Fenótipos de β-lactamases e fatores de risco associados com klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de carbapenemase em um hospital de referência estadual em urgência e emergência de Goiânia, Goiás

Abstract

Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is an enterobacteria, commonly associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics. The presence of multidrug resistance phenotype is an important challenge in the epidemiological point of view, regarding the therapeutic management and infection control. A retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary-care hospital in Goiânia, Brazil, in the period of 2006 to 2011 to investigate the carbapenemases phenotypes, the in vitro activity of tigecycline and polymyxin B and determine the risk factors associated with infection or colonization by carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. The serine-carbapenemase production was detected by modified Hodge test and combined disk test with boronic acid; metallo-β-lactamases - MβL by double-disk synergy test with imipenem and EDTA; extended spectrum β-lactamases - ESBL by combined disk with cefotaxime and ceftazidime with and without clavulanate, and plasmid AmpC type by combined disk with boronic acid and cefoxitin. The in vitro activity of tigecycline and polymyxin B against the enzyme-producing isolates was assessed using the broth microdilution method and for not β-lactam antimicrobials by disk diffusion and semi-automated system. The association between independent risk factors and colonization or infection by carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae was determined by logistic regression analysis. The carbapenem resistance was found in 8.06% of all isolates K. pneumoniae and 6.90% were carbapenemase producers. Among carbapenemases producers isolates, 77.78% were KPC type β-lactamase, 37.04% demonstrated the simultaneous production of plasmid AmpC β-lactamase and KPC, 29.63% associated with MβL or ESBL and KPC, 11.11% MβL/ESBL/KPC and 7.41% MβL/ESBL/KPC/plasmid AmpC. High percentages of not β-lactams antimicrobial resistance were observed, ranging from 61.10% - 74.70% to fluoroquinolones and 52.10% - 54.30% to aminoglycosides. Polymyxin B showed limited activity against the carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (35.70%) and tigecycline was the only antimicrobial that inhibited 75.0% of these multidrug-resistant strains. The independent risk factors for K. pneumoniae carbapenemase producers were prolonged hospitalization (p = 0.031), previous use of carbapenems (p = 0.041) and exposure to more than three antimicrobials (p = 0.034). The detection of multidrug- resistant carbapenemase-producing isolates and the knowledge of different resistance mechanisms can result in significant impact on the treatment outcomes and strategies for infection control and prevention.