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Item Informação e computação quântica e suas aplicações na física médica(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-07-12) Fernandes, Milena Maria; Almeida, Norton Gomes de; Itikawa, Emerson Nobuyuki; Silva, Jonas Oliveira da; Almeida, Norton Gomes deQuantum Computing is an emerging and relatively recent research area that promises to change information processing. The main objective of this work is to study the fundamentals of quantum computing and information, ultimately highlighting their potential applications and benefits in medical physics. Initially, the fundamentals of quantum computing are presented, including logic gates and the principles of classical and quantum information theories. Next, the focus is on quantum information processing, demonstrating the main algorithms and their purposes. Additionally, some types of quantum simulators are presented, and circuit simulations are performed on a platform to demonstrate their functioning. Finally, the work provides an overview of the potential contributions of quantum computing to medical physics, highlighting the main benefits and challenges involved.Item Método analítico de reconstrução de imagens de SPECT em Python: aplicação da retroprojeção filtrada (FBP) em phantom de Jaszczak(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-08-05) Silva, Matheus Augusto; Itikawa, Emerson Nobuyuki; Itikawa, Emerson Nobuyuki; Silva, Jonas Oliveira da; Santos, Leonardo AlexandreSPECT is a clinical imaging modality with proven value for diagnosing disease and monitoring treatments. Using specialized mathematical algorithms, the data obtained by SPECT make it possible to reconstruct the spatial distribution of radiopharmaceuticals in the region of interest, offering physiological information relevant to medical diagnosis. The purpose of this work was to implement in Python the analytical reconstruction method used in SPECT equipment, known as filtered back projection (FBP). The project includes the reconstruction of the physical Jaszczak phantom and the digital Shepp-Logan phantom. In this process, the acquisition geometry of the phantom projections and their distinctions were analyzed, resulting in the sinogram. Furthermore, all the necessary steps were implemented to reconstruct the object from these projections, including the use of the Hamming filter in the frequency domain. The implementation of the algorithm made it possible to reconstruct the slices of both phantoms, Jaszczak and Shepp-Logan, with reasonable success. During this process, all the steps that allow FBP to reconstruct the object from projections were analyzed, including problems arising from the technique, such as the appearance of artifacts and static noise. The FBP Python code was made available in full, allowing future studies on its limitations, improvements and artifacts in the technique.Item Ensino de Física numa perspectiva inclusiva: abordagem do conteúdo de termodinâmica para aluna com deficiência intelectual leve em tempos de pandemia(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-12-20) Cunha, Markus Adryano da Silva; Benite, Cláudio Roberto Machado; Benite, Cláudio Roberto Machado; França, Fernanda Araújo; Genovese, Luiz Gonzaga RoversiThis study deals with the use of imagery as a sign and the use of videoconferencing as an instrument according toVygotsky's theory in the study of thermodynamics in relation to thermal expansion for a student with mild intellectual disability with the aim of minimizing the effects caused by social isolation and barriers intensified by emergency remote teaching (ERE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Containing elements of participant research (PP), the research was carried out using videoconferences via Google Meet involving a highschool student from the Center for Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa Aplicada à Educação. The activity was only possible due to the teacher's experience in working with specificity far from the diversity of the regular classroom.Item Estudo das propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e elétricas de cerâmicas de Titanato de Bário (BaTiO3) otimizadas com Óxido de Zinco (ZnO)(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-02) Alves, Luiz Henrique Borges; Silva, Hermínia Veridiana dos Santos Pessoni e; Silva, Hermínia Veridiana dos Santos Pessoni e; Alves, Thiago Eduardo Pereira; Franco Júnior, AdolfoIn this work, two sets of ceramic samples of Barium Titanate were produced and studied, one produced from commercially available powder and the other from the precursors Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) through Solid State Reaction. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) was added as a sintering additive to obtain ceramic pellets, with a sintering temperature (1200 °C) lower than usual (≥ 1350 °C). The samples were studied using the Archimedes method, X-ray Diffraction, Rietveld Refinement, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dielectric Permittivity Spectroscopy. The determination of density using the Archimedes method demonstrated a relationship between the increase in densification of the pellets with the increase in the concentration of ZnO, observing an increase of at least 6% in densification with the addition of ZnO. X-ray Diffraction allowed the verification of the formation of the BaTiO3 phase for all samples without the formation of spurious phases, as well as obtaining the lattice parameters for the samples through Rietveld refinement. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy allowed us to observe how the addition of ZnO impacts the characteristic bands of the T i − O bond, with a slight shift of the band bottom to regions of lower wave numbers as the concentration of the additive increases. Scanning Electron Microscopy made it possible to observe the reduction in porosity in the samples as the additive concentration was increased, as well as the comparison of grain sizes between samples. Dielectric Permittivity Spectroscopy made it possible to observe the dielectric permittivity of the samples, with values of the order of εr = 10³ being observed in a wide frequency range for the sample with more optimized electrical properties with the addition of additive. With these results, the obtaining of Barium Titanate ceramics with structural, morphological and electrical properties of interest was optimized among the different routes studied.Item Mecanismos de ação das atividades leishmanicidas da anfotericina B e miltefosina(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-07) Silva, David de Ribamar Antunes da; Alonso, Antonio; Alonso, Antonio; Vieira, Sílvio Leão; Itikawa, Emerson NobuyukiLeishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, and its treatment involves the use of medications, with meglumine antimoniate, amphotericin B (AmB), and miltefosine (MTF) being the preferred choices according to health department guidelines. Electron paramagnetic resonance (RPE) spectroscopy with spin labels was employed to demonstrate that the drugs MTF and AmB induce rigidity in the membrane of the L. amazonensis parasite. Membrane rigidity was associated with lipid peroxidation and/or oxidation of membrane proteins, resulting from an increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted by the medications. Similar tests were conducted on J774A.1 macrophages, but membrane rigidity was not observed, suggesting that their production of nitric oxide (NO) may reduce oxidative stress. For MTF, membrane rigidity in Leishmania is not the result of its direct interactions with the membrane because immediately after treatment, MTF induces fluidity. For measurements immediately after treatment, where the incubation period is insufficient for oxidative stress to occur, AmB also induces membrane rigidity, but this effect was observed at a drug concentration 100 times higher. This result indicates that for higher concentrations of AmB, EPR spectroscopy can detect direct interactions of AmB with the parasite membrane, probably forming putative AmB/ergosterol aggregates that cause membrane rigidity. In J774A.1 macrophages, the effects of MTF-induced fluidity and AmB-induced rigidity were also observed. These effects occurred for short incubation periods and at the respective drug concentrations that showed cytotoxicity. Our studies have shown that these drugs act on the membrane and suggest that the mechanisms of action of their antileishmanial activities are associated with their primary effects on the cell membrane. Membrane alteration can cause ionic imbalance, which may affect mitochondrial membrane potential and, thus, increase ROS formation.Item Distribuição quântica de chaves utilizando o perfil transversal de fótons únicos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-02) Barros, Guilherme Silva; Gomes, Rafael de Morais; Gomes, Rafael de Morais; Avelar, Ardiley Torres; Zanin, Guilherme LuizThe Quantum Key Distribution is a Quantum Cryptography protocol that promises to achieve a high level of security in the transmission of confidential information. This procedure guarantees the security of the exchange of sensitive information due to the use of quantum properties in a system, such as the non-cloning theorem, Bell’s inequality and the superposition of states. In the following work, a study is made of the transversal profile of single photons within the field of quantum cryptography. We analyze theoretically and experimentally Quantum Key Distribution protocols that use transverse continuous variables and single photon polarization variables. In addition, we investigate a new form of attack that is potentially dangerous for quantum key distribution systems.Item Substituições atômicas em derivados de para-nitroanilina visando a obtenção de grandes respostas óticas não lineares(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-01-30) Corsino, Carlos Eduardo da Silva Pierre; Castro, Marcos Antônio de; Castro, Marcos Antônio de; Silva, Ladir Cândido da; Pontes, Renato BorgesIn this work, two new molecules with significant hyperpolarizability values are proposed. Both are derived from para-nitroaniline, with substitutions or additions of lithium and beryllium atoms. These molecules prove to be promising, exhibiting hyperpolarizability values considerably higher than the original molecule and demonstrating remarkable stability compared to the literature. Additionally, a study of functionals was conducted to determine the most suitable choice in calculating nonlinear optical properties.Item Equações clássicas de Yang Mills com fontes(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-02) Camargos, Davi de Assis; Braghin, Fábio Luis; Braghin, Fábio Luis; Pereira, Rômulo Cesar Rougemont; Leão, Salviano de AraújoStructured in the Lagrangian formalism, the field theory has extensive applications inside many areas of physics. In this way, when used in concepts associated with Chromodynamics, it is possible to establish motion equations such as those of Yang-Mills. In this work, we analyze the consequences of these ideas in classical field theory with other mathematical expressions, thus, we deduce non-abelian differential equations. The main of this work is verify if the abelian chromo-magnetic monopole (the Schwinger monopole) could be considered as solution of the Yang-Mills non-abelian equations with sources.Item Uma proposta de sequência didática para promoção da alfabetização científica através de experimentos interativos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-02) Souza, Tiago Peron dos Santos; Queiroz, José Rildo de Oliveira; Queiroz, José Rildo de Oliveira; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro da; Genovese, Luiz Gonzaga RoversiThis thesis emphasizes the growing importance of science and technology in the contemporary world and the need for a more holistic and integrated approach to science education. It highlights scientific literacy as an essential element in empowering students to understand and interact with a technologically evolving world, fostering skills like critical thinking, problem-solving and creativity. The literature review discusses the diverse interpretation of scientific literacy and its significance in developing critical and active citizens. The proposed didactic sequence focuses on the study of electricity and magnetism, combining theory and practice to develop a thorough understanding of these phenomena and their practical applications.Item Estudo de propriedades estruturais e espectroscópicas de nanotubos de carbono usando teoria do funcional da densidade(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-02-02) Ferreira, Murilo Benedito Martins; Castro, Marcos Antônio de; Castro, Marcos Antônio de; Fonseca, Tertius Lima da; Georg, Herbert de CastroNanotubes have intriguing properties and therefore have been the target of many investigations, both experimental and theoretical. This work will present a study on the structural and spectroscopic properties of carbon nanotubes. The goal is to investigate how geometric shapes, vibrational frequencies and other properties vary with the size and type of nanotube.Item Foto-oxidação de proteínas por porfirinas hidrossolúveis(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2024-01-29) Arantes, Ariane Gornates; Gonçalves, Pablo José; Gonçalves, Pablo José; Alonso, Antônio; Marquezin, Cássia AlessandraPhotodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a growing therapy, indicated as an alternative to the treatment of microorganisms and various types of cancer. For its operation, three components are necessary: molecular oxygen, visible light and a photosensitizer (FS). Among the most used FS are porphyrins, which can be cationic or anionic depending on the peripheral charge of their structure. In systemic administration, FS travel through the bloodstream, making it possible to interact with body elements such as proteins, which can be photo-oxidized with controlled administration of light, losing their function, whether structurally or functionally, which can cause death. cell of target tissues. The present work analyzed the photo-oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by two cationic (TMPyP and ZnTMPyP) and two anionic (TPPS and ZnTPPS) water-soluble porphyrins. The effect of the presence of the metallic atom in the central ring of the porphyrin was analyzed; two types of irradiation sources (a halogen source and a laser module emitting at 532 mn); the effect of BSA on the production of singlet oxygen and, finally, the effect of adding constant photo-oxidation oxygen. Initially, a protocol was found that allowed the reproductive obtainment of photo-oxidation constants. Subsequently, it was observed that the photo-oxidation constant is greater for cationic porphyrins, due to their greater proximity to the fluorescent residue tryptophan, and increases with the presence of zinc, which, as it is a heavy atom, favors the process of intersystem crossing and production. of reactive species. It was also observed that the halogen lamp provides faster degradation than the laser, which may be associated with its greater spectral amplitude and could oxidize other albumin components. Furthermore, it was possible to conclude that BSA acts as an obstacle between FS and molecular oxygen, reducing the formation of singlet oxygen, which made it necessary to add oxygen gas to the solution to obtain a phosphorescence signal, which promotes a reduction in photo-oxidative rate. Our hypothesis is that rapid photo-oxidation at the beginning of the process can change the conformation of BSA, blocking oxygen access. The results obtained here are valuable for the study of protein photo-oxidation and can be extended to other biological structures targeted for studies on photodynamic action.Item A utilização de esportes no ensino de física: análise de artigos publicados nos últimos 22 anos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-30) Lima, Vitória Ribeiro de Sousa; Ferrari, Paulo Celso; Ferrari, Paulo Celso; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro da; Santos, Aliny TinocoDespite the undeniable importance of sports in quality of life, there are access difficulties in this field, especially for people in lower classes of society, and when comes to mind the educational field, is almost completely limited to physical education classes. On the other hand, physics teachers face difficulties while teaching the regular discipline at the same time that motivates students by putting the physics in context, even though the subject is considered hard and useless. Thus, this work describes a literature review research that seeks to understand how researchers combined the two areas: physics and sports. For that, 13 papers published in the last 22 years and available on Google Scholar were selected, resulting in three categories to analyze the papers: the writer’s reasons, objectives and methods, and the ways in which the chosen sports were used to put the physics in context. We see, then, how much concerned the scientists were when approaching the physics concepts to the student’s daily life as a way to attract them to the subject. Also, the more popular sports in the papers were soccer, running, swimming and long jump, that were mainly used in the teaching of kinematics and dynamics. It is possible to conclude through the analysis that the sports helps the physics teachers, as it puts the subject in context and makes the classes more innovative, even in schools with poor structure, what can put students away from physical activities.Item As atividades experimentais no ensino de termologia e a teoria de Vigotski(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-18) Ferreira, Manoel Giovane Mendes; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro da; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro da; Genovese, Luiz Gonzaga Roversi; Queiroz, José Rildo de OliveiraMain theme of this work is the authors' intention to present a didactic sequence involving three alternative experiments. We know that the low-cost experiment, understood in a general and, therefore, imprecise way, is a practical activity that possesses the following characteristics: ease in acquiring materials; the value associated with the objects used; the possibility of being carried out in various environments, and the quick assembly of these in the classroom. A relevant factor associated with low-cost experimentation is the possibility of synchronizing experimentation with theoretical knowledge using easily accessible materials, provided that the teacher chooses, for example, to offer their students practical activities that emphasize the qualitative description of phenomena, without the need for sophisticated laboratories, which are not available in most public and private high schools, setting achievable goals involving a minimum of specific materials. To achieve this, we are based on the socioconstructivist theories of the Russian thinker Lev Vygotski (2001), which enables the educator to lead the student, through social interaction, to the acquisition of new knowledge. Experimentation through socioconstructivist interaction facilitates the learning of abstract concepts such as those in thermology.Item Processos termodinâmicos em um poço de potencial infinito(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-21) Ramos Júnior, Alessandro; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro da; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro da; Almeida, Norton Gomes de; Marques, Ivo de AlmeidaUsing classical thermodynamics concepts as a basis, the objective was to find expressions for pressure and temperature, based on a quantum system composed of a particle trapped in a one-dimensional potential well. Initially, a historical overview of thermal machines is presented, including their practical utility and how they have evolved over the centuries. Next, the issue is introduced, the system and its components are described, and the equation defining its energy state is presented. Using the derived equations, relationships were deduced that, for the infinite one-dimensional potential well, are analogous to the concepts of temperature and pressure. Subsequently, two thermal cycles are presented (the Carnot cycle and the Otto cycle), and the curves that form them are described based on the concepts established throughout the work. In conclusion, it can be stated that the obtained results were satisfactory, as they not only exhibit dimensional agreement with the initially proposed ideas but also expand the theory already well-founded in the literature [2] by introducing two expressions that serve as quantum analogs to concepts established for classical systems.Item A study of the thermodynamic principles and implementations of the quantum Otto engine(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-11) Costa, Rafael do Lago Souza; Céleri, Lucas Chibebe; Céleri, Lucas Chibebe; Pontes, Renato Borges; Carvalho, Vanuildo Silva deThis monography provides a comprehensive overview of classical and quantum thermodynamics. The classical formulations of thermodynamics are discussed in detail, including concepts such as energy and equilibrium, ideal gases and internal energy. Study the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their applications to mechanical work, heat engines and thermodynamic cycles. The present work also covers some quantum thermodynamics principles, including the use of density operators to describe pure and mixed states of quantum systems and the time evolution of these operators. The first law of quantum thermodynamics is introduced, along with the concepts of quantum adiabatic evolution and quantum Otto cycles. In addition, this monography briefly discusses the concept of Maxwell’s demon in the context of quantum thermodynamics and its implications for the second law. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive introduction to the basic principles of classical and quantum thermodynamics.Item LudEnsina: educação lúdica na formação inicial e continuada de professores(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-18) Lima, Gabryela Martins; Queiroz, José Rildo de Oliveira; Queiroz, José Rildo de Oliveira; Genovese, Luiz Gonzaga Roversi; Cunha, Jefferson Adriany Ribeiro daThe objective of this work is to report the trajectory and actions of the LudEnsina group between January 2021 and July 2023. The purpose of the group is to use games for science teaching and the initial and continuing training of teachers in ludic education. The activities proposed by LudEnsina range from game development to lectures, always focused on education. In conclusion, despite the fact that the group is relatively recent, it made great contributions to the discussions of ludic education in the participating institutions.Item Dimensionamento sensorial para o desenvolvimento de um protótipo funcional modular para a análise de grãos(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-25) Galvão, Gustavo Lourenço Silva; Abegão, Luís Miguel Gomes; Abegão, Luís Miguel Gomes; Santos, Marcus Carrião dos; Mello, Hugo José Nogueira Pedroza DiasThis work discusses and reports load cells for evaluating the specific mass of grains based on their relative humidity to develop a future prototype device to be used in the field by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). The load cells investigated in this work were based on strain gauge (SG) and force sensitive resistor (FSR). The load cells’ analysis was made by theoretical and experimental approaches. A stress tensor component theoretical analysis was carried out through computational simulations using Finite Element Methods (FEM) via Autodesk FUSION 360 software. On the other hand, the experimental results were obtained by acquiring the voltage as a function of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable reference masses. The experimental preliminary results acquired in this work show that a load cell based on SG is the most accurate way to measure the grain’s mass from 2-100 g. In fact, SG presented a linear behavior between voltage and mass in the mentioned mass range. Also, the theoretical results can be correlated with the experimental ones once a linear behavior was observed between the mechanical deformation and tension in the equivalent range of the experimental masses used. Moreover, the SG also has the lowest price of the investigated sensors. Therefore, this work shows that SG achieved the highest overall performance to be used in a future low-cost prototype device to quantify the specific mass of several grains in a straightforward but reliable way.Item Estudo das propriedades de estados excitados de porfirinas: formação de estados tripletos e oxigênio singlete(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-22) França, Andrew Gabriel Boaventura; Gonçalves, Pablo José; Gonçalves, Pablo José; Souza, Márcio Adriano Rodrigues; Marquezin, Cássia AlessandraPhotophysics has been gaining more and more importance, both in the academic area and in the technological area. In particular, we highlight its importance in Photomedicine, where photophysical controls are fundamental to explain Photodynamic Therapy, a new therapeutic modality used for the treatment of microorganisms and even tumors. This therapy employs the use of a photosensitizing compound, which in its excited state after absorption of visible light, produces reactive oxygen species that can lead to cell death of specific targets. In this course conclusion work, a study of the dynamics of excited states of organic signals, the main characteristics of excited states of porphyrins and a brief review of the experimental techniques involved for the proper characterization of a photosensitizer compound were carried out.Experimentally, the efficiency of triplet state formation was obtained, analyzing the effects of the concentration of photosensitizers and the concentration of oxygens on the phosphorescence emission of singlet oxygen, one of the main reactive oxygen species involved in the photodynamic action. It was also verified the importance of adjusting the absorption of the sample under study to 0.2 and a time of 20 to 30 minutes of bubbling oxygen for saturation of the solution.Item Hiperpolarizabilidades das moléculas Li-H3C4N2 · · ·Na2 e Li-H3C4N2 · · ·Ca: comparação entre resultados baseados em teoria do funcional da densidade e coupled cluster(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-22) Costa, João Victor de Brito; Castro, Marcos Antônio de; Castro, Marcos Antônio de; Fonseca, Tertius Lima da; Osório, Francisco Aparecido PintoElectrides and alkalides are materials with diffuse electrons, consequently presenting applications in several areas os physics. In this work, We present result in calculations of first and second hyperpolarizabilities of the lithium salt electride (Li-H3C4N2· · · Na2) and the calcium-doped lithium salt of pyridazine (Li-H3C4N2· · · Ca). The calculations intend to analyze wheter the density functional theory (DFT) returns good results, so we compared it to the CCSD method. The results obtained using DFT appear to be insufficient when it comes to calculate hyperpolarizabilities of molecules with diffuse electrons.Item Influência da concentração de nanopartículas de ouro do tipo (AU)144(SRCOO1−)60 em solução: uma análise utilizando dinâmica molecular(Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2023-08-16) Bordoni, Giulia Picciola; Oliveira, Guilherme Colherinhas de; Oliveira, Guilherme Colherinhas de; Almeida, Agnaldo Rosa de; Andrade, Douglas Xavier deIn this study, we investigated the behavior of interactions between functionalized gold nanoparticles (NPs), specifically of the (Au)144(SRCOO1-)60 type, and sodium ions Na{1+) in aqueous solution. These nanoparticles play a crucial role in research on necrosis and mitochondrial damage in several cell lines, and it is essential to understand their ability to insert and penetrate lipid membranes, and how this relates to their charge and surface composition (functionalization). The study was conducted utilizing classical molecular dynamics simulations (MD) in conjunction with developed analytical protocols to assess the impacts of increasing the quantity of nanoparticles in the solution, resulting in a subsequent rise in AuNP concentration. The objective was to investigate how this variation affects the energetic interaction between nanoparticles and ions, the distribution of hydrogen bonds (HBs) formed between nanoparticles and water molecules, the lifetime of these HBs interactions, as well as changes in the spatial arrangement and on the dynamics and mobility of nanoparticles in solution. By exploring these aspects, we seek to understand how increasing the concentration of AuNPs can impact the properties and behavior of these nanostructures in aqueous solution. These insights are relevant to provide a more complete understanding of the interactions of gold nanoparticles in a biologically relevant environment, and may contribute to the development of more effective therapeutic and diagnostic strategies based on nanotechnology.