Violência política em Guiné-Bissau: aproximações compreensivas a partir de uma análise dos discursos políticos

Abstract

This dissertation discusses the problem of political violence in Guinea-Bissau through comprehensive approaches based on the analysis of political discourses, based on a sociological study analyzing discursive ethos. This approach allowed us to identify subjectivity in political and social discourses, contributing to the characterization of political violence in Guinea-Bissau society. The research was developed through the analysis of the ethos present in books, newspapers, NGO commentaries, and civilian expressions, all available on digital platforms, regarding the political violence that occurred in the last five years (2020-2025). The different forms of human rights violations are also analyzed. In terms of human rights, the Guinean Human Rights League, in its 2020-2022 report, indicates that the human rights situation in Guinea-Bissau, since the establishment of a multiparty system in 1994, has never seen so many violations of freedom and attacks on democratic principles as during this period. For the LGDH, the indicators mark alarming digressions regarding human rights in Guinea-Bissau since the rise of the regime led by Umaro Sissoco Embalo, driven by antidemocratic and authoritarian acts orchestrated not only by the defense and security forces, but also by the palace militias he created. The Sissoco regime displays certain limited knowledge of the functioning of democratic rules and disrespect for the republic's constitution. Therefore, the research results demonstrate that discursive ethos, as a category, helps understand a range of political violence not directly revealed in the discourse. In other words, they go beyond what the speaker pronounces. However , many discourses are stigmatizing, where one group points to another as responsible for political and judicial instability; others display characteristics of ethnic-religious exploitation for electoral bargaining; some are threatening and abusive, carrying with them policies of hate, persecution, kidnappings, prohibitions on demonstrations, and beatings that only foster hostile and violent environments.