A relação entre a presença de antimicrobianos em matrizes ambientais e os reservatórios ambientais de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA)

Abstract

The indiscriminate and excessive use of antimicrobials leads to environmental contamination, resulting in the continual exposure of microorganisms to sub- therapeutic concentrations of these drugs. This fosters the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), posing a significant One Health concern since antimicrobial resistance is a critical global problem affecting humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Initially, MRSA was confined to hospital facilities, being considered one of the most prevalent nosocomial pathogens. However, in recent decades, new clones of MRSA have evolved into a significant threat, causing infections not only acquired in hospitals but also invading the community, infecting people without predisposing risk factors, and emerging in livestock farming. The prevalence and epidemiology of MRSA are constantly evolving, with new MRSA clones emerging in various geographic regions. Therefore, MRSA can cause extensive morbidity, mortality, and economic burden in human and veterinary medicine. In this sense, this narrative review aims to highlight that the MRSA contamination cycle, involving hospitals, the community, and animals (both wild and livestock), is a growing One Health problem driven by the increasing due to the constant presence of antimicrobials in environmental matrices.