à la religiosité dans le contexte politique de l'œuvre. Même imprégnées des dilemmes qui entourent un tel recours – surtout s’il est observé du point de vue contemporain des agendas politiques du 21ème siècle – nos conclusions soulignent l'importance structurelle d'une tolérance civile et religieuse (inséparable dans la pensée rousseauiste) à garantir par l'institut politique de la religion civile, ainsi que la nécessité de la sécurité du pacte social légitime, c'est-à-dire fondé sur l'égalité et la liberté humain.

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