Diálogo entre o modelo dialogal e a polêmica argumentativa: gestão do desacordo nas redes sociais em tempos de fake news

Abstract

The current context of social distancing, resulting from the pandemic caused by Coronavirus, contributed to the use of the Internet, especially social networks, having an exponential increase. The supposedly democratic environment for interaction and the ability to connect people on a global scale has made social networks used as a tool for active participation in political and social life. Thus, it is observed that social networks print a new logic of interaction and communication in contemporary society. In this sense, it is noteworthy that social networks have become fertile ground for the dissemination of fake news (LAZER, 2018; JACK, 2017), especially with topics related to the current pandemic. Because of these issues, this study has as its general objective to write and analyze, with the support of the Dialogal Model of Argumentation (PLANTIN, 2008, 2016, 2017, 2018; GRÁCIO 2010, 2012, 2013; DAMASCENO-MORAIS 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021) and Ruth Amossy's studies on argumentative controversy (2017a, 2017b), how polarization is constructed in social networks, from the spread of three fake news linked to the context of a pandemic caused by Coronavirus. To meet the general objective, we seek to answer the following guide question: What is the role played by fake news in the process of building polarization in social networks? Regarding the Dialogal Model, it is noteworthy that we mobilize categories of analysis such as argumentative situation, argumentative situation, argumentative question, actors of the communicative situation, and actancial roles. Regarding the controversy in its argumentative modality, we used the categories of dichotomization, polarization, and disqualification of the discourse of others. To this end, in addition to the mobilization of the dialogical perspective and the Argumentative Polemic, we will work with the theoretical perspectives of Angenot (2008, 2015), Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (2014), Recuero (2020a, 2020b), Pariser (2012), Castells (1999, 2003) and Santaella (2018), among others. Concerning methodological procedures, Salomon (2014) and Creswell (2010) are taken into account, which characterizes the qualitative approach of research. For the construction of our Coronavirus corpus, three fake news were extracted from Facebook : the first on the ineffectiveness of wearing masks in times of pandemic; the second, calls into question coronavac's credibility; and the third fake news, is about a supposed study that proves the effectiveness of Chloroquine in the treatment against Coronavirus. A total of 4,443 comments linked to the above-mentioned fake news were analyzed. At the end of the studies, we found that the role played by fake news in the process of constructing polarization in social networks is that of materializing the burden of proof, which answers the fundamental question of this study. Finally, the epistemological dialogue between the Dialogic Model and the Argumentative Polemic has shown an instigating interrelation between argumentative stasis and mobilization of actantial roles (Christian Plantin perspective) with dichotomization and polarization (Ruth Amossy perspective).